CN114921519A - 抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物筛选模型及筛选方法 - Google Patents
抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物筛选模型及筛选方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种抑制或阻断SARS‑CoV‑2感染的药物筛选模型及筛选方法。在深入研究基础上,本发明揭示了SARS‑CoV‑2的Spike蛋白RBD结构域中的若干个关键氨基酸残基,包括454R、449Y、403R、439N、440N,这些位点与病毒对人细胞的感染能力密切相关。本发明还提供了用于筛选能抑制或阻断SARS‑CoV‑2感染的筛选模型,其以Spike蛋白的RBD肽段中的上述关键氨基酸作为分子对接虚拟小分子化合物/相互作用分子与新冠病毒Spike蛋白互作,从而抑制或阻断病毒的感染。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于病毒学和药物学领域;更具体地,本发明涉及一种抑制或阻断 SARS-CoV-2感染的药物(如小分子化合物)的筛选模型及筛选方法。
背景技术
冠状病毒(CoV)是可以对人和动物的肠、呼吸、肝和中枢神经系统产生严重健康影响的病原体,属于人畜共患病毒。严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2) 是具有动物源性感染人类的冠状病毒。感染SARS-CoV-2引起的肺炎被世界卫生组织简称为冠状病毒病2019(COVID-19)。
SARS-CoV-2是一种具有5”cap结构和3”polyA尾巴的巨大基因组的正单链 RNA(+ssRNA)病毒,其与SARS-CoV的遗传相似性为45-90%,属于β-CoV病毒,分析其可能具有与SARS-CoV相似的病毒基因组与转录复杂性。SARS-CoV-2可以编码非结构蛋白以及病毒复制与发病所需的结构蛋白。结构蛋白包括刺突(S)糖蛋白,基质(M)蛋白,小包膜(E)蛋白,核衣壳(N)蛋白,它们对病毒的进入和传播具有多种作用。SARS-CoV-2的S蛋白与在肺泡上皮细胞上表达的人类血管紧张素转化酶2(hACE2)有很强的相互作用,hACE2是SARS-CoV-2进入人细胞所需的受体。新型冠状病毒肺炎与hACE2之间的“钥匙”结构是病毒感染进入细胞的重要开关。
新型冠状病毒自首次被鉴定至今,已经导致大量的病毒性肺炎病例。该病毒各个年龄段的人均易感,尚无有效的治疗性药物。现阶段,该病毒的控制主要依赖于物理隔离与疫苗接种。
因此,本领域还需要开发和探寻能够治疗新型冠状病毒感染的有效的药物,这离不开对于病毒侵入细胞的机理机制的深入研究、发现关键性的作用位点,建立适当的病毒感染模型,为药物开发提供有效途径。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物(如小分子化合物)的筛选模型及筛选方法。
在本发明的第一方面,提供一种筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物(包括潜在药物)的方法,包括:(1)将候选物质与人血管紧张素转化酶2及SARS-CoV-2 Spike或其RBD结构域相互作用的体系接触;(2)检测候选物质对人血管紧张素转化酶2与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域相互作用的影响;所述相互作用是人血管紧张素转化酶2与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第449位Tyr(Y)、第454位 Arg(R)和/或第403位Arg的相互作用;其中,若所述候选物质可降低或弱化人血管紧张素转化酶2与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第449位Tyr、第454位Arg 和/或第403位Arg的相互作用,则表明该候选物质是抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物。
在一种或多种实施方式中,(1)中,所述的体系中,还包括:人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶(TransMembrane Protease Serine,TMPRSS);(2)中,还包括:检测候选物质对人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域相互作用的影响;所述相互作用是人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第439位Asn(N)、第440位Asn(N)的相互作用;其中,若所述候选物质可降低或弱化人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第439位Asn、第440位Asn的相互作用、从而影响人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶对SARS-CoV-2Spike的切割能力,则表明该候选物质是抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物。
在一种或多种实施方式中,(2)中,还包括:观测SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第449位Tyr与人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶之间形成氢键的情况,若所述候选物质可阻断氢键的形成,则表明该候选物质是抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物。
在本发明的另一方面,提供一种筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物(包括潜在药物)的方法,包括:(1)将候选物质与人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶及SARS-CoV-2 Spike或其RBD结构域相互作用的体系接触;(2)检测候选物质对人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2SpikeRBD结构域相互作用的影响;所述相互作用是人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第439位Asn、第440位Asn的相互作用;其中,若所述候选物质可降低或弱化人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD结构域中第439位Asn、第440位Asn的相互作用、从而影响人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶对SARS-CoV-2Spike的切割能力,则表明该候选物质是抑制或阻断 SARS-CoV-2感染的药物。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述的降低或弱化为统计学上显著的降低或弱化,如降低或弱化5%以上,10%以上,20%以上,30%以上,50%以上,60%以上,80%以上,90%以上,95%以上,98%以上,99%以上或100%。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述的抑制或阻断为统计学上显著的抑制或阻断,如抑制或阻断5%以上,10%以上,20%以上,30%以上,50%以上,60%以上,80%以上,90%以上,95%以上,98%以上,99%以上或100%(完全阻断)。
在一种或多种实施方式中,SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域的所述位点的计数以全长Spike的氨基酸位点排列计。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述的体系选自:细胞(培养物)体系、亚细胞(培养物)体系、溶液体系、组织体系、器官体系或动物体系。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述的体系为细胞或亚细胞体系,其中表达:人血管紧张素转化酶2、以及SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域,人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶、以及SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域,或人血管紧张素转化酶2、人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶、以及SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域。
在一种或多种实施方式中,应用表达质粒将编码人血管紧张素转化酶2、人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶和/或SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域的编码基因引入到细胞体系中。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述表达质粒包括病毒质粒、非病毒质粒。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述表达质粒包括真核表达质粒、非真核表达质粒。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述的候选物质包括:小分子化合物,相互作用分子,针对参与所述相互作用的信号通路或其通路蛋白、或其上游或下游蛋白或基因设计的调控分子,CRISPR构建物;较佳地,所述的小分子化合物包括来自化合物库的化合物;较佳地,所述相互作用分子包括小分子化合物、干扰分子、生物大分子等。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述的候选物质为小分子化合物或相互作用分子,(1)中,还包括:(a)建立筛选模型,其为SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域与人ACE2 蛋白的对接分子模型,其中SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第449位Tyr、第454 位Arg和/或第403位Arg与人ACE2蛋白对接或结合;(b)根据(a)的筛选模型,设计小分子化合物或相互作用分子,所述的小分子化合物或相互作用分子在结构上能靠近于或靶向于SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第449位Tyr、第454位Arg和 /或第403位Arg与人ACE2蛋白相互作用的位置,较佳地靠近于或靶向于其中的至少两个位点,更佳地靠近于或靶向于其中三个位点。
在一种或多种实施方式中,(b)中,所设计的小分子化合物或相互作用分子还作用于筛选模型中选自以下的位点:SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第439位 Asn、第440位Asn,阻滞所述位点(以有利于选择到影响人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶对 SARS-CoV-2Spike的切割能力的化合物)。
在一个或多个实施方式中,(a)的筛选模型中,第454位Arg(R)、第449位Tyr (Y)和第403位Arg与人ACE2蛋白对接或结合的总结合能分别为-37.59±0.14 kcal/mol、-37.59±0.14kcal/mol、-37.59±0.14kcal/mol;总结合能的数值可以上下浮动10%内,或8%内,或5%内,或3%内,或2%内,或1%内。
在一种或多种实施方式中,检测人血管紧张素转化酶2、人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶、以及SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域的两两之间或三者之间相互作用的方法包括(但不限于):PULL DOWN法,SPR法,Western印迹法,DNA序列分析,免疫共沉淀法。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述的小分子化合物例如特异性抑制剂或拮抗剂。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述的方法还包括:对获得的潜在物质进行进一步的细胞实验和/或动物试验,以从候选物质中进一步选择和确定对于抑制疼痛有用的物质。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述的方法为不是以疾病治疗作为直接目的的方法。
在本发明的另一方面,提供前面任一所述的方法的应用,用于筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物(包括潜在药物)。
在本发明的另一方面,提供一种突变体,所述突变体为SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域的突变体,相应于野生型的SARS-CoV-2Spike,其第449位Tyr、第454位Arg和/或第403位Arg发生突变;较佳地,第449位Tyr突变为Phe(F)、第454位Arg突变为Gly(G)和/或第403位Arg突变为Gly。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域的突变体中,还包括:第440位Asn和/或第439位Asn发生突变;较佳地,第440位Asn 突变为Ile和/或第439位Asn突变为Ile。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域的突变体替代病毒中野生型SARS-CoV-2Spike时,使得病毒的感染能力减弱或丧失。
在一种或多种实施方式中,用于筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物(包括潜在药物);或用于作为筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物(包括潜在药物) 的参照品或对照品;或用于制备减毒的以SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域作为免疫原的多肽疫苗。
在本发明的另一方面,提供一种蛋白复合体,其包含:前面所述的突变体,以及人血管紧张素转化酶2;较佳地,所述蛋白复合体还可包括人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶。
在一种或多种实施方式中,所述的蛋白复合体中,所述突变体与人血管紧张素转化酶2的相互作用不同于天然情况,所述突变体替代病毒中野生型SARS-CoV-2 Spike时,使得病毒的感染能力减弱或丧失。
在本发明的另一方面,提供所述蛋白复合体的应用,用于研究病毒感染人细胞的机理机制,或用于筛选/测试药物。
本发明的其它方面由于本文的公开内容,对本领域的技术人员而言是显而易见的。
附图说明
图1、SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD三种片段与hACE2相互作用的鉴定;(A)RBD 和hACE2的晶体结构,其中RBD 391-465肽段显示为红色;(B)比较分子动力学(MD) 模拟中的RBD 391-465肽段结构(绿色)与Spike晶体中的RBD391-465肽段结构(粉色);(C)携带SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD的三个片段GST-RBD1、GST-RBD2和 GST-RBD3的构建体示意图(后续被分子克隆于载体中);(D)GST-RBD1、GST-RBD2 或GST-RBD3与hACE2之间相互作用的GST Pull-Down分析评估结果,星号代表阳性条带;(E)使用Image J软件对(D)中GST Pull-Down中各个条带计算灰度值。相对互作能力:FLAG-ACE2灰度值与相应GST-肽段灰度值的比值,***P<0.001;柱形图表示三次独立实验的平均值±S.E.M。
图2、与hACE2结合所需的SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD关键氨基酸残基的鉴定; (A)RBDGST-T1突变体(包含点突变N439I、N440I、D442V和K444M)或包含点突变S459G的突变体分别与hACE2之间的相互作用(左中图)的GST Pull-Down分析结果;以及使用Image J软件(右图)对GST Pull-Down组(A)中各个条带计算灰度值。相对互作能力:FLAG-ACE2灰度值与相应GST-RBD突变体灰度值的比值(右图); (B)GST Pull-Down分析含有三个单独氨基酸点突变(R454G、Y449F或R403G)之一的突变体RBD与hACE2之间的相互作用(左中图),使用ImageJ软件(右图)对GST Pull-Down组(A)中各个条带计算灰度值。相对互作能力:FLAG-ACE2灰度值与相应GST-RBD突变体灰度值的比值,柱形图表示三次独立实验的平均值±S.E.M,***P<0.001。
图3、以Spike野生型(WT)以及携带Spike突变体(R454G、Y449F、R403G、 N439I、N440I)编码基因的质粒转染过表达TMPRSS2蛋白酶的293T细胞,Western Blot分析TMPRSS2对于Spike的切割情况。
图4、携带点突变Y449F的RBD与hACE2之间的亲和力的分子动力学模拟 (MD)研究;(A)MD模拟中的平均结构(150ns)。复合体中绿色为野生型,橙色为Y449F,两者之间的RMSD为突变残基用红色圆圈标记;(B)MD模拟中Cα的均方根偏差(RMSD);(C)MD模拟中Cα的均方根波动(RMSF);(D)RBD 和ACE2之间的氢键相互作用分析:在野生型中,20D(ACE2)和Tyr449(RBD)之间形成氢键,hACE2和野生型RBD的总结合能为-37.59±0.14kcal/mol,但在Y449F 中未形成氢键,hACE2和Y449F的RBD的总结合能为-33.42±0.15kcal/mol。
图5、携带点突变R403G的RBD与hACE2之间的亲和力的分子动力学模拟研究;(A)MD模拟中的平均结构(150ns);复合体中绿色为野生型,小麦色为R403G,两者之间的RMSD为突变残基用红色圆圈标记;(B)MD模拟中Cα的均方根偏差(RMSD);(C)MD模拟中Cα的均方根波动(RMSF);(D)RBD和ACE2 之间的氢键相互作用分析:野生型和R403G突变RBD与ACE2之间的氨基酸均未形成氢键;ACE2与野生型RBD的总结合能为-37.59±0.14kcal/mol,ACE2与R403G 突变RBD的总结合能为-33.41±0.24kcal/mol。
图6、携带点突变R454G的RBD与hACE2之间的亲和力的分子动力学模拟研究;(A)MD模拟中的平均结构(150ns);复合体中绿色为野生型,紫红色为R454G,两者之间的RMSD为突变残基用红色圆圈标记;(B)MD模拟中Cα的均方根偏差(RMSD);(C)MD模拟中Cα的均方根波动(RMSF);(D)RBD和ACE2 之间的氢键相互作用分析:在野生型和R454G中,RBD和hACE2之间均未形成氢键;hACE2和野生型RBD的总结合能为-37.59±0.14kcal/mol,hACE2和R454G 的RBD的总结合能为-24.29±0.19kcal/mol。
图7、MD模拟研究携带点突变N439I的SARS-CoV-2RBD与hACE2之间的亲和力;(A)MD模拟中的平均结构(150ns);绿色复合物为野生型,蓝色复合物为 N439I,两者之间的RMSD为突变残基用红色圆圈标记;(B)MD模拟中Cα的均方根偏差(RMSD);(C)MD模拟中Cα的均方根波动(RMSF);(D)N439I的 SARS-CoV-2RBD与hACE2之间的氢键相互作用分析:在野生型中,439N(RBD) 和437N、499P、443S(RBD)之间分别形成氢键;hACE2与499P(RBD)的氢键在N439I 突变RBD与hACE2之间的氢键相互作用中消失。突变位点的α螺旋被破坏; hACE2和野生型RBD的总结合能为-37.59±0.14kcal/mol,hACE2和N439I突变 RBD的总结合能为-24.99±0.51kcal/mol。
图8、携带点突变N440I的SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD与hACE2之间的亲和力的MD模拟研究;(A)MD模拟中的平均结构(150ns);复合体中绿色为野生型,金色为N440I,两个复合物之间的RMSD为突变残基用红色圆圈标记;(B)MD 模拟中Cα的均方根偏差(RMSD);(C)MD模拟中Cα的均方根波动(RMSF); (D)SARS-CoV-2RBD与hACE2之间的氢键相互作用分析:在野生型和N440I中,突变氨基酸和hACE2之间均未形成氢键;突变位点的α螺旋被破坏;野生型hACE2 和RBD的总结合能为-37.59±0.14kcal/mol;在N440I中,hACE2和RBD的总结合能为-40.51±0.54kcal/mol。
图9、通过使用假病毒评估SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD点突变对病毒传染性的影响;在感染含有野生型SARS-CoV-2Spike或点突变SARS-CoV-2Spike(R454G、 Y449F、R403G、N439I或N440I)的假病毒后,在荧光显微镜下检测到的EGFP阳性细胞;(A-B)代表性图像(Bar=50μm;A)和EGFP阳性细胞的数量(B);根据流式细胞术检测到的EGFP阳性百分比,确定这些假病毒的相对传染性,并将含有单个突变体SARS-CoV-2Spike(R454G、Y449F、R403G、N439I或N440I)的假病毒的值分别设置为1;***P<0.001;柱形图表示三次独立实验的平均值±S.E.M。
图10A-D、化合物分子对接(RBD与ACE2分子对接),结合自由能-5.3544 kJ/mol。两种测试化合物通过与关键氨基酸结合,有效阻断SARS-CoV-2Spike蛋白与hACE2之间的相互作用。MOE互动的三维可视化。化合物1(绿色棒)(A)和化合物2(浅棕色棒)(B)与残基403R、408R、439N、449F和454R相互作用。目标化合物(化合物1(C)和化合物2(D))与SARS-CoV-2S蛋白RBD相互作用的二维表征。蓝色箭头表示结构氢桥键,绿色箭头表示带有氨基酸残基侧链的氢桥键。
具体实施方式
本发明人经过深入的研究,揭示了SARS-CoV-2的Spike蛋白RBD结构域中的若干个关键氨基酸残基,包括454R、449Y、403R、439N、440N,这些位点与病毒对人细胞的感染能力密切相关。基于所述新发现,本发明还提供了用于筛选能抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物筛选模型,该新型药物筛选模型以Spike蛋白的RBD 肽段(391-465aa)中的上述关键氨基酸作为分子对接虚拟小分子化合物/相互作用分子与新冠病毒Spike蛋白互作,从而抑制或阻断病毒的感染。
术语
如本发明所用,术语“新型冠状病毒”、“2019新型冠状病毒”、“2019-nCov”和“SARS-CoV-2”可互换使用,均为“严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acuterespiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)”的简称。
如本发明所用,术语“表面刺突蛋白”、“Spike蛋白”和“S蛋白”具有相同的含义,可互换使用,是指SARS-CoV-2的一种膜蛋白。
如本发明所用,术语“新型冠状病毒肺炎”和“COVID-19”是指,因 SARS-CoV-2感染而导致的肺炎,二者具有相同的含义,可互换使用。
如本发明所用,术语“原始的”、“野生的”或“天然的”可互换地使用。当这些术语用于描述核酸分子、多肽(蛋白)或病毒时,其表示该核酸分子、多肽(蛋白) 或病毒在自然界中存在,发现于自然界,并且未经过人工的任何修饰或加工。如本发明所用,原始的SARS-CoV-2(原始株)的Spike蛋白是指天然存在的,具有生物学活性的Spike蛋白。本领域技术人员可以方便地从各种公共数据库(例如GenBank 数据库)获得Spike蛋白的氨基酸序列。
如本发明所用,术语“载体”是指可将多聚核苷酸插入其中的一种核酸运载工具。当载体能使插入的多核苷酸编码的蛋白获得表达时,载体称为表达载体。载体可以通过转化,转导或者转染导入宿主细胞,使其携带的遗传物质元件在宿主细胞中获得表达。载体是本领域技术人员公知的,包括但不限于:质粒、噬菌粒、柯斯质粒、人工染色体,例如酵母人工染色体(YAC)、细菌人工染色体(BAC)或P1 来源的人工染色体(PAC);噬菌体如λ噬菌体或M13噬菌体及动物病毒等。可用作载体的动物病毒包括但不限于,腺病毒、腺相关病毒、逆转录酶病毒(包括慢病毒)、疱疹病毒(如单纯疱疹病毒)、痘病毒、杆状病毒、乳头瘤病毒、乳头多瘤空泡病毒(如SV40)。一种载体可以含有多种控制表达的元件,包括但不限于,启动子序列、转录起始序列、增强子序列、选择元件及报告基因。另外,载体还可含有复制起始位点。
如本发明所用,术语“宿主细胞”是指,可用于导入载体的细胞,其包括但不限于,如大肠杆菌或枯草菌等的原核细胞,如酵母细胞或曲霉菌等的真菌细胞,如S2果蝇细胞或Sf9等的昆虫细胞,或者如纤维原细胞,CHO细胞,COS细胞, NSO细胞,HeLa细胞,BHK细胞,HEK293(A)细胞或人细胞等的动物细胞。
如本发明所用,所述的“含有”,“具有”或“包括”包括了“包含”、“主要由……构成”、“基本上由……构成”、和“由……构成”;“主要由……构成”、“基本上由……构成”和“由……构成”属于“含有”,“具有”或“包括”的下位概念。
如本发明所用,所述的“抑制(剂)”与“下调(剂)”可互换使用,其也包括:阻滞(剂),拮抗(剂)等。
如本发明所用,所述的“阻滞”、“阻断”、“抑制”、“降低”均是指具有统计学意义的“阻滞”、“阻断”、“抑制”、“降低”。也即:显著地“阻滞”、“阻断”、“抑制”、“降低”。如与对照组的相比,显著“阻滞”、“阻断”、“抑制”、“降低”10%,20%,30%,40%,50%以上;更佳的60%以上,80%以上,90%以上,95%以上,98%以上,99%以上或100%。
病毒感染的关键位点
SARS-CoV-2与在先发现的冠状病毒的氨基酸序列之间的差异可能在进化过程中发挥关键作用,可能与增强SARS-CoV-2人群中的传播能力,或是通过中间宿主传播给人类的关键。SARS-CoV-2的表面刺突蛋白(Spike)可与人细胞表面的血管紧张素转化酶2(hACE2)受体蛋白结合,这个受体相当于病毒进入人体细胞的“门锁”。
基于上述考虑,本发明人进行了深入的研究比较,确定在SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD中肽段(391-465aa)具有结合hACE2能力。而与之不同的是,本发明人测试的另两个RBD肽段(319-390aa和466-546aa)则不具有这一能力。
进一步地,本发明人在此肽段中发现了3个必需氨基酸残基(454R,449Y, 403R),这些残基对RBD与hACE2的结合至关重要,但是3个氨基酸残基(441D, 443K,459S)对RBD与hACE2的结合没有影响。
本发明首次披露454R、449Y、403R为RBD中三个与hACE2结合的至关重要的氨基酸残基,且449Y与hACE2结合的氢键对RBD与hACE2结合至关重要。所述位点的突变显著降低了RBD和hACE2的相互作用,从而减少/阻止病毒的感染。
人体细胞中跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶(TMPRSS2),是一种可切割ACE2和刺突蛋白的细胞表面蛋白酶,在病毒入侵过程中发挥了“助攻”作用:激活冠状病毒的刺突蛋白,为SARS-CoV-2进入细胞提供便利。
本发明中,首次披露439N、440N是RBD中影响TMPRSS2切割能力的至关重要的必需氨基酸残基。所述位点的突变可以有效影响TMPRSS2切割能力,从而减少/阻止病毒的感染。在本发明的具体实施例中,TMPRSS2的切割能力实验表明,N439I 与N440I不能完全被TMPRSS2切割(从S全蛋白至S1亚基)。
进一步假病毒感染实验表明,与携带野生型Spike蛋白假病毒(Genbank:MN_908947)相比,携带点突变R454G、Y449F、R403G、N439I、N440I Spike蛋白假病毒具有极低的感染能力,只能感染极少数细胞,EGFP阳性细胞数量减少了200多倍。
应理解,在得知了所述的位点及其所参与的病毒侵染机制后,可以采用本领域人员熟知的多种方法来针对所述位点进行靶向性研究,或进行药物的筛选,这些方法可被涵盖在本发明的范围内。
当用于作为人工调控的靶标时或人为建立筛选系统时,本发明所述的蛋白或编码基因可以是天然存在的,比如其可被纯化和分离自哺乳动物;也可以是重组制备的,比如可以根据常规的基因重组技术来生产重组的蛋白。此外,任何不影响这些蛋白的生物活性的变化形式都是可用的,如它们的功能未发生改变的衍生物或变异体。
药物筛选模型
根据本发明所披露的位点及其作用模式,可建立药物筛选模型,来筛选或设计适用于靶向调控的药物。
在本发明的优选方式中,本发明人结合所鉴定的Spike蛋白受体识别的关键氨基酸位点(与人ACE2结合位点),设计了一种虚拟的分子对接模型(如图10),其在空间结构上进行了真实的模拟,可被应用于虚拟筛选、设计、优化小分子化合物。
在本发明的优选方式中,本发明人设计或制备了一些细胞模型,用于基于细胞体系的筛选。包括建立重组细胞,使其表达人ACE2和/或TMPRSS2,以及表达 Spike蛋白或其RBD结构域。基于所述细胞模型,可通过观测本发明所披露的相应氨基酸残基位点在候选物质处理前后是否发生变化来确定候选药物是否是感兴趣的潜在药物。
本发明中,所述的细胞的种类没有特别的限制,可以是原核细胞或真核细胞,优选的为真核细胞,例如但不仅限于293T细胞等。
基于本发明人的新发现,本发明的相应的氨基酸残基位点、位点组合以及如上构建的药物筛选模型具有着多方面的用途,所述的用途包括:筛选调节病毒感染能力的物质,以期找到抑制病毒有效的药物,研究Spike蛋白相关的减毒疫苗(可以是蛋白疫苗或表达突变体蛋白的病毒疫苗)等。
本发明提供了一种筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物(包括潜在药物)的方法,包括:(1)将候选物质与人血管紧张素转化酶2及SARS-CoV-2Spike或其 RBD结构域相互作用的体系接触;(2)检测候选物质对人血管紧张素转化酶2与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域相互作用的影响;所述相互作用是人血管紧张素转化酶2与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第449位Tyr(Y)、第454位Arg(R)和 /或第403位Arg的相互作用;其中,若所述候选物质可降低或弱化人血管紧张素转化酶2与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第449位Tyr、第454位Arg和/或第 403位Arg的相互作用,则表明该候选物质是抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物。
本发明也提供了一种筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物(包括潜在药物) 的方法,包括:(1)将候选物质与人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶及SARS-CoV-2Spike或其 RBD结构域相互作用的体系接触;(2)检测候选物质对人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与 SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域相互作用的影响;所述相互作用是人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第439位Asn、第440位Asn的相互作用;其中,若所述候选物质可降低或弱化人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第439位Asn、第440位Asn的相互作用、从而影响人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶对SARS-CoV-2Spike的切割能力,则表明该候选物质是抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物。进一步地,还可包括:观测SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第449位Tyr与人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶之间形成氢键的情况,若所述候选物质可阻断氢键的形成,则表明该候选物质是抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物。
所述的体系可以包括但不限于:细胞体系(或细胞培养物体系)、亚细胞体系(或亚细胞培养物体系)、溶液体系、动物体系或组织体系(或组织培养物体系)等。应理解,在了解了本发明所指出的靶蛋白的特定位点以及相互作用蛋白的特点后,本领域技术人员可基于此进行多种多种的筛选体系的设计,这些均涵盖于本发明的保护范围。
作为本发明的优选方式,所述的方法还包括:对获得的潜在物质进行进一步的细胞实验和/或动物试验,以从候选物质中进一步选择和确定对于抑制病毒感染有用的物质。
当进行筛选时,可以采用本领域熟知的各种技术来确定蛋白或其编码基因的变化情况以及相互作用情况。
可以采用多种常规的技术来鉴定系统中基因的转录或表达情况。这些技术包括但不限于:寡核苷酸杂交技术(如探针),多聚酶链反应(PCR),聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳等。检测蛋白与蛋白之间相互作用以及相互作用的强弱可采用多种本领域技术人员熟知的技术,比如免疫共沉淀技术、GST沉降技术、噬菌体展示技术或酵母双杂交系统。蛋白的核定位也是本领域熟知的技术。
作为本发明的一种具体实施方式,利用小分子化合物处理过表达人ACE2和TMPRSS2 293T细胞后进行了MTT实验;小分子化合物处理过表达人ACE2和 TMPRSS2 293T细胞后进行了假病毒(包括野生型与南非株、巴西株、英国株、印度德尔塔株等)感染实验,流式细胞计数鉴定感染效率;小分子化合物处理过表达人ACE2、TMPRSS2 293T细胞后进行真病毒感染实验,RT-PCR、Western blot方法计算感染前后病毒载量;小分子化合物处理B6(Cg)-Ace2tm1.1(ACE2)Mdk/J(035800, ACE2-GR,购于Jackson Lab)后进行真病毒感染动物实验,免疫组织化学、qRT-PCR 等方法验证病毒感染效率。后续,可通过例如动物实验、临床试验来进行进一步地确证。
通过上述方法初步筛选出的物质可构成一个筛选库,以便于人们最终可以从中筛选出能够对于抑制病毒感染真正有用的物质。
本发明还提供了采用所述筛选方法获得的可用于抑制病毒感染的潜在物质。
本发明还提供了一种制备抑制病毒感染的药物的方法,所述方法包括:合成和/或纯化本发明的方法筛选获得的对于抑制病毒感染有用的物质,作为用于抑制病毒感染的药物。进一步地,可将获得的对于抑制病毒感染有用的物质用于制备药物组合物。
以蛋白或基因或其上特定的区域作为靶点,来筛选作用于该靶点的物质的方法是本领域人员所熟知的,这些方法均可用于本发明。所述的候选物质可以选自:肽、聚合肽、拟肽、非肽化合物、碳水化合物、脂、抗体或抗体片段、配体、有机小分子、无机小分子和核酸序列等。根据待筛选的物质的种类,本领域人员清楚如何选择适用的筛选方法。
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。下列实施例中未注明具体条件的实验方法,通常按照常规条件如J.萨姆布鲁克等编著,分子克隆实验指南,第三版,科学出版社中所述的条件,或按照制造厂商所建议的条件。
材料和方法
1、过表达细胞系构建
293T-hACE2细胞系:用引入有ACE2和TMPRSS2基因序列的质粒(pHCMV) 的慢病毒感染人293T细胞,稳定表达3xFlag-hACE2和TMPRSS2。
Spike的氨基酸序列(GenBank登录号:MN_908947)(斜黑体标示RBD区域,下划线标示突变位点;SEQ ID NO:1):
RBD的DNA序列(突变前,基于原核表达的偏好设计;SEQ ID NO:2):
cgtgtgcaaccgaccgagagcatcgttcgtttcccgaacattaccaacctgtgcccgttcggcgaagtgtttaacgcgacccgttttgcgagcgtttatgcgtggaac cgtaaacgtattagcaactgcgttgcggactatagcgtgctgtacaacagcgcgagcttcagcacctttaagtgctatggtgtgagcccgaccaaactgaacgatct gtgcttcaccaacgtttacgcggacagctttgtgatccgtggcgatgaagttcgtcagattgcgccgggtcaaaccggcaagatcgcggactacaactataaactgc cggacgattttaccggttgcgtgatcgcgtggaacagcaacaacctggatagcaaggttggtggcaactacaactatctgtaccgtctgttccgtaagagcaacctg aaaccgtttgagcgtgatatcagcaccgaaatttaccaggcgggtagcaccccgtgcaacggtgtggagggcttcaactgctattttccgctgcagagctacggctt ccaaccgaccaacggtgttggctatcaaccgtaccgtgtggttgtgctgagctttgaactgctgcatgcgccggcgaccgtttgcggtccgaagaaaagcaccaac ctggttaagaacaaatgcgtgaacttcaactttaacggctaa
ACE2基因/蛋白序列(SEQ ID NO:3):GenBank登录号NP_068576.1:
MSSSSWLLLSLVAVTAAQSTIEEQAKTFLDKFNHEAEDLFYQSSLASWNYNTNITEENVQNMNNAGDKWSAFL KEQSTLAQMYPLQEIQNLTVKLQLQALQQNGSSVLSEDKSKRLNTILNTMSTIYSTGKVCNPDNPQECLLLEPG LNEIMANSLDYNERLWAWESWRSEVGKQLRPLYEEYVVLKNEMARANHYEDYGDYWRGDYEVNGVDGYD YSRGQLIEDVEHTFEEIKPLYEHLHAYVRAKLMNAYPSYISPIGCLPAHLLGDMWGRFWTNLYSLTVPFGQKPN IDVTDAMVDQAWDAQRIFKEAEKFFVSVGLPNMTQGFWENSMLTDPGNVQKAVCHPTAWDLGKGDFRILMC TKVTMDDFLTAHHEMGHIQYDMAYAAQPFLLRNGANEGFHEAVGEIMSLSAATPKHLKSIGLLSPDFQEDNET EINFLLKQALTIVGTLPFTYMLEKWRWMVFKGEIPKDQWMKKWWEMKREIVGVVEPVPHDETYCDPASLFHV SNDYSFIRYYTRTLYQFQFQEALCQAAKHEGPLHKCDISNSTEAGQKLFNMLRLGKSEPWTLALENVVGAKNM NVRPLLNYFEPLFTWLKDQNKNSFVGWSTDWSPYADQSIKVRISLKSALGDKAYEWNDNEMYLFRSSVAYAM RQYFLKVKNQMILFGEEDVRVANLKPRISFNFFVTAPKNVSDIIPRTEVEKAIRMSRSRINDAFRLNDNSLEFLGI QPTLGPPNQPPVSIWLIVFGVVMGVIVVGIVILIFTGIRDRKKKNKARSGENPYASIDISKGENNPGFQNTDDVQT SF
TMPRSS2基因/蛋白序列(SEQ ID NO:4):Genbank登录号NM_005656.3:
MALNSGSPPAIGPYYENHGYQPENPYPAQPTVVPTVYEVHPAQYYPSPVPQYAPRVLTQASNPVVCTQPKSPSG TVCTSKTKKALCITLTLGTFLVGAALAAGLLWKFMGSKCSNSGIECDSSGTCINPSNWCDGVSHCPGGEDENRC VRLYGPNFILQVYSSQRKSWHPVCQDDWNENYGRAACRDMGYKNNFYSSQGIVDDSGSTSFMKLNTSAGNVDIYKKLYHSDACSSKAVVSLRCIACGVNLNSSRQSRIVGGESALPGAWPWQVSLHVQNVHVCGGSIITPEWIVT AAHCVEKPLNNPWHWTAFAGILRQSFMFYGAGYQVEKVISHPNYDSKTKNNDIALMKLQKPLTFNDLVKPVC LPNPGMMLQPEQLCWISGWGATEEKGKTSEVLNAAKVLLIETQRCNSRYVYDNLITPAMICAGFLQGNVDSCQ GDSGGPLVTSKNNIWWLIGDTSWGSGCAKAYRPGVYGNVMVFTDWIYRQMRADG
经过嘌呤霉素筛选后,获得了稳定表达的ACE2和TMPRSS2的细胞株。 293T-hACE2细胞在含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基中培养。
2、定点突变
以phCMV1-2019-nCoV为模板,定点突变、PCR扩增,DPn I限制性内切酶消化降解原始模。然后,将剩余质粒直接转化至大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,筛选单克隆并进行Sanger序列测定。
基于原核表达的偏好设计合成RBD的DNA序列,RBD的氨基酸序列与Spike蛋白中相应的氨基酸序列(GenBank登录号:MN_908947)完全一致。RBD的序列被克隆到pGEX-4T-1质粒上。然后,将重组供体质粒转化至大肠杆菌BL21 感受态细胞,筛选单克隆并进行Sanger序列测定。
通过定点突变PCR和重叠PCR获得RBD突变序列。然后,RBD突变序列被克隆到pGEX-4T-1质粒中。将重组供体质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21感受态细胞,筛选单克隆、测序。
3、GST-PULL DOWN
带重组质粒pGEX-4T-1(其中引入实施例中所述的多种与ACE2潜在相互作用的肽段的编码序列)的BL21在16℃摇瓶过夜时0.1mm IPTG诱导GST融合蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21中表达。采用离心法(10,000xg RCF)在4℃条件下15min收集细菌。将细菌小球彻底悬浮在无菌的PBST(含10%Triton X-100和1mm PMSF) 中,然后将其转移到30ml的管子中。在冰上用超声波对样品进行裂解,直到裂解物完全澄清。20,000xg,4℃,20min。将上清液转移到新鲜50毫升离心管中,并加入谷胱甘肽-琼脂糖珠。在4℃的温度下旋转管子4小时。磁力架用来收集琼脂糖珠子。用PBST洗了三次珠子。然后将琼脂糖珠子与稳定表达3xFlag-hACE2的293T细胞的裂解物(RIPA)进行混合。在4℃条件下,旋转仪旋转使管子中的蛋白相互作用。磁力架被用来收集珠子。用PBST洗了三次珠子。添加40ul RIPA缓冲液,包含5X loading缓冲液,煮沸10分钟。用磁力架来收集上清液。
4、假病毒包装
构建了一种结合COVID-19(GenBank登录号:MN_908947)和Y449F突变体 Spike蛋白的假病毒。当293T细胞经过一夜的培养达到70-80%密度时,按照操作说明书Lipo8000转染phCMV1-2019-nCoV或含有Y449F突变的质粒。随后用 G*ΔG-VSV(vsv G假病毒),包装质粒PAX2转染这些293T细胞。在37℃、5%CO2培养6-8h后,去除细胞上清液,在新鲜DMEM培养24h,收集含有培养上清液的新型冠状病毒肺炎病毒,过滤(0.45m孔径),-80℃保存待用。
5、定量假病毒颗粒及感染能力测定
利用TriZol试剂从纯化的假病毒颗粒中提取出假病毒颗粒的总RNA。用逆转录酶把1微克的总RNA合成cDNA。定量qRT-PCR检测病毒颗粒总量。
采用定量qRT-PCR方法,将野生型和Y449F等突变型假病毒颗粒归一化为相同数量。将293T-hACE2细胞接种于96孔培养板的每个孔中,培养一夜后细胞密度达到70-80%。然后,用相同数量的假病毒颗粒(100微升,1x105)感染 293T-hACE2细胞24h,计数EGFP阳性细胞数,计算感染能力。
6、分子动力学模拟
分子动力学模拟使用AMBER18[1]包和ff14SB力场[2]进行模拟。结合 hACE2的Sars-Cov-2棘突受体结合域的初始结构取自蛋白质数据库(PDB) 6M0J[3]。利用PyMOL 2.4软件对野生型氨基酸进行突变,获得突变体。每个系统都在一个装有缓冲液的TIP3P水模型的截角八面体中溶解,然后加入反离子来中和系统。范德瓦尔斯和短程静电相互作用的截止值设定为采用Partial Mesh Ewald(PME)方法[4]计算长程静电相互作用。与氢原子的键的长度用SHAKE algorithm算法限制[5]。所有系统通过梯度下降法的3000步和共轭梯度算法的3000步最小化,然后在NVT集成中加热 150-ps到298.15K。在100-ps平衡之后,生产分子动力模拟在NPT集成中以298.15K/150ns进行。模拟的细节列于表1。
表1、MD刺激条件
7、分子动力学模拟数据分析
在AmberTools18[1,6]中,用CPPTRAJ程序分析了分子动力学模拟数据的均方根差(RMSDs)和c的平均数平方偏差(RMSFs)。
利用AmberTools18[1]中的MMPBSA从一个有解的拓扑文件中创建兼容的RBD和hACE2复合物拓扑文件,并计算RBD和hACE2[7]的总结合自由能。这个计算是基于从50ns到150ns的模拟。
8、分子对接
利用分子对接程序(MOE 2008),分别将候选药物(如设计的化合物或已知化合物,也可以是生物分子)作为SARS-CoV-2Spike蛋白质与ACE2相互作用的潜在抑制剂,停靠在SARS-CoV-2Spike蛋白质(PDB ID 6M0J)的受体结合区(RBD)。实验前去除了晶体结构中的多糖和水分子。在质子化3D(MOE 2008)应用中,添加了氢和部分电荷。利用MOE定位系统识别与hACE2受体结合位点相近的Spike RBD上的潜在结合位点。采用mm2能量最小化方法,对候选药物在化学生物3D 超声中的初始3D构象进行了优化。对于对接,本发明人使用了参数的默认值,除了第一个得分函数,其中使用了ASE得分,而不是默认的LONDON DG。最好的姿势是拥有属性得分结果。
9、MTT实验
MTT法测定化合物对293T-hACE2细胞系的毒副作用。简单地说,96孔板上的单层细胞用PBS清洗一遍,然后与指定的化合物孵育48小时。0.5mg/ml MTT 处理细胞4h,温度37°c,用150μl二甲基亚砜溶解活细胞中的formazan晶体。采用酶标仪(美国biotek公司)测定了490nm波长下的吸光度。
10、统计学分析
比较组间差异,结果采用T检验分析。P<0.05具有统计学意义。
实施例1、鉴定SARS-CoV-2RBD结构域中与hACE2结合的肽段为了鉴定RBD结构域中哪些肽段或氨基酸位点参与与hACE2的结合,本发明人基于晶体结构(图1A)进行RBD和hACE2的肽段的分子动力学模拟,如图1B 为动力学模拟的结构示意图,其右侧为部分结构的放大图。
根据结构分析,本发明人发现,391-465aa肽段的结构(绿色)与晶体结构中的391-465aa肽段结构类似(粉色)。
进一步地,本发明人构建了三个含有319-390aa,391-465aa,466-546aa的RBD 基因片段质粒GST-RBD1,GST-RBD2和GST-RBD3(图1C)。也即,本发明人将 RBD1、RBD2、RBD3的DNA引入到pGEX-4T-1质粒中,用于GST-PULL DOWN。
本发明的RBD氨基酸序列参考病毒株GenBank登录号:MN_908947的蛋白质序列。然后通过GST-PULL DOWN方法鉴定COVID-19的受体结合区域RBD 中肽段与hACE2结合的能力(图1D-E)。
GST-PULLDOWN实验表明,GST-RBD2具有与hACE2结合的显著较强的能力。
根据上述,确定了SARS-CoV-2RBD结构域中与hACE2结合的肽段,其位于RBD2区域(391-465aa)。
实施例2、与hACE2结合的受体结合域的关键氨基酸残基的筛选
本发明人将SARS-CoV-2的RBD2区域与其它的冠状病毒的相应区段序列进行比较和分析。经过分析研究,本发明人关注到RBD2肽段的403R、438N、439N、 449Y和459S(391-465aa)这些差异位点,潜在地它们可能在进化过程中发挥关键作用,可能是增强SARS-CoV-2人群中的传播能力、或是通过中间宿主传播给人类的关键。
进一步地,为了找到不同位点和某些极性氨基酸是否是相互作用的关键,本发明人构建了GST-T1,它包含N438I,N439I,D441V和K443M点突变(引入到 pGEX-4T-1质粒中,形成GST-T1)。此外,本发明人构建了带有GST细胞标记的携带个体点突变的RBD质粒。GST-PULL DOWN实验表明,GST-T1(简称T1) 与野生型相比,不影响RBD和hACE2相互作用,如图2A。
考虑上述位点、结合挖掘其它位点,本发明人进一步研究了多个位点或氨基酸类型的突变。GST-PULL DOWN显示,三个位点的氨基酸的任一点突变(R454G, Y449F,R403G)显著降低了RBD和hACE2的相互作用,但S459G点突变没有。
综上所述,本发明人鉴定了RBD中3个与hACE2结合至关重要的必需氨基酸残基(454R,449Y,403R)。
实施例3、决定感染能力的关键氨基酸的筛选
将Spike突变体(全长Spike,带有一系列的点突变)的编码基因引入质粒,转染进过表达TMPRSS2的293T-hACE2细胞中,分析TMPRSS2对于Spike的切割情况。
针对所测试的位点,本发明人发现,所测试了大多数点突变,均不影响 TMPRSS2对于Spike的切割作用。但是,两个位点的突变却并非如此。其中部分位点的切割情况如图3所示。
Western Blot结果如图3,表明TMPRSS2不能把携带N440I或N439I点突变的Spike蛋白完全切割成S1蛋白,这与其它突变位点不同。
综上所述,本发明人鉴定到RBD中2个影响TMPRSS2切割能力的至关重要的必需氨基酸残基,即439N、440N。
实施例4、分子动力学模拟研究携带个体点突变的RBD与hACE2之间的亲和力
基于RBD和hACE2的晶体结构,本发明人对携带个体点突变的RBD(R454A, Y449F,R403A)与hACE2之间的相互作用进行了分子动力学模拟研究。
结果如图4A-D,图5A-D,图6A-D,图7A-D,图8A-D所示,经过点突变后, Y449F与野生型的RMSD相差为R403A与野生型的相差为 R454A与野生型的相差为N439I与野生型的相差N440I与野生型的相差野生型的449Y(RBD)和20D(hACE2)之间形成了氢键,但在点突变Y449F与hACE2没有形成氢键相互作用。这是因为苯丙氨酸在苯环上的羟基比酪氨酸少一个。在野生型中439N,437N,499P,443S(RBD)这4个氨基酸之间形成氢键,而在点突变N439I中499P不能与其它的3个氨基酸形成氢键。在403R、440N和454R位点均未发现与hACE2的氢键相互作用。Y449F、R403G、 R454G和N439I与野生型比较,RBD和hACE2的总结合能分别由-37.59±0.14 kcal/mol降至-33.42±0.15kcal/mol,由-37.59±0.14kcal/mol降至-33.41± 0.24kcal/mol,由-37.59±0.14kcal/mol降至-24.29±0.19kcal/mol,由-37.59 ±0.14kcal/mol降至-24.99±0.51kcal/mol。
这些结果表明,在Y449F、R403G R454G和N439I点突变后,RBD和hACE2 的亲和力降低。这些结果与GST-PULLDOWN实验高度一致,确认454R、449Y 和403R是RBD和hACE2结合至关重要的3个必需氨基酸残基。
实施例5、SARS-CoV-2的高传染性与Spike 449Y和hACE2之间形成的氢键有关
进一步,为了用假病毒的方法鉴定关键氨基酸,测定携带Spike点突变Y449F、R454G、R403G、N439I、N440I假病毒的感染能力,本发明人用SARS-Cov-2野生型Spike蛋白(来源于病毒株Genbank登录号:MN_908947和SARS Cov-2突变体Y449F、R454G、R403G、N439I、N440I Spike蛋白的假病毒分别感染过表达 hACE2/TMPRSS2的293T细胞系。
如图9所示,携带Spike Y449F、R454G、R403G、N439I、N440I点突变假病毒具有很低的感染能力,与野生型Spike假病毒(病毒株Genbank登录号:MN_908947)相比,感染的细胞很少,流式细胞仪计算EGFP阳性细胞数减少超过 200多倍。Y449F突变Spike蛋白在结构上比野生型少一个羟基。
以上结果表明,449Y、454R、403R、439N、440N是RBD结构域中决定 SARS-CoV-2感染能力的关键氨基酸;其中,SARS-Cov2的高传染性与Spike 449Y 和hACE2之间的氢键有关。
上述结果还提示,Spike蛋白的F449Y(野生型RaTG13该位点是F,野生型 SARS-COV-2该位点是Y)突变是SARS-COV-2从中间宿主向人类传播的关键,或者是增加SARS-COV-2在人群中传播能力的关键。
实施例6、针对关键氨基酸位点的药物筛选
1、筛选影响TMPRSS2切割的潜在药物
将全长Spike的编码基因转染过表达TMPRSS2 293T-hACE2细胞中,其中 TMPRSS2对于Spike具有切割作用。
测试组:以候选物质处理;
对照组:不以候选物质处理。
观测该候选物质是否作用于Spike的439N、440N相应位点(蛋白水平上或基因水平上),从而抑制TMPRSS2对于Spike的切割作用。若候选物质是作用于Spike 的439N、440N相应位点并发挥统计学上显著的切割抑制的作用,那么该候选物质是潜在有用于抑制病毒的潜在药物。
2、筛选影响Spike 449Y和hACE2之间形成的氢键的潜在药物
用SARS-Cov-2野生型Spike蛋白感染过表达hACE2/TMPRSS2的293T细胞系。
测试组:以候选物质处理;
对照组:不以候选物质处理。
观测该候选物质是否作用于Spike 449Y和hACE2之间形成的氢键。若候选物质在统计学上减少或抑制这种氢键的形成,那么该候选物质是潜在有用于抑制病毒的潜在药物。
3、筛选影响RBD和hACE2的相互作用的候选药物
如前述实施例2建立野生型RBD和hACE2的相互作用的GST-PULL DOWN 的体系。
测试组:以候选物质处理;
对照组:不以候选物质处理。
观测该候选物质是否作用于野生型RBD和hACE2的相互作用的关键位点 454R、449Y和/或403R。若候选物质在统计学上减少或抑制/减弱这种相互作用,那么该候选物质是潜在有用于抑制病毒的潜在药物。
实施例7、针对关键氨基酸位点的化合物的设计虚拟筛选
1、测试用蛋白相互作用模型的建立
依据前述鉴定的Spike蛋白受体识别关键氨基酸位点,其与人ACE2相互作用的分子对接结构图如图10,其中标示了相应突变位点。
2、小分子药物设计
应用上述建立的结构,设计候选小分子化合物或对已知化合物进行有效性验证。如图10及表2中所示为具有抑制效应的化合物的示例,其对应于403R和/或 449Y位点,潜在地抑制403R和/或449Y位点与人ACE2的相互作用,抑制率如表2。
表2
根据上述表2可见,化合物1和化合物2均为具有抑制效应的化合物。进一步地,与双位点发生相互作用的候选药物的抑制效应要显著高于针对单位点的候选药物。
以上所述实施例仅表达了本发明的几种实施方式,其描述较为具体和详细,但并不能因此而理解为对本发明专利范围的限制。应当指出的是,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进,这些都属于本发明的保护范围。因此,本发明专利的保护范围应以所附权利要求为准。同时,在本发明提及的所有文献都在本申请中引用作为参考,就如同每一篇文献被单独引用作为参考那样。
参考文献
1.Case DA,Ben-Shalom IY,Brozell SR,Cerutti DS,Cheatham TE,III,Cruzeiro VWD, Darden TA,Duke RE,Ghoreishi D et al:AMBER 2018.University ofCalifornia,San Francisco 2018.
2.Maier JA,Martinez C,Kasavajhala K,Wickstrom L,Hauser KE,SimmerlingC:ff14SB: Improving the Accuracy of Protein Side Chain and BackboneParameters from ff99SB.J Chem Theory Comput 2015,11(8):3696-3713.
3.Lan J,Ge J,Yu J,Shan S,Zhou H,Fan S,Zhang Q,Shi X,Wang Q,Zhang L etal: Structure of the SARS-CoV-2spike receptor-binding domain bound to theACE2 receptor. Nature 2020,581(7807):215-220.
4.Darden T,York D,Pedersen L:Particle mesh Ewald:An N·log(N)methodfor Ewald sums in large systems.The Journal of Chemical Physics 1993,98(12):10089-10092.
5.Ryckaert J-P,Ciccotti G,Berendsen HJC:Numerical integration of thecartesian equations of motion of a system with constraints:molecular dynamicsof n-alkanes.Journal of Computational Physics 1977,23(3):327-341.
6.Song D,Luo R,Chen HF:The IDP-Specific Force Field ff14IDPSFFImproves the Conformer Sampling of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins.J ChemInf Model 2017, 57(5):1166-1178.
7.Liu H,Ye W,Chen HF:Positive cooperative regulation of doublebinding sites for human acetylcholinesterase.Chem Biol Drug Des 2017,89(5):694-704。
序列表
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Tyr Cys Asp Pro Ala Ser Leu Phe His Val Ser Asn Asp Tyr Ser Phe
500 505 510
Ile Arg Tyr Tyr Thr Arg Thr Leu Tyr Gln Phe Gln Phe Gln Glu Ala
515 520 525
Leu Cys Gln Ala Ala Lys His Glu Gly Pro Leu His Lys Cys Asp Ile
530 535 540
Ser Asn Ser Thr Glu Ala Gly Gln Lys Leu Phe Asn Met Leu Arg Leu
545 550 555 560
Gly Lys Ser Glu Pro Trp Thr Leu Ala Leu Glu Asn Val Val Gly Ala
565 570 575
Lys Asn Met Asn Val Arg Pro Leu Leu Asn Tyr Phe Glu Pro Leu Phe
580 585 590
Thr Trp Leu Lys Asp Gln Asn Lys Asn Ser Phe Val Gly Trp Ser Thr
595 600 605
Asp Trp Ser Pro Tyr Ala Asp Gln Ser Ile Lys Val Arg Ile Ser Leu
610 615 620
Lys Ser Ala Leu Gly Asp Lys Ala Tyr Glu Trp Asn Asp Asn Glu Met
625 630 635 640
Tyr Leu Phe Arg Ser Ser Val Ala Tyr Ala Met Arg Gln Tyr Phe Leu
645 650 655
Lys Val Lys Asn Gln Met Ile Leu Phe Gly Glu Glu Asp Val Arg Val
660 665 670
Ala Asn Leu Lys Pro Arg Ile Ser Phe Asn Phe Phe Val Thr Ala Pro
675 680 685
Lys Asn Val Ser Asp Ile Ile Pro Arg Thr Glu Val Glu Lys Ala Ile
690 695 700
Arg Met Ser Arg Ser Arg Ile Asn Asp Ala Phe Arg Leu Asn Asp Asn
705 710 715 720
Ser Leu Glu Phe Leu Gly Ile Gln Pro Thr Leu Gly Pro Pro Asn Gln
725 730 735
Pro Pro Val Ser Ile Trp Leu Ile Val Phe Gly Val Val Met Gly Val
740 745 750
Ile Val Val Gly Ile Val Ile Leu Ile Phe Thr Gly Ile Arg Asp Arg
755 760 765
Lys Lys Lys Asn Lys Ala Arg Ser Gly Glu Asn Pro Tyr Ala Ser Ile
770 775 780
Asp Ile Ser Lys Gly Glu Asn Asn Pro Gly Phe Gln Asn Thr Asp Asp
785 790 795 800
Val Gln Thr Ser Phe
805
<210> 4
<211> 492
<212> PRT
<213> Homo sapiens
<400> 4
Met Ala Leu Asn Ser Gly Ser Pro Pro Ala Ile Gly Pro Tyr Tyr Glu
1 5 10 15
Asn His Gly Tyr Gln Pro Glu Asn Pro Tyr Pro Ala Gln Pro Thr Val
20 25 30
Val Pro Thr Val Tyr Glu Val His Pro Ala Gln Tyr Tyr Pro Ser Pro
35 40 45
Val Pro Gln Tyr Ala Pro Arg Val Leu Thr Gln Ala Ser Asn Pro Val
50 55 60
Val Cys Thr Gln Pro Lys Ser Pro Ser Gly Thr Val Cys Thr Ser Lys
65 70 75 80
Thr Lys Lys Ala Leu Cys Ile Thr Leu Thr Leu Gly Thr Phe Leu Val
85 90 95
Gly Ala Ala Leu Ala Ala Gly Leu Leu Trp Lys Phe Met Gly Ser Lys
100 105 110
Cys Ser Asn Ser Gly Ile Glu Cys Asp Ser Ser Gly Thr Cys Ile Asn
115 120 125
Pro Ser Asn Trp Cys Asp Gly Val Ser His Cys Pro Gly Gly Glu Asp
130 135 140
Glu Asn Arg Cys Val Arg Leu Tyr Gly Pro Asn Phe Ile Leu Gln Val
145 150 155 160
Tyr Ser Ser Gln Arg Lys Ser Trp His Pro Val Cys Gln Asp Asp Trp
165 170 175
Asn Glu Asn Tyr Gly Arg Ala Ala Cys Arg Asp Met Gly Tyr Lys Asn
180 185 190
Asn Phe Tyr Ser Ser Gln Gly Ile Val Asp Asp Ser Gly Ser Thr Ser
195 200 205
Phe Met Lys Leu Asn Thr Ser Ala Gly Asn Val Asp Ile Tyr Lys Lys
210 215 220
Leu Tyr His Ser Asp Ala Cys Ser Ser Lys Ala Val Val Ser Leu Arg
225 230 235 240
Cys Ile Ala Cys Gly Val Asn Leu Asn Ser Ser Arg Gln Ser Arg Ile
245 250 255
Val Gly Gly Glu Ser Ala Leu Pro Gly Ala Trp Pro Trp Gln Val Ser
260 265 270
Leu His Val Gln Asn Val His Val Cys Gly Gly Ser Ile Ile Thr Pro
275 280 285
Glu Trp Ile Val Thr Ala Ala His Cys Val Glu Lys Pro Leu Asn Asn
290 295 300
Pro Trp His Trp Thr Ala Phe Ala Gly Ile Leu Arg Gln Ser Phe Met
305 310 315 320
Phe Tyr Gly Ala Gly Tyr Gln Val Glu Lys Val Ile Ser His Pro Asn
325 330 335
Tyr Asp Ser Lys Thr Lys Asn Asn Asp Ile Ala Leu Met Lys Leu Gln
340 345 350
Lys Pro Leu Thr Phe Asn Asp Leu Val Lys Pro Val Cys Leu Pro Asn
355 360 365
Pro Gly Met Met Leu Gln Pro Glu Gln Leu Cys Trp Ile Ser Gly Trp
370 375 380
Gly Ala Thr Glu Glu Lys Gly Lys Thr Ser Glu Val Leu Asn Ala Ala
385 390 395 400
Lys Val Leu Leu Ile Glu Thr Gln Arg Cys Asn Ser Arg Tyr Val Tyr
405 410 415
Asp Asn Leu Ile Thr Pro Ala Met Ile Cys Ala Gly Phe Leu Gln Gly
420 425 430
Asn Val Asp Ser Cys Gln Gly Asp Ser Gly Gly Pro Leu Val Thr Ser
435 440 445
Lys Asn Asn Ile Trp Trp Leu Ile Gly Asp Thr Ser Trp Gly Ser Gly
450 455 460
Cys Ala Lys Ala Tyr Arg Pro Gly Val Tyr Gly Asn Val Met Val Phe
465 470 475 480
Thr Asp Trp Ile Tyr Arg Gln Met Arg Ala Asp Gly
485 490
Claims (10)
1.一种筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物的方法,其特征在于,包括:
(1)将候选物质与人血管紧张素转化酶2及SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域相互作用的体系接触;
(2)检测候选物质对人血管紧张素转化酶2与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域相互作用的影响;所述相互作用是人血管紧张素转化酶2与SARS-CoV-2SpikeRBD结构域中第449位Tyr、第454位Arg和/或第403位Arg的相互作用;
其中,若所述候选物质可降低或弱化人血管紧张素转化酶2与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第449位Tyr、第454位Arg和/或第403位Arg的相互作用,则表明该候选物质是抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,(1)中,所述的体系中,还包括:人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶;
(2)中,还包括:检测候选物质对人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2SpikeRBD结构域相互作用的影响;所述相互作用是人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第439位Asn、第440位Asn的相互作用;
其中,若所述候选物质可降低或弱化人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第439位Asn、第440位Asn的相互作用、从而影响人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶对SARS-CoV-2Spike的切割能力,则表明该候选物质是抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,(2)中,还包括:观测SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第449位Tyr与人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶之间形成氢键的情况,若所述候选物质可阻断氢键的形成,则表明该候选物质是抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物。
4.一种筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物的方法,其特征在于,包括:
(1)将候选物质与人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶及SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域相互作用的体系接触;
(2)检测候选物质对人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域相互作用的影响;所述相互作用是人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第439位Asn、第440位Asn的相互作用;
其中,若所述候选物质可降低或弱化人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶与SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第439位Asn、第440位Asn的相互作用、从而影响人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶对SARS-CoV-2Spike的切割能力,则表明该候选物质是抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物。
5.如权利要求1-4任一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的体系选自:细胞体系、亚细胞体系、溶液体系、组织体系、器官体系或动物体系;较佳地,所述的体系为细胞或亚细胞体系,其中表达:
人血管紧张素转化酶2、以及SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域,
人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶、以及SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域,或
人血管紧张素转化酶2、人跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶、以及SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域。
6.如权利要求1-4任一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的候选物质包括:小分子化合物,相互作用分子,针对参与所述相互作用的信号通路或其通路蛋白、或其上游或下游蛋白或基因设计的调控分子,CRISPR构建物;较佳地,所述的小分子化合物包括来自化合物库的化合物;较佳地,所述相互作用分子包括小分子化合物、干扰分子、生物大分子等。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的候选物质为小分子化合物或相互作用分子,(1)中,还包括:
(a)建立筛选模型,其为SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域与人ACE2蛋白的对接分子模型,其中SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第449位Tyr、第454位Arg和/或第403位Arg与人ACE2蛋白对接或结合;
(b)根据(a)的筛选模型,设计小分子化合物或相互作用分子,所述的小分子化合物或相互作用分子在结构上能靠近于或靶向于SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第449位Tyr、第454位Arg和/或第403位Arg与人ACE2蛋白相互作用的位置,较佳地靠近于或靶向于其中的至少两个位点,更佳地靠近于或靶向于其中三个位点;
较佳地,(b)中,所设计的小分子化合物或相互作用分子还作用于筛选模型中选自以下的位点:SARS-CoV-2Spike RBD结构域中第439位Asn、第440位Asn,阻滞所述位点。
8.权利要求1-7任一所述的方法的应用,用于筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物。
9.一种突变体,所述突变体为SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域的突变体,相应于野生型的SARS-CoV-2Spike,其第449位Tyr、第454位Arg和/或第403位Arg发生突变;较佳地,第449位Tyr突变为Phe、第454位Arg突变为Gly和/或第403位Arg突变为Gly;
较佳地,所述SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域的突变体中,还包括:第440位Asn和/或第439位Asn发生突变;较佳地,第440位Asn突变为Ile和/或第439位Asn突变为Ile。
10.权利要求9所述的突变体的应用,用于筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物;或用于作为筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的药物的参照品或对照品;或筛选抑制或阻断SARS-CoV-2感染的抗体;或用于制备减毒的以SARS-CoV-2Spike或其RBD结构域作为免疫原的多肽疫苗。
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