CN114815325A - Micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch based on thermo-optical modulation - Google Patents
Micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch based on thermo-optical modulation Download PDFInfo
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- CN114815325A CN114815325A CN202210744958.6A CN202210744958A CN114815325A CN 114815325 A CN114815325 A CN 114815325A CN 202210744958 A CN202210744958 A CN 202210744958A CN 114815325 A CN114815325 A CN 114815325A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/0147—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on thermo-optic effects
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/21—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour by interference
- G02F1/212—Mach-Zehnder type
Abstract
The invention discloses a micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch based on thermo-optical modulation, which comprises two input ports, a micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch and a micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch, wherein the two input ports are used for inputting optical waves; the two output ports are used for outputting light waves; the front coupler is used for equally dividing the light wave introduced by the first input port or the second input port and introducing the light wave into the Mach-Zehnder interferometer; the rear coupler is used for combining two paths of light waves output from the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and then outputting the light waves, and the micro-ring resonators are arranged on two sides of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, the phases of the light waves are adjusted through the micro-ring resonators to enable the phase difference of the adjusted light waves in the Mach-Zehnder interferometer to be 0 or pi, and the micro-ring resonators are provided with equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structures which are used for stopping resonance of the micro-ring resonators through adjusting the phases in the process of adjusting the working wavelength of the micro-ring resonators and recovering the resonance of the micro-ring resonators after the working wavelength is adjusted to be required. The optical switch has high switching efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of integrated optoelectronic devices, and particularly relates to a micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch based on thermo-optical modulation.
Background
The explosive growth of communication capacity makes the demand for communication bandwidth larger and larger, however, the interconnection network implemented based on the traditional electrical metal wire is in many aspects subject to bottlenecks. Nowadays, the further development of computers depends on parallel processing among multiple cores, which puts more stringent requirements on electrical interconnection. Compared with electrical interconnection, optical interconnection has the advantages of large bandwidth, low latency and low power consumption, so that an on-chip optical network system becomes a key technical scheme for replacing electrical interconnection.
The establishment of an optical interconnection network in a high-performance computer has become the development direction of a future communication system, the optical propagation speed is high, and the communication capacity can be greatly expanded through wavelength division multiplexing; the anti-interference capability is strong, and the safety factor of the communication network can be enhanced. Optical interconnect networks have therefore grown rapidly, moving toward large-scale, high-speed, high-integration densities.
The optical switching network is an indispensable device for realizing optical interconnection, and the mainstream method for manufacturing the large-scale switch network at the present stage still directly or hierarchically builds the large-scale switch network by using 2 × 2 basic switch units according to a switch array network architecture, and the switch network architecture is mature after extensive and intensive research for decades, and although a certain special network structure is proposed, the switch network architecture still has great limitations. The optimization of the basic switch unit to realize a large-scale and high-speed switch network still has great necessity, and the switch which modulates by using the thermo-optic effect has the advantages of small volume, high integration level, no loss introduced by thermo-optic modulation and the like, so the performance is improved by optimizing the basic structure of the switch unit.
In recent years, research teams at home and abroad carry out deep research on the structure and the performance of the optical switch. The document "Low-power, 2 × 2silicon electro-optical switch with 110-nm band width for broadband and reconfigurable optical networks" discloses a Mach-Zehnder optical switch using two ultra-wideband 3dB directional couplers, so that the bandwidth of the spectrum is 110 nm, the power consumption is about 3 mW, the device size is 50 × 4002 (0.02), and the crosstalk is less than-17 dB. The document 'Low-cross 2 x 2 thermal-optical switch with silicon wire waveguides' discloses an optical switch based on a2 x 2 Mach-Zehnder interferometer array, and the method for cascading four switch units realizes that the direct-state crosstalk and the cross-state crosstalk of the optical switch are lower than-30 dB and lower than-16 dB within the range of 100nm of the spectral bandwidth, wherein the size of each Mach-Zehnder switch unit is 200 x 2002, the total length of the whole device is 700 mu m, and the total power consumption of the device is 160 mW.
In summary, the optical switch based on the hezehnder interference type has a large operation bandwidth, but the optical switch device has a large size, and power consumption required for switching the operation state is large, which is not favorable for large-scale switch array integration. Therefore, it is desirable to design an MZI optical switch with low power consumption, compact structure and no mutual interference in the control process.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch based on thermo-optical modulation, which has higher switching efficiency and can realize that the switching paths of different wavelengths and the change of working wavelength do not affect each other at any time.
A micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch based on thermo-optic modulation, comprising:
the first input port and the second input port are used for inputting light waves with different wavelengths;
the first output port and the second output port are used for outputting light waves with different wavelengths;
the front coupler is used for equally dividing the light waves introduced by the first input port or the second input port and respectively introducing the equally divided light waves into the Mach-Zehnder interferometer;
the rear coupler is used for combining the two paths of light waves output by the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and then outputting the combined light waves from the first output port or the second output port;
and each micro-ring resonator is positioned at two sides of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, the resonance wavelength of the micro-ring resonators is adjusted after being aligned with the wavelength of an input light wave, so that the phase difference of input light on two arms of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is 0 or pi, Cross or Bar state path configuration is further realized, and an equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure is arranged on each micro-ring resonator and used for stopping resonance of the micro-ring resonators by adjusting the phase in the process of adjusting the working wavelength of the micro-ring resonators and recovering the resonance of the micro-ring resonators after the required working wavelength is adjusted.
The Mach-Zehnder interferometer comprises an upper coupling arm and a lower coupling arm, wherein the upper coupling arm and the lower coupling arm respectively receive the equally divided light waves, and one of the upper coupling arm and the lower coupling arm is provided with a pi/2 phase shifter, so that the upper coupling arm and the lower coupling arm have an initial phase difference of pi/2.
Each microring resonator includes a pair of microrings, a first microring and a second microring, each pair of microrings being on either side of and overcoupled with the mach-zehnder interferometer.
The upper coupling arm is provided with a pi/2 phase shifter, the first micro-ring is over-coupled with the upper coupling arm, and the second micro-ring is over-coupled with the lower coupling arm;
the resonance wavelength of the first micro-ring is regulated and controlled to reduce the phase of an optical signal passing through the first micro-ring by pi/2, so that the phase difference of the upper coupling arm and the lower coupling arm is adjusted to be 0 due to pi/2, and the Cross state is realized; or the resonance wavelength of the second micro-ring is regulated to reduce the phase of the optical signal passing through the second micro-ring by pi/2, so that the phase difference between the upper coupling arm and the lower coupling arm is adjusted to be pi due to the pi/2, and the bar state is realized.
The first micro ring and the second micro ring are both provided with thermo-optic modulators, and the phase of an optical signal passing through the first micro ring or the second micro ring is modulated by the thermo-optic modulators.
The first micro ring and the second micro ring are both provided with equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structures.
The equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure is provided with a thermo-optic modulator, when the working wavelength of the micro-ring resonator is modulated, the voltage is firstly applied to the thermo-optic modulator to stop the resonance of the micro-ring resonator, and when the working wavelength of the micro-ring resonator is modulated, the voltage is applied to the thermo-optic modulator to recover the resonance of the micro-ring resonator.
The voltage is applied to the thermo-optic modulator on the equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure, the equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure is in a Bar state, light waves are transmitted on the micro-ring resonator, and the micro-ring resonator can resonate; by stopping the application of voltage to the thermo-optic modulator on the equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure, the equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure is in a Cross state, and the optical wave does not propagate along the micro-ring resonator and stops resonating.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) through set up the mach zehnder structure of equal arm on every micro-ring syntonizer, when the operating wavelength of adjusting micro-ring syntonizer, avoided intercepting the light wave that other micro-ring syntonizers correspond, and then influenced the resonance work of other micro-ring syntonizers to realized can carrying out the function of independent adjustment to the operating wavelength of a plurality of micro-ring syntonizers.
(2) The micro-ring resonators with different resonant wavelengths are arranged on the two sides of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, so that the phase of the input light waves with different wavelengths can be regulated and controlled simultaneously, the phase difference of the light waves with different wavelengths on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is 0 or pi, and the switching of cross or Bar state paths which are not influenced mutually can be realized through the light waves with different wavelengths.
(3) The pi/2 phase shifter is arranged on the upper coupling arm or the lower coupling arm of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, so that the phase difference of light waves with different wavelengths on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer can be 0 or pi only by providing the phase of pi/2 in the regulation and control process of the micro-ring resonator, the change amount of the resonance wavelength required by a single micro-ring resonator in the working state switching process is reduced, the switching speed is improved, and the switching power consumption is reduced.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch based on thermo-optic modulation according to an embodiment; wherein, the first input port I 1 Second input port I 2 First output port O 1 Second output port O 2 Front coupler A1, rear coupler A2, upper coupling arm LA, lower coupling arm LB, micro-ring MRR 1 micro-Ring MRR 2 micro-Ring MRR 3 And micro-ring MRR 4 Thermo-optic modulator T 1 Thermo-optic modulator T 2 Thermo-optic modulator T 3 Thermo-optic modulator T 4 Thermo-optic modulator T 5 Thermo-optic modulator T 6 Thermo-optic modulator T 7 Thermo-optic modulator T 8 Equal arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure M 1 Equal arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure M 2 Equal arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure M 3 Equal arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure M 4 ；
FIG. 2 is a diagram of initial phases of an upper coupling arm and a lower coupling arm according to an embodiment;
fig. 3 is a schematic phase diagram of an upper coupling arm LA and a lower coupling arm LB when Cross or Bar is implemented according to an embodiment, where fig. 3(a) is a schematic phase diagram of the upper coupling arm LA and the lower coupling arm LB when a micro-ring resonator resonant wave on the LA side of the upper coupling arm is adjusted, and fig. 3(b) is a schematic phase diagram of the upper coupling arm LA and the lower coupling arm LB when a micro-ring resonator resonant wave on the LB side of the lower coupling arm is adjusted;
fig. 4 is an optical wave path diagram of a micro-ring resonator according to an embodiment, where fig. 4(a) is an optical wave path diagram of a micro-ring resonator when an equiarm mach-zehnder structure is in a Cross state, and fig. 4(b) is an optical wave path diagram of a micro-ring resonator when an equiarm mach-zehnder structure is in a Bar state;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a switched operating wavelength of a microring resonator according to an embodiment.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following figures and examples.
The invention provides a micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch based on thermo-optical modulation, as shown in figure 1, comprising a first input port I 1 Second input port I 2 First output port O 1 And a second output port O 2 The front coupler A1 and the rear coupler A2 are arranged, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is arranged between the front coupler A1 and the rear coupler A2 and comprises an upper coupling arm LA and a lower coupling arm LB, two micro-ring resonators, namely two pairs of micro-rings, are arranged on two sides of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and a first micro-ring resonator, namely a first pair of micro-rings is a micro-ring MRR 1 And micro-ring MRR 2 Wherein, MRR 1 Are respectively provided with heatOptical modulator T 1 And equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure M 1 At equal arm Mach-Zehnder interference structures M 1 Is provided with a thermo-optic modulator T 5 ，MRR 2 Are respectively provided with a thermo-optic modulator T 2 And equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure M 2 At equal arm Mach-Zehnder interference structures M 2 Is provided with a thermo-optic modulator T 6 ；
The second microring resonator, i.e. the second pair of microrings, is a microring MRR 3 And micro-ring MRR 4 Wherein, MRR 3 Are respectively provided with a thermo-optic modulator T 3 And equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure M 3 At equal arm Mach-Zehnder interference structures M 3 Is provided with a thermo-optic modulator T 7 ，MRR 4 Are respectively provided with a thermo-optic modulator T 4 And equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure M 4 At equal arm Mach-Zehnder interference structures M 4 Is provided with a thermo-optic modulator T 8 ；
MRR 1 、MRR 3 Are all over-coupled with the upper coupling arm LA, MRR 2 、MRR 4 Are over-coupled to the upper coupling arm LB. And a pi/2 phase shifter is arranged on the upper coupling arm LA, so that the upper coupling arm and the lower coupling arm have an initial phase difference of pi/2.
When the wavelength of the input light wave is lambda 1 、λ 2 While adjusting the resonant wavelength of the first micro-ring resonator and the input lambda 1 Wavelength alignment, adjusting resonance wavelength of the second micro-ring resonator and input lambda 2 Wavelength alignment, lambda for input 1 The specific steps of the wavelength phase adjustment are as follows: since the upper and lower coupling arms have an initial phase difference of π/2, λ is shown in FIG. 2 1 Wavelength up-coupling arm and down-coupling initial phase difference
. By thermo-optic modulator T 1 Making micro-ring MRR 1 Red shift of resonant wavelength to lambda 1* ，λ 1* ＞λ 1 Wavelength of λ 1 Light of (2) passes through a resonant wavelength of λ 1* The phase of the micro-ring resonator is reduced by pi/2, so that the upper coupling arm LA is coupled with the lower coupling armThe wavelength phase difference of the light waves on the two coupled arms of the arm LB is changed from initial pi/2 to 0, as shown in FIG. 3(a), the first input port I 1 The incoming light is output from the second output port O 2 Output, second input port I 2 The incoming light is output from the first output port O 1 Outputting, wherein the state is a Cross state;
or change the micro-ring MRR at the LB side of the lower coupling arm 2 Red shift of resonant wavelength to lambda 1* ，λ 1* ＞λ 1 Wavelength of λ 1 Light of a resonant wavelength λ 1* The phase of the micro-ring resonator is reduced by pi/2, the phase difference of the light wave wavelength on the upper coupling arm LA and the lower coupling arm LB is changed from the initial pi/2 to pi, as shown in FIG. 3(b), and the light wave wavelength is input from the second input port I 2 The incoming light is output from the second output port O 2 Output, first input port I 1 The incoming light is output from the first output port O 1 And outputting, wherein the state is a bar state, and is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 working states of the micro-ring for the resonant wavelength and the corresponding optical switch
| MRR 1 Resonant wavelength | MRR 2 Resonant wavelength | λ in LA and LB 1 Phase difference of light of wavelength | |
| "Cross" state | λ 1* | λ 1 | 0 |
| Bar state | λ 1 | λ 1* | π |
Using the above-mentioned pairs of lambda 1 Method for adjusting wavelength phase 2 Wavelength-corresponding MRR 3 And MRR 4 Of resonant wavelength of such that λ 2 The phase difference of the light with the wavelength on the upper coupling arm LA and the lower coupling arm LB is 0 or pi, and the new two states of Cross and Bar are realized. The 4-Cross and Bar path configuration can be realized by two different wavelengths of input light.
When the micro-ring pairs are set and switched in actual operation, the situation that the operating wavelength which is moved greatly sweeps the resonant wavelengths of other micro-ring pairs may occur. At this time, the phase difference of the light resonated in the multiple pairs of micro-rings on the coupling arms LA and LB will change, so that the phase of the output wavelength changes greatly, which affects the stability of the switch.
In order to avoid this, an equiarm mach-zehnder structure is provided for each micro-ring, a thermo-optic modulator is provided for each equiarm mach-zehnder structure, and when a voltage is not applied to the thermo-optic modulator on the equiarm mach-zehnder structure, the equiarm mach-zehnder structure is in a Cross state, and a path of light propagating on the micro-ring is as shown by a chain line in fig. 4(a), and at this time, the light does not propagate along the resonance structure, and therefore resonance does not occur. When a voltage is applied to the thermo-optical modulator on the equal-arm mach-zehnder structure, the equal-arm mach-zehnder structure is in Bar state, and the light transmission path on the micro-ring may resonate as shown by the chain line in fig. 4 (b). As shown in FIG. 5, when it is desired to combine MRRs 1 And MRR 2 Has an operating wavelength of λ 1 Adjusted to lambda 3 In which λ is 1 ＜λ 2 ＜λ 3 Prior art is along the solid line path from operating State 1 to operating State 3Adjusting when the adjusted light wave reaches lambda 2 Wavelength, resulting in MRR 3 、MRR 4 Aligned lambda 2 Optical wave is MRR 1 、MRR 2 Intercept, thereby to MRR 3 And MRR 4 The micro-ring resonator has the effect that the path of the method provided by the invention is shown in dotted lines in fig. 5, first by removing the MRR 1 And MRR 2 Voltage on the thermo-optical modulator in the upper-arm Mach-Zehnder structure, so that MRR 1 And MRR 2 Stopping resonance to avoid MRR during adjustment of operating wavelength 3 And MRR 4 When the wavelength crosses λ 2 While the operating wavelength is adjusted to lambda 3 Time-oriented MRR 1 And MRR 2 The thermo-optical modulator with the upper-arm Mach-Zehnder structure applies a voltage to recover the MRR 1 And MRR 2 Is resonant.
Therefore, the optical switch suitable for multiple wavelengths is manufactured by combining the over-coupling characteristic of the micro-ring resonator and the Mach-Zehnder interferometer principle. By reducing the change amount of the double-micro-ring resonance wavelength in the configuration working state and arranging the equal-arm MZI adjusting optical path on the micro-ring resonator, the performance of the optical switch in the aspects of switching rate and power consumption is optimized, and the influence on the intermediate wavelength in the wavelength switching process is avoided.
Claims (8)
1. A micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch based on thermo-optic modulation, comprising:
the first input port and the second input port are used for inputting light waves with different wavelengths;
the first output port and the second output port are used for outputting light waves with different wavelengths;
the front coupler is used for equally dividing the light waves introduced by the first input port or the second input port and respectively introducing the equally divided light waves into the Mach-Zehnder interferometer;
the rear coupler is used for combining the two paths of light waves output by the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and then outputting the combined light waves from the first output port or the second output port;
and each micro-ring resonator is positioned at two sides of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, the resonance wavelength of the micro-ring resonators is adjusted after being aligned with the wavelength of an input light wave, so that the phase difference of input light on two arms of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is 0 or pi, Cross or Bar state path configuration is further realized, and an equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure is arranged on each micro-ring resonator and used for stopping resonance of the micro-ring resonators by adjusting the phase in the process of adjusting the working wavelength of the micro-ring resonators and recovering the resonance of the micro-ring resonators after the required working wavelength is adjusted.
2. The thermooptic modulation-based micro-ring assisted MZI optical switch of claim 1, wherein the Mach-Zehnder interferometer comprises an upper coupling arm and a lower coupling arm, the upper coupling arm and the lower coupling arm respectively receiving the averaged optical wave, and a pi/2 phase shifter is provided on one of the upper coupling arm or the lower coupling arm, such that the upper coupling arm and the lower coupling arm have an initial phase difference of pi/2.
3. The thermo-optic modulation based micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch of claim 2, wherein each micro-ring resonator comprises a pair of micro-rings, i.e., a first micro-ring and a second micro-ring, each pair of micro-rings being located on both sides of and overcoupled from the mach-zehnder interferometer.
4. The thermo-optic modulation-based micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch of claim 3, wherein said upper coupling arm is provided with a pi/2 phase shifter, said first micro-ring is over-coupled to said upper coupling arm, and said second micro-ring is over-coupled to said lower coupling arm;
the resonance wavelength of the first micro-ring is regulated and controlled to reduce the phase of an optical signal passing through the first micro-ring by pi/2, so that the phase difference of the upper coupling arm and the lower coupling arm is adjusted to be 0 due to pi/2, and the Cross state is realized; or the resonance wavelength of the second micro-ring is regulated to reduce the phase of the optical signal passing through the second micro-ring by pi/2, so that the phase difference between the upper coupling arm and the lower coupling arm is adjusted to be pi due to the pi/2, and the bar state is realized.
5. The micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch based on thermo-optical modulation of claim 4, wherein both said first micro-ring and said second micro-ring are provided with a thermo-optical modulator, and wherein said thermo-optical modulator modulates the phase of the optical signal passing through said first micro-ring or said second micro-ring.
6. The thermooptic modulation-based micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch of claim 3, wherein an equiarm Mach-Zehnder interference structure is disposed on each of said first and second micro-rings.
7. The micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch based on thermo-optical modulation according to claim 1 or 6, wherein a thermo-optical modulator is disposed on the equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure, and when the operating wavelength of the micro-ring resonator is modulated, the application of voltage to the thermo-optical modulator is stopped to stop the resonance of the micro-ring resonator, and when the modulation of the operating wavelength of the micro-ring resonator is completed, voltage is applied to the thermo-optical modulator to recover the resonance of the micro-ring resonator.
8. The micro-ring auxiliary MZI optical switch based on thermo-optic modulation of claim 7, wherein said equiarm Mach-Zehnder interference structure is in Bar state and light wave propagates on said micro-ring resonator, said micro-ring resonator being capable of resonating by applying a voltage to said thermo-optic modulator on said equiarm Mach-Zehnder interference structure; by stopping the application of voltage to the thermo-optic modulator on the equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure, the equal-arm Mach-Zehnder interference structure is in a Cross state, and the optical wave does not propagate along the micro-ring resonator and stops resonating.
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