CN114891693A - 一种植物乳杆菌及其在苜蓿青贮饲料制备中的应用 - Google Patents
一种植物乳杆菌及其在苜蓿青贮饲料制备中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明公开一种植物乳杆菌及其在苜蓿青贮饲料制备中的应用。本发明所述植物乳杆菌为具有产纤维素酶能力的植物乳杆菌,于2016年9月12日保藏于中国科学院微生物研究所,保藏编号为CGMCC 12955。所述制备方法包括:(1)苜蓿的收获;(2)将收获的苜蓿铡至1‑2cm;(3)制备植物乳杆菌溶液;(4)均匀喷施植物乳杆菌;(5)包装青贮。本发明能够显著提高奶山羊的总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,增加饲草的表观消化率,并在不影响饲料效率的情况下改善山羊奶的乳成分组成。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于畜牧饲料制备领域,具体地说是一种植物乳杆菌及其在苜蓿青贮饲料制备中的应用。
背景技术
反刍家畜,特别是以奶牛、奶山羊为代表的反刍家畜,由于维持和生产的强烈代谢需求,容易遭受氧化应激,对家畜产生不利影响,严重者会导致乳腺炎、胎衣不下、皱胃移位、子宫内膜炎、生殖障碍、寄生虫感染等疾病的发病率增加,并伴随产奶量减少,进而影响家畜的健康及生产性能,造成不必要的经济损失。此外,反刍家畜消化饲料过程中会产生大量热量,这使其自身具有耐寒不耐热的生理特性,再加上通常处于泌乳高峰期或泌乳持续期,极易引发反刍家畜的热应激反应并导致产奶量下降。
青贮饲料是反刍动物(特别是奶牛)能量、营养和可消化纤维的主要来源,是主要的食物成分,占反刍动物日粮的50%以上。乳酸菌添加剂是青贮饲料生产中最常用的添加剂,主要用来加快青贮发酵进程,快速降低pH值,保存营养物质。然而,绝大多数乳酸菌添加剂的主要作用是产酸,促进青贮饲料发酵,对饲草及家畜抗氧化的影响甚微。本发明在青贮饲料中接种一株产纤维素酶乳酸菌,青贮过程中通过降解饲草木质纤维素中复杂的纤维素结构积累大量的活性酚类物质阿魏酸,提高青贮饲料的抗氧化特性。奶山羊采食这种饲料后,能提高其对饲草的消化性能和血清抗氧化酶活性,从而增强奶山羊的抗氧化性能。本发明中使用的乳酸菌添加剂除发酵青贮饲料外,还提高了青贮饲料及家畜的抗氧化性能,与目前大量使用的抗氧化添加剂相比,即节约了成本,又有益于家畜健康。
鉴于此,亟待一种青贮饲料的微生物菌剂及制备方法和应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的目的在于提出一种提高家畜抗氧化性能的功能型青贮饲料,所述饲料是苜蓿在一株产纤维素酶植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)青贮接种剂发酵作用下的产物,该功能型青贮饲料适口性好,抗氧化能力和多不饱和脂肪酸含量高,反刍家畜采食后能够有效提高其抗氧化性能;本发明的另一目的在于提出上述功能型青贮饲料的制备方法;本发明的再一目的在于提出上述功能型青贮饲料的应用方法。
为实现上述目的,本发明所述一种植物乳杆菌,所述植物乳杆菌为具有产纤维素酶能力的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum FE1),于2016年9月12日保藏在中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,地址为北京市朝阳区北辰西路1号院3号,中国科学院微生物研究所,保藏编号为CGMCC 12955。
所述的一种植物乳杆菌在苜蓿青贮饲料制备中的应用,其特征在于:包括如下步骤:
(1)苜蓿的收获;
所述苜蓿的收获期为苜蓿处于初花期至盛花期,含水量为40-45%;
(2)将收获的苜蓿铡至1-2cm;
(3)制备植物乳杆菌溶液;所述植物乳杆菌溶于37-40℃温水中制得,备用;
(4)均匀喷施植物乳杆菌;
将植物乳杆菌溶液采用喷雾或喷洒方式接种,植物乳杆菌的接种量总数为5×105CFU/g苜蓿,接种后充分搅拌均匀;
(5)包装青贮;
采用打捆包膜一体机将搅拌均匀的苜蓿打捆、包膜后制成裹包青贮饲料,裹包后饲料在25-35℃条件下发酵25-30天。
所述苜蓿的收获期为苜蓿处于初花期至盛花期,含水量为40%。
所述植物乳杆菌溶于37℃温水中。
所述裹包后饲料在25-35℃条件下发酵30天。
本发明所述一种植物乳杆菌及其在苜蓿青贮饲料的草料最优选择为苜蓿。苜蓿为豆科牧草,具有较高的粗蛋白质和缓冲能力,青贮过程中pH下降不像玉米那么迅速,利于植物乳杆菌产纤维素酶功能的发挥。植物乳杆菌一般只在青贮前期能发挥很好的作用,而在后期由于青贮饲料较低的pH值(pH<4)一般不会起太大作用,而苜蓿的青贮pH值由于其较高的缓冲能值一直保持在pH>4的范围,即使到了青贮后期,植物乳杆菌仍然能发挥其作用,产酶功能也不会受太大影响。
本发明所述一种植物乳杆菌及其在苜蓿青贮饲料制备中的应用,其有益效果在于:
(1)本发明所述具有产纤维素酶能力的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarumFE1)已于2016年9月12日保藏在中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,地址为北京市朝阳区北辰西路1号院3号,中国科学院微生物研究所,保藏编号为CGMCC 12955;
(2)本发明提供的青贮饲料,通过与接种了参考菌株植物乳杆菌MTD/1(Lactobacillus plantarum MTD/1)的青贮饲料相比,青贮饲料的木质纤维素含量大幅降解,改善青贮饲料的营养价值(消化率);同时,木质纤维素降解会使本发明中的功能型青贮饲料富集更多的酚类活性物质阿魏酸,可改善青贮饲料的抗氧化性能并提高不饱和脂肪酸浓度;
(3)通过本发明后续奶山羊饲喂试验发现,本发明所提供的功能型青贮饲料配合奶山羊日常精料使用后,可以显著提高奶山羊的抗氧化能力。
附图说明
图1为裹包青贮饲料示意。
具体实施方式
实施例1
本发明实施例中所述产纤维素酶植物乳杆菌分离、筛选至青藏高原垂穗披碱草青贮饲料中,保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏编号为CGMCC12955。实施前通过发酵罐培养、离心、冻干等技术制成活菌数不低于1×1011CFU/g的菌粉制剂。
本发明实施例中所述参考菌株植物乳杆菌MTD/1(Lactobacillus plantarumMTD/1),购自英国Ecosyl产品有限公司(Ecosyl Products Ltd., Stokesley, UK)。
本发明所述一种植物乳杆菌及其在苜蓿青贮饲料制备中的应用,步骤如下:
(1)初花期收割苜蓿4吨,晾晒至干物质含量为40-45%,用鲜草铡草机粉碎成1-2cm片段,将粉碎好的苜蓿随机分成2堆,每堆大约2吨,分别设置为对照组和试验组;
(2)根据实践中青贮乳酸菌的用量,准确称取本发明中所述的两种菌粉并溶解于37℃温水中,在苜蓿打捆裹包过程中将参考菌株植物乳杆菌MTD/1喷洒于对照组苜蓿(打捆裹包如图1所示),将产纤维素酶植物乳杆菌喷洒于试验组苜蓿,最终使每一种菌的菌落总数达到5×105CFU/g苜蓿;
(3)将处理好的苜蓿通过打捆裹包一体机制作成直径约60cm,高60cm的圆柱形裹包,每个裹包重约60kg,每个处理制作30个裹包;
(4)将制备好的苜蓿裹包青贮饲料于干燥通风处发酵30天。
实验1
本发明所述一种植物乳杆菌及其在苜蓿青贮饲料的发酵品质、化学组成及抗氧化性能:
(1)青贮30天后,每个处理选择10个裹包进行取样;将取得的样品迅速带回实验进行分析;
取20g青贮饲料与180 mL蒸馏水用榨汁机进行高速匀浆30s,经4层医用纱布过滤后,
一部分滤液用于测定青贮饲料的发酵品质,包括pH值、有机酸含量(乳酸、乙酸、丙酸)及氨氮含量;
另一部分滤液用于测定青贮饲料的抗氧化酶活性,包括总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶;
取100g青贮饲料于65℃烘箱中干燥72h测定其干物质含量;将烘干的样品用植物粉碎机粉碎并过1mm筛子后用于测定其化学成分的含量,包括粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、可溶性碳水化合物、阿魏酸、消化能;
(2)本试验采用SPSS 21.0软件一般线性模型程序进行数据统计分析,显著性P <0.05;
(3)由表1可知,试验组青贮饲料的pH显著低于对照组(P < 0.001),但乳酸、乙酸及丙酸浓度显著高于对照组(P < 0.01),说明产纤维素酶乳酸菌比参考菌株更能促进青贮的发酵,能调制出更加优质的青贮饲料;
表1. 不同处理组青贮饲料的发酵品质指标
(4)由表2可知,青贮中添加产纤维素酶植物乳杆菌有降解木质纤维素的趋势,与对照组相比显著增加了青贮饲料的可溶性糖和阿魏酸含量(P < 0.001);
表2. 不同处理组青贮饲料的化学组成指标
(5)由表3可知,试验组中与抗氧化相关的酶活性,如总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性显著高于对照组(P < 0.05);说明与参考菌株相比,接种产纤维素酶植物乳杆菌更能改善青贮饲料的抗氧化活性;
表3. 不同处理组青贮饲料的抗氧化酶活性指标
(6)由表4可知,青贮中接种产纤维素酶乳酸菌比对照组具有更高含量的不饱和脂肪酸。
表4. 不同处理组青贮饲料的脂肪酸组成
综上所述,本发明提供的功能型青贮饲料具有更好的发酵品质、更多的对家畜健康友好的活性物质及较高的抗氧化活性。
实验2
本发明所述一种植物乳杆菌及其在苜蓿青贮饲料对奶山羊抗氧化能力的影响:
(1)将20只泌乳中期的关中奶山羊,按体重、产奶量、胎次随机分为2个处理组,每个处理10个重复,用上述制备好的裹包青贮饲料与精料根据泌乳期奶山羊的营养需求(NRC, 2007)按照一定比例(55:45)配置TMR日粮并开展奶山羊饲喂试验;
为了方便收集奶山羊的排泄物,采用代谢笼法每天收集奶山羊的粪便以便于计算其消化率;试验过程中每天早上7:00和下午17:00进行饲喂,自由采食和饮水;试验共持续56天,前7天为预饲期,正式期为49天;每周采集一次青贮饲料样品用于矫正其化学组成;
在第43-47天(第7周)晨饲前,每天收集每只奶山羊的总粪便,称重并记录,测定养分的表观全消化道消化率;
在第50-55天(第8周),每天上午和下午挤奶后分别采集约100 mL的生乳样品,按照6:4(早上:晚上)的比例进行混匀用于测定山羊奶中抗氧化酶活性以及乳成分;
在第56天,早上晨饲前通过颈静脉采集奶山羊的血液,离心后,血清用于测定抗氧化酶活性;青贮饲料及粪便化学成分的测定均采用实验室标准方法进行测定;青贮饲料、奶样及血清抗氧化酶均采用由南京建成生物工程研究所试剂盒进行测定;奶样乳成分由乳成分分析仪(MilkoScan FT1, Foss Analytical Instruments, United States)测定;。
(2)由表5可知,对照组和试验组奶山羊在采食量一致的情况下,试验组奶山羊的干物质、有机物和粗蛋白消化率显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),表明青贮饲料接种产纤维素酶乳酸菌后,其木质纤维素的结构发生了改变,更易于被奶山羊消化;
表5. 奶山羊采食不同处理组青贮饲料的采食量及消化率
(3)由表6可知,奶山羊采食所述功能型青贮饲料后与对照组相比,其血清的抗氧化酶活性均显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),说明本发明所提供的功能型青贮饲料能起到增强奶山羊抗氧化性能的作用;
表6. 奶山羊采食不同处理组青贮饲料的血清及乳清抗氧化酶活性
(4)由表7可知,奶山羊采食所述功能型青贮饲料后与对照组相比,其产奶量变化不大,但其乳成分中脂肪和蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),说明奶山羊在采食本发明所述的功能型青贮饲料后,在不影响饲料效率的情况下,还能改善奶山羊的乳成分组成;
表7. 奶山羊采食不同处理组青贮饲料的产奶量及乳成分指标
本发明提供的功能型青贮饲料不仅能够改善奶山羊的抗氧化性能,还能提高饲草的表观消化率,改善山羊奶的乳成分组成。
Claims (5)
1.一种植物乳杆菌,其特征在于:所述植物乳杆菌为具有产纤维素酶能力的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum FE1),于2016年9月12日保藏在中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,地址为北京市朝阳区北辰西路1号院3号,中国科学院微生物研究所,保藏编号为CGMCC 12955。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种植物乳杆菌在苜蓿青贮饲料制备中的应用,其特征在于:包括如下步骤:
(1)苜蓿的收获;
所述苜蓿的收获期为苜蓿处于初花期至盛花期,含水量为40-45%;
(2)将收获的苜蓿铡至1-2cm;
(3)制备植物乳杆菌溶液;所述植物乳杆菌溶于37-40℃温水中制得,备用;
(4)均匀喷施植物乳杆菌;
将植物乳杆菌溶液采用喷雾或喷洒方式接种,植物乳杆菌的接种量总数为5×105CFU/g苜蓿,接种后充分搅拌均匀;
(5)包装青贮;
采用打捆包膜一体机将搅拌均匀的苜蓿打捆、包膜后制成裹包青贮饲料,裹包后饲料在25-35℃条件下发酵25-30天。
3.如权利要求2所述的一种植物乳杆菌在苜蓿青贮饲料制备中的应用,其特征在于:所述苜蓿的收获期为苜蓿处于初花期至盛花期,含水量为40%。
4.如权利要求2所述的一种植物乳杆菌在苜蓿青贮饲料制备中的应用,其特征在于:所述植物乳杆菌溶于37℃温水中。
5.如权利要求2所述的一种植物乳杆菌在苜蓿青贮饲料制备中的应用,其特征在于:所述裹包后饲料在25-35℃条件下发酵30天。
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CN104336416A (zh) * | 2014-11-03 | 2015-02-11 | 郑州大学 | 一株植物乳杆菌及其在苜蓿青贮中的应用 |
CN108795800A (zh) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-11-13 | 兰州大学 | 一株产阿魏酸酯酶的植物乳杆菌 |
CN112746044A (zh) * | 2021-01-28 | 2021-05-04 | 郑州大学 | 一株植物乳杆菌突变菌株及其在苜蓿青贮中的应用 |
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CN104336416A (zh) * | 2014-11-03 | 2015-02-11 | 郑州大学 | 一株植物乳杆菌及其在苜蓿青贮中的应用 |
CN108795800A (zh) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-11-13 | 兰州大学 | 一株产阿魏酸酯酶的植物乳杆菌 |
CN112746044A (zh) * | 2021-01-28 | 2021-05-04 | 郑州大学 | 一株植物乳杆菌突变菌株及其在苜蓿青贮中的应用 |
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