CN114886053A - Low-fish-meal compound feed suitable for breeding micropterus salmoides - Google Patents
Low-fish-meal compound feed suitable for breeding micropterus salmoides Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/24—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from blood
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- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
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- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
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- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of micropterus salmoides cultivation, in particular to a low fish meal compound feed suitable for micropterus salmoides cultivation, which comprises 10-15 parts of herring meal, 40-50 parts of premixed protein, 8-10 parts of starch, 4-6 parts of fish oil, 1 part of premixed vitamin, 2 parts of premixed mineral salt, 5-7 parts of glutamic acid, 0.5-1 part of methionine, 0-20 parts of rice bran, 0-2 parts of CMC and 2-5 parts of cellulose according to weight proportion. On one hand, the invention uses the glutamic acid with relatively low price to replace part of fish meal in the micropterus salmoides compound feed, thereby saving the production cost of the micropterus salmoides feed. On the other hand, the feed with high fish meal content can increase the phosphorus emission, and the invention reduces the fish meal dosage by 40 percent, reduces the phosphorus emission in the culture process, is beneficial to solving the problems of water quality deterioration, blue algae bloom and the like caused by higher total phosphorus or soluble phosphate content in the culture water body and the adjacent water area, and is also beneficial to the standard emission of the culture tail water.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of micropterus salmoides cultivation, in particular to a low-fish-meal compound feed suitable for micropterus salmoides cultivation.
Background
Micropterus salmoides, also known as micropterus salmoides, are native to north america. Intensive culture of micropterus salmoides in the united states began in the 60's 20 th century because of their popularity as a carnivorous fish and high market value as a food product, with the fish now being farmed in many other countries around the world, including china. Amino acids (such as glutamic acid, glutamine and aspartic acid) are the major substrates for ATP required by micropterus salmoides. The demand for feed proteins by such fish is therefore particularly high, mainly in order to meet their demand for these amino acids. Research shows that the contents of protein, fat and starch in the micropterus salmoides feed are respectively more than 45%, 10% and less than 10%. Traditionally, the main feed protein for carnivorous fish is provided by fish meal. However, due to the limited fish meal resources and high costs worldwide, aquaculture is facing such challenges, but the global fish farming industry is expanding rapidly to provide high quality protein for an ever-increasing population. Obviously, the scale-up of production of micropterus salmoides cannot be supported by adding high levels of fish meal to the feed alone. Considerable progress has been made in reducing fish meal in compound feeds of major breeding species from 1995 to 2010. In micropterus salmoides, studies have reported that the minimum fish meal addition level can reach 16% using soybean meal and poultry by-products as the major protein replacement source. However, these studies were only based on the results of growth, feed intake and feed utilization. Recent research results indicate that the addition of 15% fish meal (dry matter (DM) basis) to the feed is sufficient to promote growth of micropterus salmoides. However, some fish, after being fed with a feed containing 15% or less of fish meal, have a black skin syndrome, which is characterized by not only black spots on the skin but also damage to the eyes, intestines and liver. Therefore, the low fish meal compound feed has certain market demand, but the specific optimal addition ratio needs to be further defined.
Glutamic acid is considered to be a functional amino acid for farm animals and fish. The glutamic acid added into the feed can improve the growth performance, intestinal development, innate and adaptive immune response, skeletal muscle development and fillet quality, ammonia removal and endocrine conditions of the cultured fish, and is also an important energy substance of the fish. Furthermore, at least 10% of the glutamic acid in the feed does not negatively affect the feed intake, health or growth performance of the fish. In addition, the annual production of global glutamic acid (mainly monosodium glutamate) is estimated to exceed 200 ten thousand tons, while the price is only about half of that of fish meal. Therefore, the monosodium glutamate is a promising feed additive and nitrogen source, and can reduce the use of fish meal protein in aquatic feeds.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the background technology, the low fish meal compound feed suitable for breeding the micropterus salmoides is provided. The minimum level of the fish meal addition amount and the upper limit of the glutamic acid addition amount in the micropterus salmoides feed are determined by adjusting the addition ratio of the fish meal and the glutamic acid in the feed, so that the low fish meal feed is formed, and the feed production cost is saved.
The invention provides a low fish meal compound feed suitable for breeding micropterus salmoides, which comprises, by weight, 10-15 parts of herring meal, 40-50 parts of premixed protein, 8-10 parts of starch, 4-6 parts of fish oil, 1 part of premixed vitamin, 2 parts of premixed mineral salt, 5-7 parts of glutamic acid, 0.5-1 part of methionine, 0-20 parts of rice bran, 0-2 parts of CMC and 2-5 parts of cellulose.
Preferably, the pre-mixed protein comprises, on a 1000kg basis: 450.0kg of poultry by-product protein powder, 300.0kg of soybean meal, 100kg of krill powder and 150kg of blood meal.
Preferably, the processing steps of the premixed protein comprise: micronizing the raw materials, and sieving with 80 mesh sieve; weighing the sieved raw materials in proportion, and then placing the raw materials into a mixer to be stirred and mixed for 10 minutes to obtain the premixed protein used by the formula.
Preferably, the herring meal is imported herring meal.
The invention also provides a processing method of the low-fish-meal compound feed suitable for breeding the micropterus salmoides, which comprises the following processing steps:
s1, preparing raw materials in advance, wherein the raw materials comprise herring meal, premixed protein, starch, fish oil, premixed vitamins, premixed mineral salt, glutamic acid, methionine, rice bran, CMC and cellulose, crushing and sieving the raw materials, collecting undersize components, mixing the components according to a formula proportion to obtain mixed powder;
s2, tempering, material molding and curing the mixed powder to obtain a cured material;
s3, drying the cured material by hot air at the temperature of 110-130 ℃ for 14-16min, cooling, screening and packaging to obtain the finished feed.
Preferably, material shaping in S2 includes, but is not limited to, ring die granulation and/or extrusion expansion granulation.
Preferably, the drying treatment in S3 is required to achieve a moisture content of 8-10%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
on one hand, the invention uses the glutamic acid with relatively low price to replace part of fish meal in the micropterus salmoides compound feed, thereby saving the production cost of the micropterus salmoides feed. On the other hand, the feed with high fish meal content can increase the phosphorus emission, and the invention reduces the fish meal dosage by 40 percent, reduces the phosphorus emission in the culture process, is beneficial to solving the problems of water quality deterioration, blue algae bloom and the like caused by higher total phosphorus or soluble phosphate content in the culture water body and the adjacent water area, and is also beneficial to the standard emission of the culture tail water.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Example one
The invention provides a low fish meal compound feed suitable for micropterus salmoides cultivation, which comprises 12.8 parts of imported herring meal, 43.1 parts of premixed protein, 5.3 parts of starch, 2.7 parts of fish oil, 1.0 part of premixed vitamin, 2.0 parts of premixed mineral salt, 20 parts of rice bran, 4.6 parts of cellulose, 2.0 parts of CMC, 7 parts of glutamic acid and 0.5 part of methionine according to weight proportion.
Further, the premixed protein comprises, in 1000 kg: 450.0kg of poultry by-product protein powder, 300.0kg of soybean meal, 100kg of krill powder and 150kg of blood meal.
Further, the processing steps of the premixed protein comprise: micronizing the raw materials, and sieving with 80 mesh sieve; weighing the sieved raw materials in proportion, and then placing the raw materials into a mixer to stir and mix for 10 minutes to obtain the premixed protein used by the formula.
As shown in figure 1, the invention also provides a processing method of the low-fish-meal compound feed suitable for breeding the micropterus salmoides, which comprises the following processing steps:
s1, preparing raw materials in advance, wherein the raw materials comprise imported herring meal, premixed protein, starch, fish oil, premixed vitamins, premixed mineral salt, glutamic acid, methionine, rice bran, CMC and cellulose, crushing and sieving the raw materials, collecting undersize components, mixing the components according to a formula proportion to obtain mixed powder;
s2, tempering, material molding and curing the mixed powder to obtain a cured material;
s3, drying the cured material by hot air at the temperature of 110-130 ℃ for 14-16min, cooling, screening and packaging to obtain the finished feed.
Further, material shaping in S2 includes, but is not limited to, ring die granulation and/or extrusion expansion granulation.
Further, the drying treatment in S3 is required to reach a moisture of 8 to 10%.
The nutritional indexes of the compound feed in the embodiment are as follows: 49% of crude protein; 11.5% of crude fat; 1.6 percent of calcium; total phosphorus 1.3%.
Example two
The invention provides a low fish meal compound feed suitable for micropterus salmoides cultivation, which comprises 12.8 parts of imported herring meal, 43.1 parts of premixed protein, 5.3 parts of starch, 2.7 parts of fish oil, 1.0 part of premixed vitamin, 2.0 parts of premixed mineral salt, 20 parts of rice bran, 4.6 parts of cellulose, 2.0 parts of CMC, 6 parts of glutamic acid and 0.5 part of methionine according to weight proportion.
Further, the premixed protein comprises, in 1000 kg: 450.0kg of poultry by-product protein powder, 300.0kg of soybean meal, 100kg of krill powder and 150kg of blood meal.
Further, the processing steps of the premixed protein comprise: micronizing the raw materials, and sieving with 80 mesh sieve; weighing the sieved raw materials in proportion, and then placing the raw materials into a mixer to be stirred and mixed for 10 minutes to obtain the premixed protein used by the formula.
As shown in figure 1, the invention also provides a processing method of the low-fish-meal compound feed suitable for breeding the micropterus salmoides, which comprises the following processing steps:
s1, preparing raw materials in advance, wherein the raw materials comprise herring meal, premixed protein, starch, fish oil, premixed vitamins, premixed mineral salt, glutamic acid, methionine, rice bran, CMC and cellulose, crushing and sieving the raw materials, collecting undersize components, mixing the components according to a formula proportion to obtain mixed powder;
s2, tempering, material molding and curing the mixed powder to obtain a cured material;
s3, drying the cured material by hot air at the temperature of 110-130 ℃ for 14-16min, cooling, screening and packaging to obtain the finished feed.
Further, material shaping in S2 includes, but is not limited to, ring die granulation and/or extrusion expansion granulation.
Further, the drying treatment in S3 is required to reach a moisture of 8 to 10%.
The nutritional indexes of the compound feed in the embodiment are as follows: 48.4% of crude protein; 11.1% of crude fat; 1.49 percent of calcium; total phosphorus 1.01%.
EXAMPLE III
The invention provides a low fish meal compound feed suitable for breeding micropterus salmoides, which comprises 12.8 parts of imported herring meal, 43.1 parts of premixed protein, 5.3 parts of starch, 2.7 parts of fish oil, 1.0 part of premixed vitamin, 2.0 parts of premixed mineral salt, 20 parts of rice bran, 4.6 parts of cellulose, 2.0 parts of CMC, 9 parts of glutamic acid and 0.5 part of methionine.
Further, the premixed protein comprises, in 1000 kg: 450.0kg of poultry by-product protein powder, 300.0kg of soybean meal, 100kg of krill powder and 150kg of blood meal.
Further, the processing steps of the premixed protein comprise: micronizing the raw materials, and sieving with 80 mesh sieve; weighing the sieved raw materials in proportion, and then placing the raw materials into a mixer to be stirred and mixed for 10 minutes to obtain the premixed protein used by the formula.
As shown in figure 1, the invention also provides a processing method of the low-fish-meal compound feed suitable for breeding the micropterus salmoides, which comprises the following processing steps:
s1, preparing raw materials in advance, wherein the raw materials comprise herring meal, premixed protein, starch, fish oil, premixed vitamins, premixed mineral salt, glutamic acid, methionine, rice bran, CMC and cellulose, crushing and sieving the raw materials, collecting undersize components, mixing the components according to a formula proportion to obtain mixed powder;
s2, tempering, material molding and curing the mixed powder to obtain a cured material;
s3, drying the cured material by hot air at the temperature of 110-130 ℃ for 14-16min, cooling, screening and packaging to obtain the finished feed.
Further, material shaping in S2 includes, but is not limited to, ring die granulation and/or extrusion expansion granulation.
Further, the drying treatment in S3 is required to reach a moisture of 8 to 10%.
The nutritional indexes of the compound feed in the embodiment are as follows: 48.3 percent of crude protein; 11.0% of crude fat; 1.24 percent of calcium; total phosphorus 1.86%.
In order to show the significant effect of the invention, corresponding experiments and comparison are carried out, and the specific experimental contents are as follows.
The test method comprises the following steps: this experiment designed 3 test groups and 1 control group. Test group 1: the test material described in example 1 was used. Test group 2: the test material described in example 2 was used. Test group 3: the test material described in example 3 was used. Control group: the commercial compound feed formula for the simulated micropterus salmoides comprises 21.4 parts of imported herring meal, 43.1 parts of premixed protein, 5.3 parts of dextrin, 1.8 parts of fish oil, 1.0 part of premixed vitamin, 2.0 parts of premixed mineral salt, 20 parts of rice bran, 2.9 parts of microcrystalline cellulose and 2.0 parts of carboxymethyl cellulose according to the proportion. The nutrition indexes of the micropterus salmoides compound feed in the control group are as follows: crude protein: 48.3 percent; crude fat: 11.0 percent; calcium: 1.24 percent; total phosphorus: 0.86 percent.
The premixed protein used in the compound feed for micropterus salmoides in the control group and the production and processing technology are the same as those in example 1.
The juvenile micropterus salmoides used in the test were transferred from a commercial nursery to a laboratory temporary rearing pond and were adapted to the test conditions by feeding commercial feed for 2 weeks before the start of the test. The test environment was illuminated for 14 hours per day, 10: 00 to 8 am: 00 offAnd a lamp. Monitoring water quality parameters [ pH 6.5-7.5, NH ] in each pool every day 4+ (<0.5mg/L), nitrite salt (b)<1mg/L), nitrate salt(s) ((II)<20ppm) and dissolved oxygen (8ppm)]. Before the test, the micropterus salmoides with good body condition and uniform weight (4.56 +/-0.02 g/tail) are randomly selected and divided into 3 treatment groups and a control group, wherein each group comprises 5 fish tanks, and each fish tank comprises 10 fish tanks. Twice daily at 09: 00 and 16: 00 the fish is fed by hand to achieve obvious satiety. The total feed consumption of each aquarium was recorded daily. The total weight of fish in each aquarium was recorded after 24 hours of fasting on days 14, 28 and 56. Almost 100% of the water in the tank is changed every day. The feeding test lasted 56 days.
Collecting samples: at the beginning of the experiment, 20 fish were randomly selected and treated with 140ppm MS-222 (with appropriate amount of NaHCO) 3 Neutralization) were euthanized and their carcasses were stored at-80 ℃ for subsequent systemic analysis. At the end of the feeding trial, all fish were starved for 24 hours, and then the total weight of each tank was weighed and recorded, and three fish were randomly selected for whole fish compositional analysis.
Growth performance and feed utilization index were calculated as follows:
the weight gain rate WG is (final weight FBW-initial weight IBW)/initial weight IBWx is 100 percent;
daily feed intake DFI ═ Σ (total daily feed consumption/mantissa per cylinder)/56 days;
feed efficiency FCR total feed intake/(end weight FBW-initial weight IBW);
protein efficiency PER ═ (end-weight FBW-initial weight IBW)/protein intake;
chemical analysis: total amino acids in feed and whole fish were analyzed after acid hydrolysis. Crude protein (N.times.6.25) was determined by the combustion method of Servi-Tech Laboratories (Amarillo, TX, USA). Calcium and phosphorus were determined spectrophotometrically in Servi-Tech Laboratories (Amarillo, TX, USA). Moisture was determined by drying to constant weight in an oven at 105 ℃. The lipids were extracted from the samples with chloroform/methanol (2: 1V/V).
Statistical analysis: all data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Student Newman Keuls multiple comparison test. Homogeneity tests (Levene test) and normal distribution tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) were performed on the samples prior to analysis. When the variance of the data is not uniform, a logarithmic transformation is performed before ANOVA. All analyses were performed by using the SPSS software package (version 19.0, SPSS Inc, chicago, IL, USA). The probability value P is less than or equal to 0.05, which shows that the method has statistical significance.
The test results are shown in tables 1 and 2. The results of the effects of examples 1-3 and comparative examples on growth performance and feed utilization of micropterus salmoides are shown. Table 2 shows the effect (%) of examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples on the amino acid retention of feed.
TABLE 1
The results of the tests show that the fish weight gain rates of examples 1 and 2 are slightly higher than the comparative example, and that the fish weight gain rate of example 3 shows a significant decrease. The protein efficiency of example 3 also showed a significant decrease. Therefore, the glutamic acid should not be added at a high level in the present invention.
TABLE 2
Table 2 the results show that in examples 2 and 3, the addition of glutamic acid significantly increased the retention of other amino acids, but decreased the retention of glutamic acid, compared to the comparative example. The use of glutamic acid can improve the utilization rate of other protein sources in the feed, which is also the theoretical basis for reducing the use amount of the fish meal.
The invention provides a low fish meal compound feed suitable for micropterus salmoides cultivation, which comprises, by weight, 10-15 parts of herring meal, 40-50 parts of premixed protein, 8-10 parts of starch, 4-6 parts of fish oil, 1 part of premixed vitamin, 2 parts of premixed mineral salt, 5-7 parts of glutamic acid, 0.5-1 part of methionine, 0-20 parts of rice bran, 0-2 parts of CMC and 2-5 parts of cellulose. The nutritional index of the feed is 48-51% of crude protein; 10-12% of crude fat; calcium < 2%; total phosphorus > 1%. The glutamic acid content of the prepared compound feed is 9.1 percent, and the fish meal consumption is reduced by more than 40 percent.
On one hand, the invention uses the glutamic acid with relatively low price to replace part of fish meal in the micropterus salmoides compound feed, thereby saving the production cost of the micropterus salmoides feed. On the other hand, the feed with high fish meal content can increase the phosphorus emission, and the invention reduces the fish meal dosage by 40 percent, reduces the phosphorus emission in the culture process, is beneficial to solving the problems of water quality deterioration, blue algae bloom and the like caused by higher total phosphorus or soluble phosphate content in the culture water body and the adjacent water area, and is also beneficial to the standard emission of the culture tail water.
The invention is described above with reference to the accompanying drawings. The embodiments have been described in detail, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and various changes can be made within the knowledge of those skilled in the art without departing from the gist of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The low fish meal compound feed suitable for breeding the micropterus salmoides is characterized by comprising, by weight, 10-15 parts of herring meal, 40-50 parts of premixed protein, 8-10 parts of starch, 4-6 parts of fish oil, 1 part of premixed vitamin, 2 parts of premixed mineral salt, 5-7 parts of glutamic acid, 0.5-1 part of methionine, 0-20 parts of rice bran, 0-2 parts of CMC and 2-5 parts of cellulose.
2. The low fish meal compound feed as claimed in claim 1, wherein the premix protein comprises 1000 kg: 450.0kg of poultry by-product protein powder, 300.0kg of soybean meal, 100kg of krill powder and 150kg of blood meal.
3. The low fish meal compound feed as claimed in claim 2, wherein the processing steps of the premixed protein include: micronizing the raw materials, and sieving with 80 mesh sieve; weighing the sieved raw materials in proportion, and then placing the raw materials into a mixer to be stirred and mixed for 10 minutes to obtain the premixed protein used by the formula.
4. The low fish meal compound feed as claimed in claim 1, wherein the herring meal is imported herring meal.
5. A method for processing a low fish meal compound feed suitable for breeding micropterus salmoides according to any one of claims 1 to 4, which comprises the following processing steps:
s1, preparing raw materials in advance, wherein the raw materials comprise herring meal, premixed protein, starch, fish oil, premixed vitamins, premixed mineral salt, glutamic acid, methionine, rice bran, CMC and cellulose, crushing and sieving the raw materials, collecting undersize components, mixing the components according to a formula proportion to obtain mixed powder;
s2, tempering, material molding and curing the mixed powder to obtain a cured material;
s3, drying the cured material by hot air at the temperature of 110-130 ℃ for 14-16min, cooling, screening and packaging to obtain the finished feed.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the step of forming the material at S2 includes, but is not limited to, ring die granulation and/or extrusion expansion granulation.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the drying step in S3 is carried out to obtain a water content of 8-10%.
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| CN116369447A (en) * | 2023-03-21 | 2023-07-04 | 通威农业发展有限公司 | Environment-friendly puffed compound feed for improving liver health of micropterus salmoides |
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