CN114769540B - Production method of high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank - Google Patents
Production method of high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/16—Controlling or regulating processes or operations
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/004—Very low carbon steels, i.e. having a carbon content of less than 0,01%
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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Abstract
The embodiment of the application provides a production method of a high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank, which comprises the following steps: obtaining the measured tundish temperature of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel, and obtaining the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel; obtaining a high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model; based on the tundish temperature and the weight percentage, predicting the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank through the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model; and determining the technological parameters of casting blank production according to the shrinkage, and producing the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank according to the technological parameters. According to the method, the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank can be predicted through the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model, the technological parameters of casting blank production are determined, the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is produced, the investment of detection equipment can be reduced, the production cost is reduced, the hysteresis of the measurement result can be avoided, and the silicon steel production is smoothly carried out.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of silicon steel production, in particular to a production method of a high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank.
Background
Continuous casting steel is a key to silicon steel production. However, there is always a problem of shrinkage of the cast slab during continuous casting. The shrinkage of the casting blank not only affects the quality of the formed continuous casting blank, but also is an important basis for adjusting and setting the parameters of the subsequent silicon steel production process.
The shrinkage of the casting blank is generally measured by an instrument in practice in the production of the traditional high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank. In practice, however, the measurement results often have hysteresis, volatility and randomness, and the measurement results depend on the sample itself, the measurement accuracy of the device and the manner in which the data is read. In the early stage, a great deal of money is needed to be input for the installation and maintenance of measuring equipment or instruments, and in the later stage, a great deal of time is needed to calibrate the measuring result, so that the production of enterprises is not facilitated.
Based on the above, how to efficiently and accurately obtain the shrinkage of the casting blank so that the silicon steel production can be smoothly performed is a technical problem to be solved.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the application provides a production method of a high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank, which can predict the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank through a high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model, determine the technological parameters of casting blank production, produce the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank, not only reduce the investment of detection equipment and the production cost, but also avoid the hysteresis of measurement results, and ensure that the silicon steel production is smoothly carried out.
Other features and advantages of the present application will be apparent from the following detailed description, or may be learned in part by the practice of the application.
According to an aspect of the embodiment of the application, a production method of a high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is provided, and the method comprises the following steps: obtaining the measured tundish temperature of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel, and obtaining the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel; obtaining a high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model; based on the tundish temperature and the weight percentage, predicting the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank through the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model; and determining the technological parameters of casting blank production according to the shrinkage, and producing the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank according to the technological parameters.
In some embodiments of the present application, based on the foregoing solution, the high grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model includes: the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model comprises the following components:
wherein delta represents the shrinkage of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank; p (P) C Representing the weight percentage of carbon element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid steel; p (P) Si The weight percentage of silicon element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; p (P) Mn The weight percentage of manganese element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; p (P) P The weight percentage of phosphorus element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; p (P) S The weight percentage of sulfur element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; p (P) Al The weight percentage of aluminum element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; t represents the measured tundish temperature of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel; t represents the theoretical liquidus temperature of the high grade non-oriented silicon steel.
In some embodiments of the present application, based on the foregoing solution, the predicting, based on the tundish temperature and the weight percentage, the shrinkage of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel billet by the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel billet shrinkage model includes: judging whether the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel belongs to a corresponding percentage applicable range or not; if the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid belongs to the corresponding percentage application range, the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is predicted through the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model based on the tundish temperature and the weight percentage.
In some embodiments of the present application, based on the foregoing scheme, the percentage applicable range of the carbon element is 0-0.0030%.
In some embodiments of the present application, based on the foregoing scheme, the percentage applicable range of the silicon element is 1.70% -3.60%.
In some embodiments of the present application, based on the foregoing scheme, the percentage applicable range of the manganese element is 0-1.0%.
In some embodiments of the present application, based on the foregoing scheme, the percentage applicable range of the phosphorus element is 0-0.050%.
In some embodiments of the present application, the percentage applicable range of elemental sulfur is 0-0.0050% based on the foregoing scheme.
In some embodiments of the present application, based on the foregoing scheme, the percentage applicable range of the aluminum element is 0-1.50%.
In some embodiments of the present application, based on the foregoing solution, the process parameters of the casting blank production include at least a crystallizer parameter, a taper parameter, and a cooling water distribution parameter;
and determining the technological parameters of casting blank production according to the shrinkage rate, wherein the method comprises the following steps of:
determining the required size of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank;
and determining the technological parameters of casting blank production according to the required size and the shrinkage rate.
In the technical schemes provided by some embodiments of the application, in the continuous casting process, obtaining the measured tundish temperature of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel and obtaining the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel; predicting the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank through the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model; according to the shrinkage, the technological parameters of casting blank production are determined, and the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is produced, so that the investment of detection equipment can be reduced, the production cost can be reduced, the hysteresis of a measurement result can be avoided, the silicon steel production is smoothly carried out, and the quality of the produced high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is further improved.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the application.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the application and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the application. It is apparent that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and that other drawings may be obtained from these drawings without inventive effort for a person of ordinary skill in the art. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of a method of producing a high grade non-oriented silicon steel billet according to one embodiment of the present application.
Figure 2 shows a comparison of test results using one embodiment of the present application.
Fig. 3 shows a comparison of test results using another embodiment of the present application.
Detailed Description
Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the exemplary embodiments may be embodied in many forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of the example embodiments to those skilled in the art.
Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided to give a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present application. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the aspects of the application can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, devices, steps, etc. In other instances, well-known methods, devices, implementations, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the application.
The flow diagrams depicted in the figures are exemplary only, and do not necessarily include all of the elements and operations/steps, nor must they be performed in the order described. For example, some operations/steps may be decomposed, and some operations/steps may be combined or partially combined, so that the order of actual execution may be changed according to actual situations.
The implementation details of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application are described in detail below:
FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of a method of producing a high grade non-oriented silicon steel billet according to one embodiment of the present application.
Referring to fig. 1, the production method of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank at least comprises steps 101 to 104, and is described in detail as follows:
in step 101, obtaining the measured ladle temperature of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel, and obtaining the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel.
In the application, the measured tundish temperature of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel can be obtained through a temperature measuring device.
In the present application, the elements in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel may include carbon element, silicon element, manganese element, phosphorus element, sulfur element, aluminum element and other alloy elements.
In one embodiment of the present application, the weight percentages of the elements in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel may be preset known values, or may be obtained by a measuring device in the actual production process.
With continued reference to FIG. 1, in step 102, a high grade non-oriented silicon steel billet shrinkage model is obtained.
In the application, the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model can comprise:
wherein delta represents the shrinkage of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank; p (P) C Representing the weight percentage of carbon element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid steel; p (P) Si The weight percentage of silicon element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; p (P) Mn The weight percentage of manganese element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; p (P) P The weight percentage of phosphorus element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; p (P) S The weight percentage of sulfur element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; p (P) Al The weight percentage of aluminum element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; t represents the measured tundish temperature of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel; t represents the theoretical liquidus temperature of the high grade non-oriented silicon steel.
In one embodiment of the application, if the weight percentage of carbon element and silicon element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel is higher, the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is lower; if the weight percentage of the sulfur element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel is higher, the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is higher; if the weight percentage of aluminum element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is higher, the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is lower; if the weight percentage of the manganese element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel is higher, the manganese element is combined with the sulfur element within a certain range to form manganese sulfide, and the shrinkage of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is lower, but when the weight percentage of the manganese element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel exceeds the range, the shrinkage of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is higher.
It should be noted that if the elements in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel further include other alloy elements except carbon element, silicon element, manganese element, phosphorus element, sulfur element and aluminum element, the weight percentage of the other alloy elements in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model may not be calculated because the shrinkage rate of the casting blank is not greatly affected by the other alloy elements.
In addition, because the weight percentage of silicon element is higher and the weight percentage of carbon element is lower in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel, the shrinkage rate of the casting blank is not greatly influenced in the metal phase transformation process, and calculation can not be included in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model.
In another embodiment of the present application, if the theoretical liquidus temperature of the high grade non-oriented silicon steel is 1560 ℃, the best range of the measured tundish temperature of the high grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel can be 1560 ℃ to 1565 ℃, and when the measured tundish temperature is in the temperature range, the influence of the tundish temperature on the shrinkage of the high grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank can be almost negligible according to the above formula.
The optimal value of the measured tundish temperature may be 1560 ℃, and the casting temperature value has no high influence on the shrinkage of the silicon steel ingot.
Furthermore, when the deviation between the theoretical liquidus temperature and the actual measured tundish temperature of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel is less than or equal to 5 ℃, the casting temperature value has no high influence on the shrinkage of the silicon steel casting blank.
With continued reference to fig. 1, in step 103, the shrinkage of the high grade non-oriented silicon steel billet is predicted by the high grade non-oriented silicon steel billet shrinkage model based on the tundish temperature and the weight percentage.
In the present application, before the predicting the shrinkage rate of the high grade non-oriented silicon steel billet by the high grade non-oriented silicon steel billet shrinkage model based on the tundish temperature and the weight percentage, the following steps S1 to S2 may be performed:
and S1, judging whether the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel belongs to a corresponding percentage applicable range.
And S2, if the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid belongs to a corresponding percentage applicable range, predicting the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank through the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model based on the tundish temperature and the weight percentage.
In step S1, the corresponding percentage applicable interval may include: the applicable range of the percentage corresponding to the carbon element is 0-0.0030%, the applicable range of the percentage corresponding to the silicon element is 1.70-3.60%, the applicable range of the percentage corresponding to the manganese element is 0-1.0%, the applicable range of the percentage corresponding to the phosphorus element is 0-0.050%, the applicable range of the percentage corresponding to the sulfur element is 0-0.0050%, and the applicable range of the percentage corresponding to the aluminum element is 0-1.50%.
In the step S2, the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel and the percentage applicable range of the corresponding element can be compared.
If the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel is judged to be in the applicable range of the percentage of the corresponding element, the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank can be predicted through the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model based on the tundish temperature and the weight percentage.
In the application, the inventor finds that when the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel is in the applicable range of the percentage of the corresponding element through multiple experiments, the accuracy of the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank obtained through the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model is higher, and the prediction effect is better.
However, if it is determined that the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel is not in the applicable range of the percentage of the corresponding element, the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank can be predicted through the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model based on the tundish temperature and the weight percentage.
With continued reference to fig. 1, in step 104, process parameters for casting production are determined according to the shrinkage, and a high grade non-oriented silicon steel casting is produced according to the process parameters.
In the present application, determining the process parameters of the casting blank production according to the shrinkage ratio may be performed according to the following steps D1 to D2:
and D1, determining the required size of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank.
And D2, determining technological parameters of casting blank production according to the required size and the shrinkage rate.
In step D1, the required dimensions of the high grade non-oriented silicon steel billet may include square billets and slabs.
In step D2, determining the technological parameters of casting blank production according to the required size and the shrinkage rate.
In the present application, the process parameters of the casting blank production at least include crystallizer parameters, taper parameters, cooling water distribution parameters, and may further include roller train design parameters.
Specifically, in one embodiment of the present application, first, the process parameters required in the subsequent casting production may be determined according to the required size and the shrinkage. Then, according to the technological parameters, the taper setting of the crystallizer of the continuous casting machine can be adjusted, the cooling water quantity can be redistributed, and the roller row can be redesigned. Therefore, based on the predicted shrinkage, the technological parameters of casting blank production are determined, and the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is produced, so that the investment of detection equipment can be reduced, the production cost can be reduced, the hysteresis of a measurement result can be avoided, the silicon steel production is smoothly carried out, and the quality of the produced high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is further improved.
In order to better understand the progress of the technical solution of the present application, the following will show experimental data obtained by the inventor in conjunction with fig. 1 and 2.
Figure 2 shows a comparison of test results using one embodiment of the present application.
Referring to fig. 2, in an embodiment of the present application, in a casting production process, first, a shrinkage rate of a high grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is predicted to be 0.9747 according to a high grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model, as shown by a dotted line in the figure; then, 98 sample points are randomly selected, the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank of the sample points is detected through a detection device, and the detection result is shown as a black point.
Furthermore, it can be explained that in the production method of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank in one embodiment of the application, the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is predicted by the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model, and the obtained prediction result has high efficiency and accuracy and is beneficial to smooth production process.
Referring to fig. 3, fig. 3 shows a comparison of test results using another embodiment of the present application.
Referring to fig. 3, in another embodiment of the present application, in a casting production process, first, a shrinkage rate of a high grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is predicted to be 0.9390 according to a high grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model, as shown by a dotted line in the figure; then, 100 sample points are randomly selected, the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank of the sample points is detected through a detection device, and the detection result is shown as a black point.
Furthermore, it can be explained that in the production method of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank in another embodiment of the application, the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is predicted by the shrinkage model of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank, and the obtained prediction result has high efficiency and accuracy and is beneficial to smooth production process.
Other embodiments of the present application will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the embodiments disclosed herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the application following, in general, the principles of the application and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the application pertains.
It is to be understood that the present application is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings, which have been described above, and that various modifications and changes may be effected without departing from the scope thereof. The scope of the application is limited only by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. The production method of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
obtaining the measured tundish temperature of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel, and obtaining the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel;
obtaining a high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model;
based on the tundish temperature and the weight percentage, predicting the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank through the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model;
determining technological parameters of casting blank production according to the shrinkage rate, and producing high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blanks according to the technological parameters;
the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model comprises the following components:
wherein delta represents the shrinkage of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank; p (P) C Representing the weight percentage of carbon element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid steel; p (P) Si The weight percentage of silicon element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; p (P) Mn The weight percentage of manganese element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; p (P) P The weight percentage of phosphorus element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; p (P) S The weight percentage of sulfur element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; p (P) Al The weight percentage of aluminum element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid is shown; t represents the measured tundish temperature of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel; t represents the theoretical liquidus temperature of the high grade non-oriented silicon steel.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein predicting the shrinkage of the high grade non-oriented silicon steel billet based on the tundish temperature and the weight percentage by the high grade non-oriented silicon steel billet shrinkage model comprises:
judging whether the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel molten steel belongs to a corresponding percentage applicable range or not;
if the weight percentage of each element in the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel liquid belongs to the corresponding percentage application range, the shrinkage rate of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank is predicted through the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank shrinkage model based on the tundish temperature and the weight percentage.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the percentage applicable range of carbon element is 0-0.0030%.
4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the percentage applicable range of the silicon element is 1.70% -3.60%.
5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the percentage applicable range of manganese element is 0-1.0%.
6. The method according to claim 2, wherein the percentage applicable range of the phosphorus element is 0-0.050%.
7. The method according to claim 2, wherein the percentage applicable range of elemental sulfur is 0-0.0050%.
8. The method according to claim 2, wherein the percentage applicable range of the aluminum element is 0-1.50%.
9. The method according to claim 2, wherein the process parameters of the casting billet production comprise at least crystallizer parameters, conicity parameters, cooling water distribution parameters;
and determining the technological parameters of casting blank production according to the shrinkage rate, wherein the method comprises the following steps of:
determining the required size of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel casting blank;
and determining the technological parameters of casting blank production according to the required size and the shrinkage rate.
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| DE102015215328A1 (en) * | 2015-08-11 | 2017-02-16 | Sms Group Gmbh | A method of continuously casting a metal strand and determining the shrinkage of a continuously cast metal strand |
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