CN114807567A - Serial alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment and method established for material gene library - Google Patents
Serial alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment and method established for material gene library Download PDFInfo
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- CN114807567A CN114807567A CN202210479896.0A CN202210479896A CN114807567A CN 114807567 A CN114807567 A CN 114807567A CN 202210479896 A CN202210479896 A CN 202210479896A CN 114807567 A CN114807567 A CN 114807567A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a series of alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment and a method established facing a material gene library, wherein the equipment comprises a first heating furnace, a heat insulation and heat preservation box, a heat treatment mold and a second heating furnace, and a temperature gradient field is formed in a heating channel; the method comprises the following steps: firstly, calculating the temperature gradient of a heat treatment die; secondly, calculating the theoretical calculation temperature of the ith groove of the row of grooves; thirdly, correcting the corresponding theoretical calculation temperature by using the actual temperature and constructing a functional relation between the position of each groove and the temperature; fourthly, arranging and placing the alloy samples with the series components in a heat treatment die; fifthly, sealing and insulating the synchronous heat treatment equipment; and sixthly, synchronously carrying out heat treatment on the alloy sample with the series of components with multi-component change. The invention establishes the relation between the temperature and the position by regulating and controlling the temperature of the heating furnaces on two sides of the heat treatment die, and completes the synchronous heat treatment process of the multi-component variable series alloy sample or gradient material on one die at one time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of synchronous heat treatment of series alloy samples established facing a material gene library, and particularly relates to equipment and a method for synchronous heat treatment of series alloy samples established facing the material gene library.
Background
The material is the witness of civilization of human beings, and the material innovation is the technical key for subverting the development of the times from the initial stone age to the modern new material age. In long-term human civilization, the development from existing materials to innovative materials has been dependent on traditional scientific experience and trial and error. In addition, due to a large number of sample experiments caused by the design of multiple groups of alloy components in the material research and development process, the material research and development is extremely difficult, the whole research and development period is long and the efficiency is low by means of a traditional repeated trial and error method, and obviously, the method cannot be matched with the industrial rate of the current rapid development. At present, a high-throughput technology based on a material genome project (MGI) can complete synthesis, processing and characterization of a plurality of groups of alloy component samples in batches by combining the material informatics principle, and is a technological hotspot of material innovation in recent years.
The composition design and the post heat treatment of the material are two main aspects of material innovation and research and development, so how to carry out high-efficiency experimental design becomes a main problem of material research and development. At present, a series of homogeneous samples or gradient materials with continuously changed multi-component alloying elements can be obtained by a high-throughput technical means. However, most of the materials must be subjected to post-heat treatment after being developed and used in subsequent service, on one hand, the defects of component segregation, structure segregation, stress concentration and the like in a formed sample are eliminated, and on the other hand, a proper heat treatment system is explored to meet the service requirements of parts under different conditions. Therefore, the development of a post-heat treatment method for rapidly and efficiently obtaining a series of alloy samples or gradient materials with continuously changed multi-component alloying elements facing the establishment of a material gene library is a key for further accelerating the development process of the materials. The heating temperature and the holding time are important parameters of the heat treatment process, and the selection and control of the heating temperature and the holding time are important problems for ensuring the heat treatment quality. At present, on one hand, the heat treatment process aiming at the alloy is a one-to-one heat treatment process, namely, one component corresponds to one temperature, obviously, the efficiency is very low, and the process of researching and developing new materials in material genetic engineering can not be met; on the other hand, the heat treatment process is performed in a 'many-to-one' way, namely, a plurality of alloy components correspond to the same temperature, and the heat treatment cannot ensure the optimal adaptation of the alloy components to the temperature and obviously cannot meet the optimal heat treatment temperature of the corresponding alloy components.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a series of alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment established by facing a material gene library, the design is novel and reasonable, the relation between the temperature and the position is established by regulating and controlling the temperature of heating furnaces at two sides of a heat treatment die, the adjustable range of the temperature is wide, the heat treatment process of multi-component variable alloy batch samples or gradient materials is completed on one die at one time, the process is convenient and quick, the one-to-one or multi-to-one heat treatment method in the traditional heat treatment is overcome, the high-efficiency synchronous heat treatment of the multi-component alloy continuous variable gradient materials or series alloy samples can be completed at one time, and the equipment is convenient to popularize and use.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: the serial alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment established facing to the material gene library is characterized in that: the device comprises a first heating furnace and a second heating furnace, wherein the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace and the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace are oppositely arranged, a heat insulation box of a hollow structure is arranged between the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace and the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace, the hollow structure of the heat insulation box forms a heating channel which is communicated with the first heating furnace and the second heating furnace, a heat treatment mold is arranged in the middle of the heating channel, a plurality of grooves used for placing samples are formed in the heat treatment mold, the heating temperature of the first heating furnace is higher than that of the second heating furnace, and a temperature gradient field in which the temperature is decreased from the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace to the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace is formed in the heating channel.
The series of alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment established by facing the material gene library is characterized in that: the heating channel is a columnar structure matched with the shapes of the heat outlet ends of the first heating furnace and the second heating furnace.
The series of alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment established by facing the material gene library is characterized in that: the grooves are arranged in an array mode, the groove bottom center connecting lines of the grooves in the same row in the grooves arranged in the array mode are parallel to the central axis of the heating channel, and the groove bottom center connecting lines of the grooves in the same row in the grooves arranged in the array mode are perpendicular to the central axis of the heating channel.
The series of alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment established by facing the material gene library is characterized in that: and K-type high-temperature thermocouples are arranged at the center of the bottom of each row of the grooves in the plurality of grooves arranged in an array manner.
The series of alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment established by the material-oriented gene library is characterized in that: the high-temperature thermocouple system further comprises a computer, and the signal output end of the K-type high-temperature thermocouple is connected with the computer.
The series of alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment established by facing the material gene library is characterized in that: the heat insulation and heat preservation box is a vacuum heat insulation and heat preservation box, and the vacuum heat insulation and heat preservation box is hermetically connected with the first heating furnace and the second heating furnace.
The series of alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment established by facing the material gene library is characterized in that: and inert gases are filled in the first heating furnace, the second heating furnace and the heating channel or the heating channel is in a vacuum state.
Meanwhile, the invention also discloses a synchronous heat treatment method of the series alloy samples or gradient materials, which has simple steps and reasonable design and can realize multi-component change, and is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, according to a formula
Calculating the temperature gradient Delta G of the heat treatment die T Wherein, T max Is the heating temperature, T, output by the first heating furnace min The heating temperature output by the second heating furnace, and S is the total length of the heat treatment die;
step two, according to a formula T i ＝T max -ΔG T [s+(i-1)Δx]Calculating the theoretical calculation temperature T of the ith groove of a line of grooves in a plurality of grooves arranged in an array manner i Wherein I is the number of the grooves in one row of the grooves arranged in an array, I is 1,2, I is the total number of the grooves in one row of the grooves arranged in an array, I is not less than 5, Δ x is the distance between two adjacent grooves, and s is the distance from the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace to the 1 st groove in one row of the grooves;
correcting the corresponding theoretical calculation temperature by using the actual temperature and constructing a functional relation between the position of each groove and the temperature: acquiring the actual temperature of a corresponding groove in a row in a plurality of grooves arranged in an array manner by using each K-type high-temperature thermocouple, and correcting the theoretical calculation temperature of the groove in the corresponding position by using the actual temperature of the corresponding groove to obtain the temperature correction coefficient of each groove;
meanwhile, the grooves in the same row in the plurality of grooves arranged in an array form have the same temperature in the temperature gradient field, so that the functional relation between the position and the temperature of each groove in the heat treatment mold is constructed;
step four, arranging and placing the multi-component variable series alloy samples in a heat treatment die: calculating the temperature of a phase change point of a series of alloy samples by adopting thermodynamic calculation software, and placing samples with large changes of gradient alloy materials and alloy components with multi-component changes, namely the temperature of the phase change point exceeds a temperature difference threshold value, in different grooves along the row direction in a plurality of grooves arranged in an array manner;
placing samples of gradient alloy materials with multi-component change and small alloy component change, namely the temperature of a phase change point does not exceed a temperature difference threshold value, in different grooves in the array arrangement along the row direction in the plurality of grooves;
step five, sealing and heat insulation of the synchronous heat treatment equipment: putting the heat treatment mold with the placed sample into a heating channel, hermetically connecting the vacuum heat insulation incubator with a first heating furnace and a second heating furnace, and filling inert gas into the first heating furnace, the second heating furnace and the heating channel or keeping the sample in a vacuum state;
step six, synchronous heat treatment of the multi-component variable series alloy sample: and adjusting the temperature of the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace and the temperature of the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace according to the temperature gradient of the alloy multi-component change sample, so that a temperature gradient field with the temperature gradually decreased from the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace to the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace is formed in the heating channel, and the synchronous heat treatment of the alloy multi-component change series sample or the gradient material is completed by utilizing the temperature gradient field.
The above method is characterized in that: the temperature difference threshold is 3-5 ℃.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the device adopted by the invention is characterized in that the temperature of the heating furnaces on two sides of the heat treatment die is set according to the heat transfer principle, and because the sample is always in a closed space for isolating external heat conduction in the whole heat treatment process, a stable temperature field with the heat flow direction continuously changing from a high temperature area to a low temperature area is formed on the heat treatment die, and the temperature gradient field is established by utilizing the heat transfer principle to complete the synchronous heat treatment of the alloy series sample or the gradient material with continuous multi-component change, thereby being convenient for popularization and use.
2. The method adopted by the invention has simple steps, can design different heat treatment systems for series alloy samples or gradient materials with continuously changed multi-component alloying elements, and efficiently and quickly complete post heat treatment corresponding to components so as to accelerate the research and development process of related new materials in a material gene plan.
3. The invention not only can greatly save the heat treatment time of the alloy multi-component change sample, but also can complete the optimum heat treatment schedule process exploration of different heat treatment temperatures and heat preservation times of the multi-component change series alloy samples or gradient materials in batches through temperature control, and is convenient for popularization and use.
4. The heating furnace and the heat treatment die in the equipment adopted by the invention can be designed in different sizes according to the actual production requirements, the whole heat treatment process is simple, the operation response is fast, the actual production cost is reduced, and the invention is reliable and stable and has good use effect.
In conclusion, the invention has novel and reasonable design, the relationship between the temperature and the position is established by regulating and controlling the temperature of the heating furnaces on two sides of the heat treatment die, the adjustable range of the temperature is wide, the heat treatment process of the multi-component variable alloy series samples or gradient materials can be completed on one die at one time, the process is convenient and quick, the one-to-one or multi-to-one heat treatment method in the traditional heat treatment is overcome, the synchronous heat treatment of the multi-component alloy continuous variable batch samples or gradient materials can be completed at one time, and the popularization and the use are convenient.
The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail by the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of an apparatus employed in the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the present invention for calculating the theoretical calculated temperature of a row of grooves arranged in an array.
FIG. 3 is a block flow diagram of the method of the present invention.
Description of reference numerals:
1-a first heating furnace; 2-a second heating furnace; 3, heat insulation and preservation box;
4-heat treating the mold; 5, forming a groove; 6-test sample.
Detailed Description
As shown in figure 1, the series of alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment established facing to the material gene library comprises a first heating furnace 1 and a second heating furnace 2, wherein the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace 1 and the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace 2 are oppositely arranged, a heat insulation and heat preservation box 3 with a hollow structure is arranged between the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace 1 and the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace 2, the hollow structure of the heat insulation and heat preservation box 3 forms a heating channel communicated with the first heating furnace 1 and the second heating furnace 2, a heat treatment die 4 is arranged in the middle of the heating channel, a plurality of grooves 5 for placing samples 6 are arranged on the heat treatment die 4, the heating temperature of the first heating furnace 1 is higher than that of the second heating furnace 2, and a temperature gradient field with the temperature decreasing from the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace 1 to the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace 2 is formed in the heating channel.
It should be noted that, according to the principle of heat transfer, by setting the temperatures of the heating furnaces on both sides of the heat treatment mold, because the sample is always in a closed space isolating external heat conduction in the whole heat treatment process, a stable temperature field with a heat flow direction continuously changing along a high temperature region to a low temperature region is formed on the heat treatment mold, a functional relationship between the temperature and the position is established by using the principle of heat transfer, and a temperature field gradient is established to complete the synchronous heat treatment of a series of alloy samples or gradient materials with continuous multi-component change.
In this embodiment, the heating channel is a columnar structure having a shape matching with the hot outlet ends of the first heating furnace 1 and the second heating furnace 2.
In this embodiment, the plurality of grooves 5 are arranged in an array, a line connecting the bottom centers of the grooves 5 in the same row in the plurality of grooves 5 arranged in an array is parallel to the central axis of the heating channel, and a line connecting the bottom centers of the grooves 5 in the same row in the plurality of grooves 5 arranged in an array is perpendicular to the central axis of the heating channel.
In this embodiment, K-type high-temperature thermocouples are mounted at the centers of the bottoms of the grooves 5 in one row of the grooves 5 arranged in an array.
In this embodiment, the high-temperature thermocouple system further comprises a computer, and the signal output end of the K-type high-temperature thermocouple is connected with the computer.
It should be noted that the thermal signal of the type K high temperature thermocouple is converted into a series of digital signals, and the data is recorded and analyzed by a computer.
In this embodiment, the heat insulation and heat preservation box 3 is a vacuum heat insulation and heat preservation box, and the vacuum heat insulation and heat preservation box is hermetically connected with the first heating furnace 1 and the second heating furnace 2.
In this embodiment, the first heating furnace 1, the second heating furnace 2, and the heating passage are filled with an inert gas or are in a vacuum state.
Note that the surface of the sample is prevented from being oxidized during the heat treatment by filling the first heating furnace 1, the second heating furnace 2, and the heating passage with an inert gas or by evacuating, and argon is preferably used as the inert gas.
The series alloy sample synchronous heat treatment method established by the material-oriented gene library shown in FIG. 3 comprises the following steps:
step one, according to a formula
Calculating the temperature gradient Delta G of the heat treatment die T Wherein, T max The heating temperature T outputted from the first heating furnace 1 min Is the heating temperature output by the second heating furnace 2, and S is the total length of the heat treatment mold 4;
step two, according to a formula T i ＝T max -ΔG T [s+(i-1)Δx]Calculating the theoretical calculation temperature T of the ith groove 5 of one row of grooves 5 in the plurality of grooves 5 arranged in array i Wherein I is a serial number of the grooves 5 in one row of the grooves 5 arranged in an array, and I is 1,2, 1, I is a total number of the grooves 5 in one row of the grooves 5 arranged in an array, I is not less than 5, Δ x is a distance between two adjacent grooves 5, and s is a distance from a heat outlet end of the first heating furnace 1 to the 1 st groove 5 in one row of the grooves 5, as shown in fig. 2;
correcting the corresponding theoretical calculation temperature by using the actual temperature and constructing a functional relation between the position of each groove and the temperature: acquiring the actual temperature of the corresponding groove 5 in one row in the plurality of grooves 5 arranged in an array manner by using each K-type high-temperature thermocouple, and correcting the theoretical calculation temperature of the groove 5 in the corresponding position by using the actual temperature of the corresponding groove 5 to obtain the temperature correction coefficient of each groove 5;
meanwhile, the grooves 5 in the same row in the plurality of grooves 5 arranged in an array form have the same temperature in the temperature gradient field, so that a functional relation between the position and the temperature of each groove in the heat treatment mold 4 is established;
step four, arranging and placing the multi-component variable series alloy samples in a heat treatment die: calculating the temperature of a phase change point of a series of alloy samples by adopting thermodynamic calculation software, and placing the samples with the temperature of the phase change point exceeding a temperature difference threshold value into different grooves 5 along the rows of the plurality of grooves 5 arranged in an array manner;
placing samples with the phase change point temperature not exceeding the temperature difference threshold value in different grooves 5 in the array arrangement along a plurality of grooves 5;
step five, sealing and heat insulation of the synchronous heat treatment equipment: placing the heat treatment mold 4 with the sample 6 in the heating channel, hermetically connecting the vacuum heat insulation incubator with the first heating furnace 1 and the second heating furnace 2, and filling inert gas into the first heating furnace 1, the second heating furnace 2 and the heating channel or keeping the sample 6 in a complete vacuum state;
step six, synchronous heat treatment of the multi-component variable series alloy sample: and adjusting the temperature of the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace 1 and the temperature of the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace 2 according to the temperature gradient of the alloy multi-component change sample, so that a temperature gradient field with the temperature decreasing from the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace 1 to the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace 2 is formed in the heating channel, and the synchronous heat treatment of the alloy multi-component change batch sample or the gradient material is completed by utilizing the temperature gradient field.
In this embodiment, the temperature difference threshold is 3 ℃ to 5 ℃.
When the invention is used, the method has simple steps, the relationship between the temperature and the position is established by regulating and controlling the temperature of the heating furnaces on two sides of the heat treatment die, the adjustable range of the temperature is wide, the heat treatment process of the multi-component change alloy series samples or gradient materials is completed on one die at one time, the process is convenient and quick, the one-to-one or many-to-one heat treatment method in the traditional heat treatment is overcome, the synchronous heat treatment of the multi-component alloy continuously change gradient materials can be completed at one time, the gradient materials with continuous component change can be heat treated, and the optimal heat treatment system process exploration of different heat treatment temperatures and heat preservation times of multi-component change series samples can be completed in batches through temperature control, so that the heat treatment time of series alloys in a material gene library is greatly saved, and the research and development process of new materials in material genetic engineering is accelerated.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention, and all simple modifications, changes and equivalent structural changes made to the above embodiment according to the technical spirit of the present invention still fall within the protection scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The serial alloy sample synchronous heat treatment equipment established facing the material gene library is characterized in that: comprises a first heating furnace (1) and a second heating furnace (2), wherein the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace (1) and the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace (2) are oppositely arranged, a heat insulation and heat preservation box (3) with a hollow structure is arranged between the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace (1) and the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace (2), the hollow structure of the heat insulation and heat preservation box (3) forms heating channels which are communicated with the first heating furnace (1) and the second heating furnace (2), a heat treatment die (4) is arranged in the middle of the heating channel, a plurality of grooves (5) for placing samples (6) are formed in the heat treatment die (4), the heating temperature of the first heating furnace (1) is higher than that of the second heating furnace (2), and a temperature gradient field with the temperature decreasing from the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace (1) to the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace (2) is formed in the heating channel.
2. The apparatus for simultaneous heat treatment of alloy specimens in series established by a material-oriented gene library according to claim 1, wherein: the heating channel is a columnar structure matched with the shapes of the heat outlet ends of the first heating furnace (1) and the second heating furnace (2).
3. The apparatus for simultaneous heat treatment of alloy specimens in series established by a material-oriented gene library according to claim 2, wherein: the grooves (5) are arranged in an array mode, the groove bottom center connecting lines of the grooves (5) in the same row in the grooves (5) arranged in the array mode are parallel to the central axis of the heating channel, and the groove bottom center connecting lines of the grooves (5) in the same row in the grooves (5) arranged in the array mode are perpendicular to the central axis of the heating channel.
4. The apparatus for simultaneous heat treatment of alloy specimens in series established by a material-oriented gene library according to claim 3, wherein: k-type high-temperature thermocouples are arranged at the centers of the bottoms of the grooves (5) in one row in the plurality of grooves (5) which are arranged in an array manner.
5. The apparatus for simultaneous heat treatment of alloy samples of the series established by the material-oriented gene library according to claim 4, wherein: the high-temperature thermocouple system further comprises a computer, and the signal output end of the K-type high-temperature thermocouple is connected with the computer.
6. The apparatus for simultaneous heat treatment of alloy specimens in series established by a material-oriented gene library according to claim 1, wherein: the heat insulation and heat preservation box (3) is a vacuum heat insulation and heat preservation box, and the vacuum heat insulation and heat preservation box is hermetically connected with the first heating furnace (1) and the second heating furnace (2).
7. The equipment for the synchronous heat treatment of a series of alloy samples established by a material-oriented gene library according to claim 1, characterized in that: the first heating furnace (1), the second heating furnace (2) and the heating channel are filled with inert gas or in a vacuum state.
8. A method for performing a series of alloy sample synchronous heat treatment established by a material-oriented gene library by using the apparatus according to claim 5, wherein: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, according to a formula
Calculating the temperature gradient Delta G of the heat treatment die T Wherein, T max The heating temperature T output by the first heating furnace (1) min The heating temperature is output by the second heating furnace (2), and S is the total length of the heat treatment die (4);
step two, according to a formula T i ＝T max -ΔG T [s+(i-1)Δx]Calculating the theoretical calculation temperature T of the ith groove (5) of one line of grooves (5) in a plurality of grooves (5) arranged in array i Wherein I is the number of the grooves (5) in one row of the grooves (5) arranged in an array, I is 1,2, I is the total number of the grooves (5) in one row of the grooves (5) arranged in an array, I is not less than 5, Δ x is the distance between two adjacent grooves (5), and s is the distance from the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace (1) to the 1 st groove (5) in one row of the grooves (5);
correcting the corresponding theoretical calculation temperature by using the actual temperature and constructing a functional relation between the position of each groove and the temperature: acquiring the actual temperature of the corresponding groove (5) positioned in one row in the plurality of grooves (5) arranged in an array manner by using each K-type high-temperature thermocouple, and correcting the theoretical calculation temperature of the groove (5) at the corresponding position by using the actual temperature of the corresponding groove (5) to obtain the temperature correction coefficient of each groove (5);
meanwhile, the temperature of the grooves (5) in the same row in the plurality of grooves (5) arranged in an array is the same in a temperature gradient field, so that a functional relation between the position and the temperature of each groove in the heat treatment mold (4) is established;
step four, arranging and placing the multi-component variable series alloy samples in a heat treatment die: calculating the temperature of the phase change point of the series of alloy samples by adopting thermodynamic calculation software, and placing the samples with the gradient alloy materials and the alloy components with large change of the multi-component change, namely the temperature of the phase change point exceeds the temperature difference threshold value into different grooves (5) along the row direction in the plurality of grooves (5) which are arranged in an array manner;
placing samples with multi-component change gradient alloy materials and small alloy component change, namely the temperature of a phase change point does not exceed a temperature difference threshold value in different grooves (5) in the array arrangement along the row direction in the plurality of grooves (5);
step five, sealing and heat insulation of the synchronous heat treatment equipment: putting the heat treatment mold (4) with the sample (6) in place into a heating channel, hermetically connecting the vacuum heat insulation incubator with the first heating furnace (1) and the second heating furnace (2), and filling inert gas into the first heating furnace (1), the second heating furnace (2) and the heating channel or keeping the sample (6) in a vacuum state;
step six, synchronous heat treatment of the multi-component variable series alloy sample: and adjusting the temperature of the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace (1) and the temperature of the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace (2) according to the temperature gradient of the alloy sample, so that a temperature gradient field with the temperature decreasing from the heat outlet end of the first heating furnace (1) to the heat outlet end of the second heating furnace (2) is formed in the heating channel, and the synchronous heat treatment of the multi-component-changed series alloy sample is completed by utilizing the temperature gradient field.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein: the temperature difference threshold is 3-5 ℃.
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