CN114807549A - Thermal deformation method for refining hot work die steel grains - Google Patents
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- CN114807549A CN114807549A CN202210457278.6A CN202210457278A CN114807549A CN 114807549 A CN114807549 A CN 114807549A CN 202210457278 A CN202210457278 A CN 202210457278A CN 114807549 A CN114807549 A CN 114807549A
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001192 hot extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010835 comparative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001687 destabilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/005—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment of ferrous alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D11/00—Process control or regulation for heat treatments
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/004—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr and Ni
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/005—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Mn
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/008—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
Abstract
The invention discloses a thermal deformation method for refining grains of hot-work die steel, which comprises the steps of heating and insulating the hot-work die steel, then rapidly cooling to a thermal deformation temperature, thermally deforming the hot-work die steel at a specific strain rate, rapidly cooling to room temperature after true strain is achieved, and completing thermal deformation treatment of the hot-work die steel; the method has simple process control, and completely and dynamically recrystallizes the hot die steel by controlling the deformation parameters, thereby achieving the purposes of refining crystal grains and adjusting the form and distribution of the crystal grains, effectively improving the coarse structure of the hot die steel and improving the mechanical property of the hot die steel.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of metal material hot working process, and particularly provides a thermal deformation method for refining hot work die steel grains.
Background
The hot die steel is an alloy tool steel suitable for manufacturing solid metal or high-temperature liquid metal forming dies with the recrystallization temperature above, such as forging dies, die casting dies, hot extrusion dies and the like. The service conditions of the hot working die are harsh, the hot working die needs to bear high temperature, high load, heating and cooling for a long time, the impact force of the large hammer forging die needs to be up to hundreds of MN, the temperature of the die cavity can reach 300-400 ℃, and the temperature of the hot extrusion die can reach 500-800 ℃. Therefore, the hot-work die steel is required to have good fatigue resistance and tempering resistance in addition to high thermoplastic deformation resistance, high-temperature strength, high-temperature hardness and good impact toughness so as to meet the working requirements under special service conditions. The reasonable thermal deformation process is adopted, the structural uniformity of the hot die steel is improved, the crystal grain form is adjusted, the phenomenon of coarse crystal grains is improved, and the method is an effective way for prolonging the service life of the die.
The common method for refining the crystal grains is to thermally deform the material to cause recrystallization nucleation and growth inside the material to form uniform and fine isometric crystals, thereby achieving the purposes of refining the crystal grains, adjusting the form of the crystal grains and eliminating deformation defects in the thermal deformation process. The method is simple, but the thermal deformation process is comprehensively influenced by various factors (deformation temperature, strain rate and strain amount), so that the proper austenite recrystallization temperature and heat preservation time are difficult to determine. When the austenite recrystallization temperature is too low, the incubation period is longer, the nucleation rate is lower, and the grains grow to cause the phenomenon of coarseness along with the extension of the heat preservation time; when the recrystallization temperature is too high, the incubation period is short, the grains grow rapidly, and the recrystallized grains are also coarse. When the material is subjected to incomplete dynamic recrystallization, a large number of dislocation groups are gathered at a crystal boundary to form fine isometric recrystallized grains, and a typical necklace-shaped tissue appears; after complete dynamic recrystallization, the phenomenon of coarse grains caused by grain growth can occur when heat preservation is continued. Therefore, proper thermal deformation process parameters are determined by combining a thermal processing diagram, and the purpose of stabilizing the performance is achieved by refining grains. The thermal processing diagram is a new method for researching the thermal deformation behavior of the material by superposing a power dissipation diagram and a instability diagram based on a Dynamic Material Model (DMM) and a dissipation theory, and can compare and analyze the instability region and a microstructure, determine and optimize thermal deformation process parameters of refined hot-working die steel grains, and provide theoretical guidance for actual production.
At present, relevant patents for refining hot die steel grains, determining optimal hot deformation process parameters for refining the hot die steel grains and improving the mechanical property of the hot die steel grains by combining a hot deformation method and a hot processing diagram are not seen temporarily, and most of the patents for refining other forging crystal grains adopt a heat treatment mode of normalizing, quenching and tempering, but the process is complex, the working procedure time is long, and the efficiency is low.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a thermal deformation method for refining hot die steel grains, which is characterized in that the hot die steel is completely and dynamically recrystallized by controlling deformation parameters, so that the aims of refining the grains and adjusting the grain shape are fulfilled, the coarse structure of the hot die steel is effectively improved, and the mechanical property of the hot die steel is improved. The invention utilizes the thermal deformation method to ensure that the crystal grains of the hot die steel become uniform and fine, the average crystal grain size is less than 10 mu m, the operation process is easy to control, the working procedure is simple, the processing period is short, the efficiency of refining the crystal grains of the hot die steel can be greatly improved, the destabilization area and the microstructure are combined with comparative analysis, the thermal deformation process parameters of the refined crystal grains of the hot die steel are determined and optimized, and the practical production is guided.
The specific technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a thermal deformation method for refining the crystal grains of hot die steel includes heating the hot die steel, holding the temp uniform between internal and external temp, quickly cooling to thermal deformation temp, thermal deforming at specific strain rate, and quickly cooling to room temp.
The hot work die steel comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: c: 0.5-0.6%, Cr: 0.8-1.1%, Mn: 0.5-0.8%, Mo: 0.35-0.5%, Ni: 1.4-1.8%, V: 0.1-0.3%, Si: less than or equal to 0.35 percent, S: less than or equal to 0.03%, P: less than or equal to 0.03 percent, and the balance being Fe.
The heating rate is determined according to the size of the hot-work die steel and the capacity of the heating equipment, and is generally not higher than 2 ℃/s.
The heat preservation temperature is hot work die steel AC 3 Above 50-110 deg.C.
The heat preservation time is not less than 10min, so that the temperature difference between the core and the surface is less than 10 ℃.
The cooling rate of the heat preservation section which is rapidly cooled to the deformation temperature and the room temperature after the thermal deformation reaches the true strain is not lower than 5 ℃/s.
The deformation temperature is at or below the austenitizing temperature, most hot rolling and hot deformation are deformation above the austenitizing temperature, and the temperature rise is easy to cause grain growth; preferably, the deformation temperature range of the refined hot-work die steel grains is 800-870 ℃ obtained by the combination analysis of the hot-work drawing and the microstructure, and the strain rate range is 0.001-0.05s -1 The true strain was 1.1.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and effects:
(1) the invention controls the deformation temperature, the strain rate and the deformation amount to ensure that the hot die steel is completely and dynamically recrystallized, thereby achieving the purposes of refining crystal grains and adjusting the form of the crystal grains and effectively improving the uneven and thick structure of the hot die steel.
(2) The invention can complete dynamic recrystallization in the thermal deformation process, achieves the purpose of refining grains, reduces secondary heat treatment process, simplifies working procedures, shortens heat treatment time and greatly improves the efficiency of refining the grains of the hot work die steel.
(3) The general hot rolling and hot deformation processes are carried out above the austenitizing temperature, and the deformation temperature adopted by the invention is below the austenitizing temperature, so that the growth of crystal grains can be prevented to a certain extent.
(4) The hot-working die steel is constant in temperature all the time in the thermal deformation process, so that the temperature gradient caused by large-amplitude temperature rise and temperature drop is avoided, the nonuniformity of a recrystallization structure is prevented, and the phenomenon of mechanical instability is avoided.
(5) The invention combines the hot working diagram with the microstructure analysis, determines the optimal thermal deformation process interval for refining the hot working die steel grains, provides technical support for improving the quality of the hot working die and prolonging the service life of the hot working die, and provides theoretical guidance for actual production.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an original microstructure of hot work die steel without being subjected to a thinning treatment;
FIG. 2 is a thermal deformation process diagram of a refined hot work die steel grain;
FIG. 3 shows a microstructure of a hot work die steel refined in comparative example 1;
FIG. 4 shows a microstructure of a hot work die steel refined in comparative example 2;
FIG. 5 is a microstructure of a hot work die steel refined in example 1;
FIG. 6 is a microstructure of a hot work die steel refined in example 2;
FIG. 7 shows the microstructure of the hot work die steel refined in example 4;
FIG. 8 shows the microstructure of the hot work die steel refined in example 5.
Detailed Description
The following describes in detail specific embodiments of the present invention with reference to comparative examples and examples.
The hot work die steel without thinning treatment used in the embodiment of the invention comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: c: 0.5-0.6%, Cr: 0.8-1.1%, Mn: 0.5-0.8%, Mo: 0.35-0.5%, Ni: 1.4-1.8%, V: 0.1-0.3%, Si: less than or equal to 0.35 percent, S: less than or equal to 0.03%, P: less than or equal to 0.03 percent, and the balance being Fe, the original microstructure of the alloy is as shown in figure 1, the grains are coarse and uneven, and the average grain size is about 21.20 mu m; it was processed according to the hot deformation process shown in fig. 2, which is described in the following examples.
Comparative example 1
Heating the hot die steel at a heating rate of 2 ℃/s, wherein the heating rate corresponds to the AC of the die steel 3 At a temperature of 770 ℃, addingHeating to 870 deg.C, holding for 10min to make the internal and external temperature of the material uniform, cooling to 750 deg.C at a cooling rate of 40 deg.C/s, and then cooling at 0.005s -1 The strain rate of (a) is subjected to thermal deformation, the temperature is kept unchanged during the deformation, the true strain is 1.1, the temperature is rapidly cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate of 40 ℃/s after the deformation is finished, and the microstructure after the thermal deformation appears as a typical 'necklace-shaped' structure as shown in figure 3.
Comparative example 2
Heating the hot die steel at a heating rate of 2 ℃/s, wherein the heating rate corresponds to the AC of the die steel 3 Heating to 870 deg.C at 770 deg.C, holding for 10min to make the temperature inside and outside the material uniform, cooling to 750 deg.C at a cooling rate of 40 deg.C/s, and cooling for 0.05s -1 The true strain was 1.1 while keeping the temperature constant during the deformation, and after the deformation was completed, the steel was rapidly cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate of 40 ℃/s, and the microstructure after the thermal deformation had a local deformation zone formed by many elongated coarse grains as shown in fig. 4.
Example 1
Heating the hot die steel at a heating rate of 2 ℃/s, wherein the heating rate corresponds to the AC of the die steel 3 Heating to 870 deg.C at 770 deg.C, maintaining for 10min to make the temperature inside and outside the material uniform, cooling to 800 deg.C at a cooling rate of 40 deg.C/s, and then cooling for 0.001s -1 The strain rate of (2) is subjected to thermal deformation, the temperature is kept unchanged during the deformation, the true strain is 1.1, the temperature is rapidly cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate of 40 ℃/s after the deformation is finished, and the microstructure after the thermal deformation is shown in figure 5, so that the grain size is refined, the uniformity of the structure is improved, and the average grain size is less than 10 mu m.
Example 2
Heating the hot die steel at a heating rate of 1 ℃/s, wherein the heating rate corresponds to the AC of the die steel 3 Heating at 765 deg.C to 870 deg.C, keeping the temperature for 10min to make the internal and external temperature of the material uniform, cooling to 800 deg.C at a cooling rate of 40 deg.C/s, and then cooling for 0.001s -1 Is subjected to thermal deformation. The temperature is kept unchanged during the deformation, the true strain is 1.1, and the cooling rate at 40 ℃/s is fast after the deformation is finishedRapidly cooling to room temperature, and thermally deforming microstructure shown in FIG. 6, wherein the grain size is refined, the uniformity of the microstructure is improved, and the average grain size is less than 10 μm.
Example 3
Heating the hot die steel at a heating rate of 2 ℃/s, wherein the heating rate corresponds to the AC of the die steel 3 Heating to 770 deg.C, heating to 870 deg.C, keeping the temperature for 10min to make the internal and external temperature of the material uniform, cooling to 820 deg.C at a cooling rate of 40 deg.C/s, and then cooling for 0.001s -1 The strain rate of the alloy is subjected to thermal deformation, the temperature is kept unchanged during the deformation, the true strain is 1.1, the alloy is rapidly cooled to room temperature at the cooling rate of 40 ℃/s after the deformation is finished, the grain size is refined, the uniformity of the structure is improved, and the average grain size is less than 10 mu m.
Example 4
Heating the hot die steel at a heating rate of 2 ℃/s, wherein the heating rate corresponds to the AC of the die steel 3 Heating to 770 deg.C, heating to 830 deg.C, maintaining for 10min to make the internal and external temperature of the material uniform, cooling to 800 deg.C at a cooling rate of 40 deg.C/s, and then cooling for 0.001s -1 The strain rate of (2) is subjected to thermal deformation, the temperature is kept unchanged during the deformation, the true strain is 1.1, after the deformation is finished, the temperature is rapidly cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate of 40 ℃/s, and the microstructure after the thermal deformation is shown in figure 7, so that the grain size is refined, the structural uniformity is improved, and the average grain size is less than 10 mu m.
Example 5
Heating the hot die steel at a heating rate of 2 ℃/s, wherein the heating rate corresponds to the AC of the die steel 3 Heating to 870 deg.C at 770 deg.C, holding for 10min to make the temperature inside and outside the material uniform, cooling to 800 deg.C at a cooling rate of 20 deg.C/s, and cooling for 0.001s -1 The strain rate of (2) is subjected to thermal deformation, the temperature is kept unchanged during the deformation, the true strain is 1.1, the temperature is rapidly cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate of 20 ℃/s after the deformation is finished, and the microstructure after the thermal deformation is shown in figure 8, so that the grain size is refined, the uniformity of the structure is improved, and the average grain size is less than 10 mu m.
Example 6
Heating the hot die steel at a heating rate of 2 ℃/s, wherein the heating rate corresponds to the AC of the die steel 3 Heating to 770 deg.C, heating to 820 deg.C, maintaining for 12min to make the internal and external temperature of the material uniform, cooling to 800 deg.C at a cooling rate of 20 deg.C/s, and then cooling at 0.005s -1 The strain rate of the alloy is subjected to thermal deformation, the temperature is kept unchanged during the deformation, the true strain is 1.1, the alloy is rapidly cooled to room temperature at the cooling rate of 20 ℃/s after the deformation is finished, the grain size is refined, the uniformity of the structure is improved, and the average grain size is less than 10 mu m.
Example 7
Heating the hot die steel at a heating rate of 2 ℃/s, wherein the heating rate corresponds to the AC of the die steel 3 Heating to 880 deg.C at 770 deg.C, maintaining for 10min to make the temperature inside and outside the material uniform, cooling to 870 deg.C at a cooling rate of 5 deg.C/s, and cooling for 0.05s -1 The strain rate of the alloy is subjected to thermal deformation, the temperature is kept unchanged during the deformation, the true strain is 1.1, the alloy is rapidly cooled to room temperature at the cooling rate of 5 ℃/s after the deformation is finished, the grain size is refined, the uniformity of the structure is improved, and the average grain size is less than 10 mu m.
While the present invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments and examples, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but is intended to cover various modifications, equivalent arrangements, and equivalents.
Claims (7)
1. A thermal deformation method for refining the crystal grains of hot die steel features that the hot die steel is heated and thermally insulated, then quickly cooled to thermal deformation temp, and then thermally deformed at a certain strain rate to reach true strain and quickly cooled to room temp.
2. A thermal deformation method for refining grains of a hot work die steel according to claim 1, wherein the hot work die steel has a chemical composition and a content in mass percent of: c: 0.5-0.6%, Cr: 0.8-1.1%, Mn: 0.5-0.8%, Mo: 0.35-0.5%, Ni: 1.4-1.8%, V: 0.1-0.3%, Si: less than or equal to 0.35 percent, S: less than or equal to 0.03%, P: less than or equal to 0.03 percent, and the balance being Fe.
3. A thermal deformation method for refining grains of a hot work die steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the heating rate is not higher than 2 ℃/s.
4. A thermal deformation method for refining grains of a hot work die steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the holding temperature is AC of the hot work die steel 3 Above 50-110 deg.C.
5. A thermal deformation method of a refined hot work die steel grain as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the holding time is not less than 10 min.
6. A thermal deformation method for refining grains of hot work die steel according to claim 1, characterized in that the cooling rate of the holding section to the thermal deformation temperature and to room temperature after reaching the true strain is not less than 5 ℃/s.
7. A thermal deformation method for refining a grain of a hot-work die steel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thermal deformation temperature is 800-870 ℃, and the strain rate is 0.001-0.05s -1 The true strain was 1.1.
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