CN114847287A

CN114847287A - Liriomyza sativae attractant and controlled release system and application thereof

Info

Publication number: CN114847287A
Application number: CN202110150793.5A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 陈超; 齐玉洁; 张黎; 杨译; 赛斯文
Original assignee: Nanjing Wanyufeng Biotechnology Co ltd
Current assignee: Nanjing Xinan Sinogreen Biological Technology Co ltd
Priority date: 2021-02-03
Filing date: 2021-02-03
Publication date: 2022-08-05
Anticipated expiration: 2041-02-03
Also published as: CN114847287B

Abstract

The invention discloses the application of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate as a liriomyza sativae attractant for the first time. The Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt has an attraction effect on the liriomyza sativae in the field and has an obvious attraction effect. Therefore, the method can accurately attract, kill and kill the liriomyza sativae, reduce the field population quantity, and is used for preventing and controlling the liriomyza sativae, monitoring the insect condition and the like. The invention has no harm to beneficial insects, human and livestock, crops and natural enemies, has no resistance to target pests, and has the advantages of naturalness, environmental protection and the like.

Description

Liriomyza sativae attractant and controlled release system and application thereof

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of crop pest control, in particular to a liriomyza sativae attractant and a controlled release system and application thereof.

Background

The background of the related art of the present invention will be described below, but the description does not necessarily constitute the prior art of the present invention.

Liriomyza sativae is a major pest affecting vegetables. There are many kinds of Liriomyza sativae, including, but not limited to, for example, Liriomyza sativae (Liriomyza sativae), gerbera africana Liriomyza trifolii (Liriomyza trifolii), and Liriomyza huidobrensis (Liriomyza huidobrensis). The vegetables mainly endangered by liriomyza sativae include: 110 kinds of plants of 22 families, such as cucumber, tomato, eggplant, pepper, cowpea, broad bean, soybean, kidney bean, watermelon, wax gourd, towel gourd and the like. Both adult and adult larvae are harmful. Female imagoes fly to stab plant leaves, take food and lay eggs, larvae can submerge into the leaves and petioles to generate irregular snake-shaped white galleries, chlorophyll is damaged to influence photosynthesis, damaged plant leaves fall off to cause flower buds and fruits to be burnt, and serious seedling damage is caused.

At present, people usually prevent and control liriomyza by frequently using chemical insecticides, and the commonly used insecticides comprise cyromazine, abamectin and the like. However, since the life cycle of liriomyza sativae is short and resistance to insecticides can be rapidly developed, the effect of insecticides on controlling liriomyza sativae is limited. In addition, the use of insecticides can be environmentally damaging and potentially dangerous to the user or operator. The excessive use of the pesticide can also pollute water sources and threaten the safety of livestock.

Based on this, there is an urgent need for an attractant or an attracting method or an attracting device capable of controlling liriomyza sativae instead of the aforementioned chemical insecticides, in order to reduce the damage thereof to the aforementioned crops such as vegetables.

The invention content is as follows:

the invention aims to provide a liriomyza sativae attractant, a controlled release system and application thereof, which are used for killing and preventing liriomyza sativae and the like.

The inventor unexpectedly finds out in long-term research that an unusual flower volatile, Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt, has strong attraction on the liriomyza sativae and can be used as an attractant for the liriomyza sativae to control the liriomyza sativae.

The structure of Z, 3 Hexenyl Z, 3 Hexenoate (Z, 3 Hexenyl Z, 3 Hexenoate) is as follows:

according to a first aspect of the invention, the invention provides any one of the following uses of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate: 1) as an attractant for liriomyza sativae; 2) is used for attracting liriomyza sativae.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a controlled release system of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate for luring liriomyza sativae, said controlled release system being: a controlled release device containing Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt or a controlled release device containing Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt and oil mixture.

Preferably, the controlled release device containing the Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate or the controlled release device containing the Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate and oil mixture is any one of the following: controlled release bag, controlled release tube, controlled release capsule or controlled release bottle.

Preferably, the material of the controlled release bag, the controlled release tube, the controlled release capsule or the controlled release bottle is selected from any one of the following: polyvinyl chloride, low-density polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate and wood chips.

Preferably, the controlled release system is obtained by mixing Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate and oil according to the weight ratio of 1: 99-1: 4, and then filling the mixture into a controlled release bag, a controlled release tube, a controlled release capsule or a controlled release bottle.

Preferably, the oil is selected from at least one of the following: mineral oil, corn oil, palm oil, olive oil, castor oil.

Preferably, the weight ratio of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate to oil is 1: 9 or 1: 19 or 1: 29 or 1: 49 or 1: 59.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides the use of the aforementioned controlled release system in a liriomyza sativae trap.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention, the invention provides a method for controlling liriomyza sativae, which comprises the steps of placing the controlled release system in an insect trapping device, placing the device in a field, inducing the liriomyza sativae to gather and intensively killing the liriomyza sativae.

Preferably, the liriomyza sativae comprises: liriomyza sativae, gerbera jamesonii, treetomyza trifoliae and liriomyza sativae.

According to the technical scheme, the beneficial technical effects of the invention are at least as follows:

the invention discloses the application of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate as a liriomyza sativae attractant for the first time. The Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt has an attracting effect on the liriomyza sativae in the field, and the attracting effect is obvious, so that the liriomyza sativae can be accurately attracted, killed and reduced in the field population quantity, and can be used for preventing and controlling the liriomyza sativae, monitoring insect situations and the like. The invention has no harm to beneficial insects, human and livestock, crops and natural enemies, has no resistance to target pests, and has the advantages of naturalness, environmental protection and the like.

Detailed Description

The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The technical means employed in the examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art, and the starting materials used are all commercially available products, if not otherwise specified.

Example 1 attraction of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate to Liriomyza sativae

Attraction of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoates to Liriomyza sativae

Yellow armyworm plates are selected as a screening means of a series of candidate attractant compounds. Candidate compounds are shown in table 1:

TABLE 1 list of candidate washing compounds

Z, 3 vinyl alcohol
	Z, 3 hexene acetate
Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt
	Alpha-ionones
Beta-ionones
	Salicylic acid methyl ester
Nonanal
	D-limonene

The specific experimental design is as follows: the candidate compounds in Table 1 were mixed with mineral oil at a weight ratio of 1: 4, respectively. The mineral oil was purchased from Zhejiang Zhengxin Petroleum science and technology Co. In addition, other oils such as corn oil, palm oil, olive oil, castor oil, and the like may be used in addition to the mineral oil. For simplicity, mineral oil will be used in the following. The mixed solution was heat sealed in a PVC tube having an inner diameter of 2 mm, a wall thickness of 0.5 mm and a length of 50 mm, and the actual fillable volume in the tube after heat sealing both ends was about 125 μ l, corresponding to a volume of about 107 mg. Thus, each PVC tube contains approximately 20 mg of the candidate compound. The control was the same PVC tube filled with only 107 mg of mineral oil.

The treated and control PVC tubes were each hung in a hole in the center of a double-sided sticky yellow sticky insect-sticking plate, with half of the PVC tubes on each side.

The first screening test was conducted in 6 months in a greenhouse in the suburb of Kunming, and a plurality of yellow sticky trap sheets, on which the treated PVC pipes were arranged, and a plurality of yellow sticky trap sheets, on which the control PVC pipes were arranged, were distributed along the cowpea ridges at intervals of 2 meters, respectively. The greenhouse in the suburban area is selected because the cowpeas in the area are often harmed by liriomyza sativae, and particularly, the liriomyza sativae is seriously harmed. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. After 7 days of the placement of the yellow armyworm plates of the treated PVC pipes and the yellow armyworm plates of the control PVC pipes, the condition of liriomyza sativae on the armyworm plates was examined, and the results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 attraction test results of armyworm plate candidate attractants

The experimental results in table 2 show that Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate has a strong attraction effect on liriomyza sativae, and 124.4 yellow armyworm plates are attracted averagely. The attracting effect of Z, 3 hexenol, Z, 3 hexenyl acetate to the liriomyza sativae is general, while the attracting effect of alpha-ionone, beta-ionone, methyl salicylate, nonanal and D-limonene to the liriomyza sativae is basically not.

Wherein, the species of the liriomyza lurosa induced in the test at least comprise: liriomyza sativae, gerbera jamesonii, liriomyza trifolii, etc.

Although the experiments described above have used a PVC pipe as the controlled-release means for filling the mixed solution, it is understood that the controlled-release means made of a permeable thermoplastic material such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc. may be used in addition to the PVC pipe. The following description, for simplicity, is again only exemplified by PVC tubing.

2. Test of the attractive Effect of Low concentration of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate on leaf miners

Mixing Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate with mineral oil in a weight ratio of 1: 99. The mixed solution was heat-sealed in a PVC tube having an inner diameter of 2 mm, a wall thickness of 0.5 mm and a length of 50 mm, and the volume in the tube after heat-sealing was 125. mu.l, which was about 107 mg. Thus each PVC tube contained approximately 1.07 mg of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoates. The control PVC tube contained only an equivalent amount of mineral oil, i.e., 107 mg of mineral oil.

The experimental design was similar to that described previously, i.e. the experiments were also carried out in a greenhouse in the suburban area of Kunming in month 6, with a number of yellow armyworm panels, arranged with treatment PVC pipes, and with yellow armyworm panels of control PVC pipes, distributed along the cowpea ridge at intervals of 2 metres each, each treatment being repeated 5 times. After 7 days of arranging the yellow armyworm plates of the treated PVC pipes and the yellow armyworm plates of the control PVC pipes, the condition of liriomyza on the armyworm plates was examined, and the results are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 measurement of attracting effect of low concentration Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate attractant on leaf miners using yellow armyworm plates

The experimental results in table 3 show that the low concentration of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate attractant still has a strong attracting effect on leaf miners.

In addition, the inventor group also tested the attracting effect of the mixed solution of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt and mineral oil in the weight ratio of 1: 9 and 1: 49, and the results are shown in Table 4

TABLE 4 attraction effect of mixed solutions in weight ratio of 1: 9 and 1: 49, respectively

The experimental results of Table 4 show that the mixed solution of two concentrations in the weight ratio of 1: 9 and 1: 49 also has a very strong attracting effect on leaf miner compared to the control.

In addition, the inventor group further tested Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate and mineral oil in weight ratios of 1: 59, 1: 29; the attracting effect of the mixed solution 1: 19 was shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 attraction effect of varying concentrations of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate attractant on leaf miners

The experimental results in Table 5 show that the weight ratios are 1: 59, 1: 29; the attracting effect of the mixed solution of 1: 19 on the liriomyza sativae is also obviously better than that of the control.

Sustained release of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate in controlled release devices

20 identical PVC tubes were selected and exposed to room temperature, each having an internal diameter of 5.6 mm, a wall thickness of 0.5 mm, a length of 50 mm and an internal volume of 985. mu.l, about 1000 mg, after heat sealing. Wherein 1000 mg of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate was loaded per PVC tube. The experimental period was 71 days, and the weight was measured to 0.1 mg every other week, and the average value was taken. The experimental data are shown in table 6:

TABLE 6 cumulative release of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate in PVC controlled release device (1000 mg, room temperature)

Time/day of exposure	Release amount/mg
		7	105.2
15	241.1
		22	393.6
27	521.7
		42	619.6
62	783.4
		71	962.5

The results of the experiments in table 6 show that Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate can be used with a controlled release device to achieve a long-acting sustained release effect, and 1000 mg of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate can be released continuously for as much as 71 days. Therefore, when the Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt is used together with the controlled release device, the controlled release device has long-acting slow release effect and can be used for long-acting trapping in the field.

4. Testing the Effect of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate in the field

The test site was still selected in a cowpea-planted greenhouse in the suburb of Kunming. During testing, 200 PVC pipe releasing devices are selected. Each controlled release device was heat sealed with 1000 mg of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate respectively.

In the first process 100 PVC pipe release devices were used, wherein each PVC pipe release device was placed on a yellow pest sticker, also called process pest sticker, placed next to two rows of cowpeas, i.e. 50 yellow pest stickers with PVC pipe release devices were placed per row of cowpeas (process pest stickers). The cowpea is about 1.8 m high, and the treated pest sticking plate is suspended at a height of about 1.5 m.

In the second process 100 additional PVC pipe release devices were used, each PVC pipe release device being arranged centrally inside one trap, the traps being set at a height of about 1.5 metres from the ground and placed beside two rows of cowpeas spaced 1 metre apart, i.e. 50 traps per row of cowpeas. By way of example, the trap may be a cylindrical polyethylene container with a screw-on lid having a volume of about 2 liters. Four to six oblong holes are provided at the upper part of the container barrel, each of which may have a size of 4 cm by 3 cm to allow entry of the liriomyza sativae.

500 ml of water and a drop of detergent were placed in each trap. The PVC pipe release device may be suspended with a thin wire below the inner trap lid, at the inner central location of the trap.

Two additional rows of cowpeas at least 20 meters away from the two treatments in the same greenhouse were used as controls.

When the attractant is placed, the population quantity of the liriomyza sativae in the crop is low. To determine the effect of the treatment, the number of liriomyza sativae was monitored in each row of the control zone using 5 yellow sticky plates (sticky on both sides) referred to as control monitoring sticky plates.

Also, in the aforementioned two treatment zones, i.e., the treatment zone of the mythimna separata plate with PVC pipe release as a lure and the treatment zone with PVC pipe release arranged in the trap, 5 yellow mythimna separata plates (both sides having tackiness) were additionally arranged respectively to monitor the number of liriomyza, which are also referred to as a first treatment monitoring mythimna separata plate and a second treatment monitoring mythimna separata plate respectively, as in the control zone. Both the treatment and control areas were monitored in the same manner. The number of liriomyza sativae on the control-monitored armyworm plate, the first-treatment monitored armyworm plate and the second-treatment monitored armyworm plate was counted on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of the treatment, respectively, and averaged, and the results are shown in table 7:

table 7 field trials of PVC pipe controlled release devices containing Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate on cowpea crops: insect attracting amount of each of the test sticky boards in the control area and the treatment area

The experimental results of table 7 show that Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate can be used as an attractant in conjunction with PVC controlled release devices to coordinate mythimna separata plates and traps as a trapping device for liriomyza sativae in vegetable crops. The effect can last for at least 28 days after use. As shown in the previous table, the control area without the attractant of the present invention, the quantity of myxozoa on day 28 of the two rows of control monitoring myxozoa plates could be as high as 99.6 on the first row and 88.4 on the second row on average, whereas when the PVC pipe release device was used with yellow myxozoa plates and traps respectively, the quantity of myxozoa on day 28 of the first treatment monitoring myxozoa plate had decreased to 0.6 on average on day 28 and 1.4 on average on day two, and the quantity of myxozoa on day 28 of the second treatment monitoring myxozoa plate had decreased to 2.2 on average on day two and 4.0 on average on day two. Therefore, the Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt can trap and kill the liriomyza sativae by the attraction effect on the liriomyza sativae, achieves the effect of reducing the population base number in the field, and can be used for monitoring the population dynamics of the liriomyza sativae in the field.

Example 2 attracting effect of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt on Nanmei and America leaf miners on cucumber

According to the same experimental method as the previous 4 field test of the effect of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt, the inducing and controlling effect of the PVC pipe controlled release device containing Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt on the common liriomyza sativae and liriomyza sativae in cucumber plants was tested in a greenhouse where cucumber is planted, in this experiment, only one treatment area, i.e., the treatment area of the PVC pipe controlled release device, was set, and in addition, a control area was set, and the results are shown in table 8:

table 8. field test results of PVC controlled release devices containing Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate to control south and american liriomyza on cucumber crops: control of control zone and treatment zone the insect-attracting amount of control and treatment side-test armyworm plates

The results in table 8 show that Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate as an attractant can control liriomyza sativae and liriomyza sativae on cucumber crops in a PVC controlled release device in combination with a mythimna plate. The effect can last for at least 28 days after use. As shown in table 8 above, the control area without the attractant of the present invention, the mythic insect quantity of the two rows of control monitoring mythic insect plates at day 28 could be as high as 63.2 in the first row and 69.6 in the second row on average, while when the PVC pipe control release device was applied with yellow mythic insect plates, the mythic insect quantity of the treatment monitoring mythic insect plates at day 28 decreased to 2.2 in the first row and 1.6 in the second row, respectively, since the treatment mythic insect plates were able to trap a great majority of nancea americana and liriomyza americana in the treatment area. Thus, the Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate can be used to monitor and reduce the population base of Nanmana melanogaster and Limana americana.

Example 3 attractant Effect of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate on African Chrysanthemum leaf miners on celery

The attraction control effect of the PVC pipe controlled release device containing Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate on the common african chrysanthemum leaf miners on celery crops was tested in the greenhouse following the same experimental method as the previous 4 field test for the effect of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate. In the experiment, a treatment zone, i.e., a treatment zone of the PVC pipe release device, and a control zone were set, and the results are shown in table 9:

table 9 field test results for the control of gerbera bansudana on celery crops using PVC pipe controlled release devices containing Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate: counting the insect trapping amount of the contrast monitoring sticky trap and the treatment monitoring sticky trap of the contrast area and the treatment area:

the experimental results in table 9 show that Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate can be used as an attractant to control african chrysanthemum leaf miners, which are common in celery crops, in conjunction with a mythic plate in a PVC controlled release device. The effect can last for at least 28 days after use. As shown in table 9 above, the control area without the attractant of the present invention, the mythimna separata amount of the two rows of control monitoring mythimna separata plates at day 28 can be as high as 66.8 in the first row and 72.5 in the second row on average, while when the PVC pipe control release device is applied with yellow mythimna separata plates, the mythimna separata amount of the treatment monitoring mythimna separata plates at day 28 is reduced to 2.3 in the first row and 1.8 in the second row on average, respectively. This is due to the fact that in the treatment area, the treated armyworm plate can trap the vast majority of the African daisy leaf miners. Thus, Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate can be used both to monitor African daisy leaf miners and to reduce the population base of African daisy leaf miners.

In summary, the experimental results in tables 7, 8 and 9 show that: the Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt has good attracting effect on various liriomyza sativae, such as Nanmei liriomyza sativae, American liriomyza virens, African daisy liriomyza virens and trifoliate liriomyza virens, and can be used for preventing, controlling and monitoring various liriomyza sativae on crops such as cowpeas, cucumbers, celery and the like.

In addition, as mentioned above, although the foregoing experiments all used mineral oil as the oil and Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate as the attractant mixed together, other oils such as corn oil, palm oil, olive oil, castor oil, etc. may be used in addition to mineral oil.

Further, it should be noted that, as mentioned above, although the PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe release device is adopted in the foregoing experiment, other permeable thermoplastic materials may be used besides the PVC pipe release device: such as Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), wood chips, etc.

Further, it should be noted that although the trap was used in the foregoing experiment, other trapping devices, such as an insect sticking plate, an insect attracting station, a trap bottle, an insect killing lamp, a forecast lamp, etc., may be used in addition to the trap).

In addition, it should be noted that although the controlled release device of PVC tube was used in the foregoing experiment, the controlled release device is not limited to the controlled release tube, and may be a controlled release capsule, a controlled release bag, a controlled release bottle, etc.

Although the invention has been described in greater detail in the context of the general description and the specific examples, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and improvements may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.

Claims

Use of any of the following salts of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid:

1) as an attractant for liriomyza sativae;

2) is used for attracting liriomyza sativae.
A controlled release system for Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate, wherein said controlled release system is for luring liriomyza sativae, said controlled release system being: a controlled release device containing Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt or a controlled release device containing Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoic acid salt and oil mixture.
3. The controlled release system of claim 2, wherein the controlled release device containing the Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate salt or the controlled release device containing the Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate salt and oil mixture is any of: controlled release bag, controlled release tube, controlled release capsule or controlled release bottle.
4. The controlled release system of claim 3, wherein the material of the controlled release pouch, the controlled release tube, the controlled release capsule, or the controlled release bottle is selected from any one of: polyvinyl chloride, low-density polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate and wood chips.
5. The controlled release system of claim 2, wherein the controlled release system is obtained by mixing the Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate and oil in a weight ratio of 1: 99 to 1: 4 and then filling the mixture into a controlled release bag, a controlled release tube, a controlled release capsule or a controlled release bottle.
6. The controlled release system of claim 5, wherein the oil is selected from at least one of the following: mineral oil, corn oil, palm oil, olive oil, castor oil.
7. Controlled release system according to claim 5, characterized in that the weight ratio of Z, 3 hexenyl Z, 3 hexenoate to oil is 1: 9 or 1: 19 or 1: 29 or 1: 49 or 1: 59.
8. Use of a controlled release system according to any one of claims 2 to 7 for trapping liriomyza sativae.
9. A method for controlling liriomyza sativae, characterized in that the controlled-release system as defined in any one of claims 2 to 7 is placed in an insect trapping device, placed in the field, attracted to aggregate and intensively exterminated.
10. The method for controlling according to claim 9, the liriomyza sativae comprising: liriomyza sativae, gerbera jamesonii, treetomyza trifoliae and liriomyza sativae.