CN114877000A - Heat dissipation device for shock absorber - Google Patents

Heat dissipation device for shock absorber Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114877000A
CN114877000A CN202210389140.7A CN202210389140A CN114877000A CN 114877000 A CN114877000 A CN 114877000A CN 202210389140 A CN202210389140 A CN 202210389140A CN 114877000 A CN114877000 A CN 114877000A
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China
Prior art keywords
oil
cavity
nitrogen cylinder
cooling
communicated
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Granted
Application number
CN202210389140.7A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN114877000B (en
Inventor
王征
王海波
刘佳
王艳山
赵建新
李辉
张文生
王东波
栾秋冬
张钊
禹世博
张迅
古邵楠
董丹
蒋遵涛
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Shandong Arnoda Auto Parts Manufacturing Co ltd
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Shandong Arnoda Auto Parts Manufacturing Co ltd
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Priority to CN202210389140.7A priority Critical patent/CN114877000B/en
Publication of CN114877000A publication Critical patent/CN114877000A/en
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Publication of CN114877000B publication Critical patent/CN114877000B/en
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/06Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium using both gas and liquid
    • F16F9/066Units characterised by the partition, baffle or like element
    • F16F9/067Partitions of the piston type, e.g. sliding pistons
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/32Details
    • F16F9/3207Constructional features
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/32Details
    • F16F9/3207Constructional features
    • F16F9/3235Constructional features of cylinders
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/32Details
    • F16F9/34Special valve constructions; Shape or construction of throttling passages
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/32Details
    • F16F9/36Special sealings, including sealings or guides for piston-rods
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16FSPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
    • F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium
    • F16F9/32Details
    • F16F9/42Cooling arrangements

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid-Damping Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a heat dissipation device of a shock absorber, which comprises a nitrogen cylinder, an oil inlet one-way valve, an oil outlet one-way valve and a heat dissipation fin, wherein the oil inlet one-way valve is communicated with a first oil inlet channel of the nitrogen cylinder, an adjusting cavity communicated with the first oil inlet channel is communicated with a second oil inlet channel, the second oil inlet channel is communicated with a first oil passing cavity in a shunting block, the first oil passing cavity is communicated with a first cooling cavity, a second oil passing cavity communicated with the first cooling cavity is communicated with a second cooling cavity, the second cooling cavity is communicated with an oil storage cavity in the nitrogen cylinder through a third oil passing cavity, the oil storage cavity is communicated with a fifth oil passing cavity through a fourth oil passing cavity, an oil outlet channel communicated with the fifth oil passing cavity is communicated with the oil outlet one-way valve, an oil inlet one-way valve plate is arranged at an outlet of the second oil inlet channel, and an oil outlet one-way valve plate is arranged at an outlet of the fifth oil passing cavity. According to the shock absorber heat dissipation device with the structure, the nitrogen cylinder is provided with the oil inlet one-way valve and the oil outlet one-way valve, so that one-way circulation heat dissipation of damping oil in the nitrogen cylinder is realized, and the heat dissipation effect of the damping oil is good.

Description

Heat dissipation device for shock absorber
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of heat dissipation of shock absorbers, in particular to a heat dissipation device of a shock absorber.
Background
The automobile uses the shock absorber to make the vibrations of frame and automobile body attenuate fast, improves the ride comfort and the travelling comfort of car. The working medium in the damper is oil, and the damper is strictly called as a liquid turbulence damper. The heat dissipation effect of the oil inside the shock absorber directly influences the running stability of the automobile and the service life of other parts. The existing shock absorber is in oil liquid inlet and outlet through a single pipe, and the heat dissipation of a nitrogen cylinder is insufficient.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a shock absorber heat dissipation device, wherein a nitrogen cylinder is provided with an oil inlet one-way valve and an oil outlet one-way valve, so that one-way circulation heat dissipation of damping oil in the nitrogen cylinder is realized, and the heat dissipation effect of the damping oil is good.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a heat dissipation device of a shock absorber, which comprises a nitrogen cylinder, an oil inlet one-way valve, an oil outlet one-way valve and a heat dissipation fin, the oil inlet one-way valve is communicated with a first oil inlet channel of the nitrogen cylinder, a regulating cavity communicated with the first oil inlet channel is communicated with a second oil inlet channel, the second oil inlet channel is communicated with a first oil passing cavity in the shunting block, the first oil passing cavity is communicated with a first cooling cavity, a second oil passing cavity communicated with the first cooling cavity is communicated with a second cooling cavity, the second cooling cavity is communicated with an oil storage cavity in the nitrogen cylinder through a third oil passing cavity, the oil storage cavity is communicated with a fifth oil passing cavity through a fourth oil passing cavity, an oil outlet channel communicated with the fifth oil passing cavity is communicated with the oil outlet one-way valve, and an outlet of the second oil inlet channel is provided with an oil inlet one-way valve plate, and an outlet of the fifth oil passing cavity is provided with an oil outlet one-way valve plate.
Preferably, the nitrogen cylinder is kept away from the one end of second oil inlet channel is equipped with the air cock, the air cock is equipped with the air cock sealed lid rather than matching, the air cock sealed lid with nitrogen gas jar junction cover is equipped with the sealing washer.
Preferably, the nitrogen cylinder is internally provided with a piston sheet matched with the nitrogen cylinder, one side of the piston sheet, which is close to the flow dividing block, is provided with the oil storage cavity, and the air storage cavity on the other side of the piston sheet is communicated with the air tap.
Preferably, the oil inlet check valve plate is larger than an outlet of the second oil inlet channel, and the oil outlet check valve plate is larger than an outlet of the fifth oil passing cavity.
Preferably, the second oil passing cavity is of an annular structure, the first cooling cavity and the second cooling cavity are symmetrically arranged, and the ring formed by the first cooling cavity and the second cooling cavity is matched with the second oil passing cavity.
Preferably, the interior of the adjusting cavity is provided with a pressure adjusting valve, and the top end of the pressure adjusting valve is matched with the adjusting cavity.
Preferably, the nitrogen cylinder is surrounded by uniformly distributed cooling fins, and the length of the cooling fins is greater than that of the first cooling cavity.
Preferably, the shunting block pass through the screw with the nitrogen gas jar inside wall is connected, the screw with shunting block junction cover is equipped with the position sleeve.
Therefore, according to the shock absorber heat dissipation device with the structure, the nitrogen cylinder is provided with the oil inlet one-way valve and the oil outlet one-way valve, one-way circulation heat dissipation of damping oil in the nitrogen cylinder is achieved, and the heat dissipation effect of the damping oil is good.
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail by the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a front sectional view of an embodiment of a heat sink device for a shock absorber.
Reference numerals
1. A nitrogen cylinder; 2. a heat sink; 3. a first oil inlet channel; 4. a second oil inlet channel; 5. a shunting block; 6. a first oil passing cavity; 7. a first cooling chamber; 8. a second oil passing cavity; 9. a second cooling chamber; 10. an adjustment chamber; 11. a third oil passing cavity; 12. an oil storage chamber; 13. a fourth oil passing cavity; 14. a fifth oil passing cavity; 15. an oil outlet channel; 16. an oil inlet one-way valve plate; 17. an oil outlet one-way valve plate; 18. a pressure regulating valve; 19. a gas storage cavity; 20. a piston plate; 21. the air nozzle sealing cover.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further illustrated by the accompanying drawings and examples.
Unless defined otherwise, technical or scientific terms used herein shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The use of "first," "second," and similar terms in the present application do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather the terms are used to distinguish one element from another. The word "comprising" or "comprises", and the like, means that the element or item listed before the word covers the element or item listed after the word and its equivalents, but does not exclude other elements or items. The terms "connected" or "coupled" and the like are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections, but may include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. "upper", "lower", "left", "right", and the like are used merely to indicate relative positional relationships, and when the absolute position of the object being described is changed, the relative positional relationships may also be changed accordingly.
Fig. 1 is a front sectional view of an embodiment of a heat dissipation device for a shock absorber, and as shown in the figure, the heat dissipation device for a shock absorber comprises a nitrogen cylinder 1, an oil inlet check valve, an oil outlet check valve and a heat dissipation fin 2. The oil inlet one-way valve is communicated with a first oil inlet channel 3 of the nitrogen cylinder 1, and an adjusting cavity 10 communicated with the first oil inlet channel 3 is communicated with a second oil inlet channel 4. The second oil inlet channel 4 is communicated with a first oil passing cavity 6 inside the flow dividing block 5, and the first oil passing cavity 6 is communicated with a first cooling cavity 7. The second oil passing cavity 8 communicated with the first cooling cavity 7 is communicated with the second cooling cavity 9, and the second cooling cavity 9 is communicated with an oil storage cavity 12 in the nitrogen cylinder 1 through a third oil passing cavity 11. The oil storage chamber 12 is communicated with a fifth oil passing chamber 14 through a fourth oil passing chamber 13, and an oil outlet channel 15 communicated with the fifth oil passing chamber 14 is communicated with an oil outlet one-way valve. An oil inlet one-way valve plate 16 is arranged at the outlet of the second oil inlet channel 4, and an oil outlet one-way valve plate 17 is arranged at the outlet of the fifth oil passing cavity 14. The shock absorber heat dissipation device carries out heat dissipation treatment on the damping oil, and normal use of the shock absorber is guaranteed. Damping oil enters the first oil inlet channel 3 through the oil inlet one-way valve, then enters the adjusting cavity 10, and then enters the first oil passing cavity 6 through the second oil inlet channel 4, and the oil inlet one-way valve plate 16 is jacked open. The damping oil enters the first cooling cavity 7 through the first oil passing cavity 6, and primary cooling of the damping oil is achieved. The damping oil after primary cooling enters a second cooling cavity 9 through a second oil passing cavity 8 to carry out secondary cooling on the damping oil. The cooled damping oil enters the oil storage cavity 12 through the third oil passing cavity 11, and the damping oil in the oil storage cavity 12 sequentially passes through the fourth oil passing cavity 13 and the fifth oil passing cavity 14 to the oil outlet channel 15, so that the unidirectional circulation of the damping oil is completed. The arrangement of the oil inlet one-way valve plate 16 ensures that the damping oil can only move from the second oil inlet channel 4 to the first oil passing cavity 6. The arrangement of the oil outlet one-way valve plate 17 ensures that the damping oil can only move from the fifth oil passing cavity 14 to the oil outlet channel 15.
An air faucet is arranged at one end, far away from the second oil inlet channel 4, of the nitrogen cylinder 1, the air faucet is provided with an air faucet sealing cover 21 matched with the air faucet, and a sealing ring is sleeved at the joint of the air faucet sealing cover 21 and the nitrogen cylinder 1. The air nozzle supplies nitrogen to the inside of the air storage cavity 19, and the sealing cover 21 and the sealing ring of the air nozzle ensure the sealing performance of the inside of the air storage cavity 19.
A piston sheet 20 matched with the nitrogen cylinder 1 is arranged in the nitrogen cylinder 1, an oil storage cavity 12 is arranged on one side, close to the flow dividing block 5, of the piston sheet 20, and an air storage cavity 19 on the other side of the piston sheet 20 is communicated with an air tap. The piston plate 20 compresses the space of the oil storage chamber 12 under the pressure of the nitrogen gas in the gas storage chamber 19, presses the damping oil in the oil storage chamber 12 to the fourth oil passing chamber 13, and finally presses the damping oil into the oil outlet one-way valve.
The oil inlet one-way valve plate 16 is larger than the outlet of the second oil inlet channel 4, and the oil outlet one-way valve plate 17 is larger than the outlet of the fifth oil passing cavity 14. The size of the oil inlet one-way valve plate 16 and the size of the oil outlet one-way valve plate 17 are arranged, so that the damping oil can move only in one direction, and the damping oil can be fully cooled.
The second oil passing cavity 8 is of an annular structure, the first cooling cavity 7 and the second cooling cavity 9 are symmetrically arranged, and the ring formed by the first cooling cavity 7 and the second cooling cavity 9 is matched with the second oil passing cavity 8. The shape of the second oil passing cavity 8 is set, so that one half of the second oil passing cavity is communicated with the first cooling cavity 7, the other half of the second oil passing cavity is communicated with the second cooling cavity 9, the damping oil which is cooled for the first time and the damping oil which is cooled for the second time are separated, and the heat dissipation effect of the nitrogen cylinder 1 on the damping oil is improved.
The interior of the adjusting cavity 10 is provided with a pressure adjusting valve 18, and the top end of the pressure adjusting valve 18 is matched with the adjusting cavity 10. The pressure regulating valve 18 may control the damping oil introduced into the interior of the nitrogen cylinder 1.
The outer part of the nitrogen cylinder 1 is surrounded with evenly distributed radiating fins 2, and the length of the radiating fins 2 is larger than that of the first cooling cavity 7. The length of the radiating fins 2 is set, so that the radiating effect of the nitrogen cylinder 1 is further ensured.
The shunting block 5 is connected with the inner side wall of the nitrogen cylinder 1 through a screw, and a positioning sleeve is sleeved at the joint of the screw and the shunting block 5. The arrangement of the shunting block 5 ensures the one-way cooling circulation of the damping oil in the nitrogen cylinder 1 and the completely separated primary cooling process and secondary cooling process.
When the oil-out check valve is used, the first oil inlet channel 3 is communicated with the oil inlet check valve, and the oil outlet channel 15 is communicated with the oil outlet check valve. Damping oil enters the nitrogen cylinder 1 through the oil inlet check valve, and moves out of the nitrogen cylinder 1 through the oil outlet check valve to complete the heat dissipation process of the damping oil.
Therefore, according to the shock absorber heat dissipation device with the structure, the nitrogen cylinder is provided with the oil inlet one-way valve and the oil outlet one-way valve, one-way circulation heat dissipation of damping oil in the nitrogen cylinder is achieved, and the heat dissipation effect of the damping oil is good.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that: modifications and equivalents may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (8)

1. The utility model provides a bumper shock absorber heat abstractor which characterized in that: including nitrogen cylinder, oil feed check valve, the check valve and the fin of producing oil, the oil feed check valve with the first oil feed of nitrogen cylinder says the intercommunication, the regulation chamber and the second oil feed of first oil feed way intercommunication say the intercommunication, the second oil feed say with the inside first oil feed chamber intercommunication of reposition of redundant personnel piece, first oil feed chamber and first cooling chamber intercommunication of crossing, the second oil feed chamber and the second cooling chamber intercommunication of first cooling chamber intercommunication, the second cooling chamber pass through the third oil feed chamber with the inside oil storage chamber intercommunication of nitrogen cylinder, the oil storage chamber passes through the fourth oil feed chamber and communicates with the fifth oil feed chamber, the oil outlet of fifth oil feed chamber intercommunication say with the check valve intercommunication of producing oil, the export of second oil feed way is equipped with the one-way valve block of producing oil, the export of fifth oil feed chamber is equipped with the one-way valve block of producing oil.
2. The heat sink of claim 1, wherein: the nitrogen cylinder is kept away from the one end of second oil inlet channel is equipped with the air cock, the air cock is equipped with the sealed lid of air cock rather than matching, the sealed lid of air cock with nitrogen gas jar junction cover is equipped with the sealing washer.
3. The heat sink device for a shock absorber as claimed in claim 2, wherein: and a piston sheet matched with the nitrogen cylinder is arranged in the nitrogen cylinder, the oil storage cavity is arranged on one side of the piston sheet close to the flow dividing block, and the air storage cavity on the other side of the piston sheet is communicated with the air tap.
4. The heat sink of claim 1, wherein: the oil inlet one-way valve plate is larger than the outlet of the second oil inlet channel, and the oil outlet one-way valve plate is larger than the outlet of the fifth oil passing cavity.
5. The heat sink of claim 1, wherein: the second oil passing cavity is of an annular structure, the first cooling cavity and the second cooling cavity are symmetrically arranged, and the annular shape formed by the first cooling cavity and the second cooling cavity is matched with the second oil passing cavity.
6. The heat sink of claim 1, wherein: the interior of the adjusting cavity is provided with a pressure adjusting valve, and the top end of the pressure adjusting valve is matched with the adjusting cavity.
7. The heat sink of claim 1, wherein: the outer portion of the nitrogen cylinder is provided with uniformly distributed cooling fins in a surrounding mode, and the length of each cooling fin is larger than that of the corresponding first cooling cavity.
8. The heat sink of claim 1, wherein: the flow distribution block is connected with the inner side wall of the nitrogen cylinder through a screw, and a positioning sleeve is sleeved at the joint of the screw and the flow distribution block.
CN202210389140.7A 2022-04-13 2022-04-13 Shock absorber heat abstractor Active CN114877000B (en)

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CN202210389140.7A CN114877000B (en) 2022-04-13 2022-04-13 Shock absorber heat abstractor

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN202210389140.7A CN114877000B (en) 2022-04-13 2022-04-13 Shock absorber heat abstractor

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CN114877000A true CN114877000A (en) 2022-08-09
CN114877000B CN114877000B (en) 2024-05-10

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Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4061320A (en) * 1976-05-03 1977-12-06 Joe Frank Warner Two cylinder shock absorber system
GB1500516A (en) * 1974-01-22 1978-02-08 Marzocchi A Shock-absorber
CN206036097U (en) * 2016-08-31 2017-03-22 香河宝量金属制品有限公司 Take hank tooth shock absorber of adjustable nitrogen gas jar
US20180142755A1 (en) * 2011-03-03 2018-05-24 Fox Factory, Inc. Cooler for a suspension damper
CN210461505U (en) * 2019-09-24 2020-05-05 北京汽车集团越野车有限公司 Adjustable shock absorber of external nitrogen cylinder and vehicle that has it
CN111237376A (en) * 2020-02-20 2020-06-05 唐山保靓汽车配件有限公司 Heat dissipation device for shock absorber
CN111720478A (en) * 2019-03-20 2020-09-29 温州大学瓯江学院 Bicycle damping power generation device
CN212177743U (en) * 2020-03-29 2020-12-18 周海东 Oil-gas separation double-cylinder shock absorber with auxiliary cylinder
CN212250942U (en) * 2020-05-27 2020-12-29 台州九桔科技股份有限公司 Vibration damper
CN112727978A (en) * 2021-01-22 2021-04-30 保定市东利机械制造股份有限公司 Damping self-adaptation automobile shock absorber ware

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1500516A (en) * 1974-01-22 1978-02-08 Marzocchi A Shock-absorber
US4061320A (en) * 1976-05-03 1977-12-06 Joe Frank Warner Two cylinder shock absorber system
US20180142755A1 (en) * 2011-03-03 2018-05-24 Fox Factory, Inc. Cooler for a suspension damper
CN206036097U (en) * 2016-08-31 2017-03-22 香河宝量金属制品有限公司 Take hank tooth shock absorber of adjustable nitrogen gas jar
CN111720478A (en) * 2019-03-20 2020-09-29 温州大学瓯江学院 Bicycle damping power generation device
CN210461505U (en) * 2019-09-24 2020-05-05 北京汽车集团越野车有限公司 Adjustable shock absorber of external nitrogen cylinder and vehicle that has it
CN111237376A (en) * 2020-02-20 2020-06-05 唐山保靓汽车配件有限公司 Heat dissipation device for shock absorber
CN212177743U (en) * 2020-03-29 2020-12-18 周海东 Oil-gas separation double-cylinder shock absorber with auxiliary cylinder
CN212250942U (en) * 2020-05-27 2020-12-29 台州九桔科技股份有限公司 Vibration damper
CN112727978A (en) * 2021-01-22 2021-04-30 保定市东利机械制造股份有限公司 Damping self-adaptation automobile shock absorber ware

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
欧阳兆彰;王大承;: "摩托车减震器的结构特性分析", 五邑大学学报(自然科学版), vol. 21, no. 03, 15 October 2007 (2007-10-15), pages 28 - 34 *

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