CN114766300A - Safe production method of vegetable field spinach polluted by calcareous moderate and light cadmium - Google Patents
Safe production method of vegetable field spinach polluted by calcareous moderate and light cadmium Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
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Abstract
The invention discloses a safe production method of calcareous moderate and light cadmium polluted vegetable field spinach, which comprises the following steps: s1 screening to obtain an optimal soil conditioner product, a spinach variety and a leaf surface resistance control agent product; s2, uniformly spreading the optimal soil conditioner product on the surface of the medium and light cadmium-polluted vegetable field, then irrigating, and mechanically ploughing at a proper time to uniformly harrow; s3 planting the optimal spinach variety; s4 spraying the optimal foliage retardant product. The method is suitable for the technical field of safe utilization of cadmium-polluted soil, adopts comprehensive agricultural measures of low cadmium accumulation spinach varieties, soil conditioners and leaf surface control agents, can ensure that the cadmium content of moderate and light cadmium-polluted spinach in the vegetable field does not exceed the standard, realizes safe production of the moderate and light cadmium-polluted spinach in the vegetable field, has the characteristics of economy, safety, high efficiency, simplicity and easiness in realization, and has wide application prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of safe utilization of cadmium-polluted soil, and particularly relates to a safe production method of calcareous moderate and light cadmium-polluted spinach in a vegetable field.
Background
In 2014, the national soil pollution condition survey bulletin shows that the exceeding rate of the soil point position of cultivated land is 19.4%, mainly inorganic heavy metal pollutants are used as main materials, wherein the exceeding rate of the cadmium (Cd) pollution point position is the first of the heavy metal pollutants, and reaches 7.0% (Cheneng, Zhengyu, and Xiaofeng, et al, the national soil pollution condition survey bulletin explores [ J ] the agricultural environmental science bulletin, 2017, 36(9): 1689-. One of the overall targets of the action plan for preventing and treating soil pollution is that the safety utilization rate of the polluted vegetable field reaches more than 95% by estimating 2030 years. Aiming at the medium and light heavy metal Cd polluted vegetable fields, the simple and effective safe utilization technology is adopted, and the safe production of agricultural products is very important and urgent.
The Cd overproof rate of the vegetable field soil in China is reported to be 24.1% (Sempere cedar, Liglaarylate, Meixurong, China vegetable soil heavy metal content and source analysis [ J ]. China agricultural science, 2007, 40(11): 2507-2517.). Along with soil acidification, the effectiveness of cadmium in soil is enhanced, the absorption of cadmium by vegetables is promoted, and leaf vegetables have strong accumulation capacity on cadmium and are more common in the phenomenon that cadmium in the leaf vegetables exceeds the standard. Human ingestion risk of fiddleheads on cadmium in facility vegetables is leaf vegetables > rhizome > solanaceous fruit (mussaenda, yellow-mark, mahongwei, etc. health risk of cadmium and mercury accumulation in southern typical facility vegetable production system [ J ] soil bulletin 2014, 51 (5): 1045-.
The accumulation capacity of vegetables for heavy metals is different depending on species, varieties and parts, and is also restricted by genotype, soil physicochemical properties and external environmental conditions. The key factor of the difference of cadmium accumulation of different varieties of vegetables is the difference of genotypes. Zhang Wei researches on cadmium accumulation conditions of 9 different vegetables such as spinach and the like find that the cadmium content of leaf vegetables such as spinach and the like is relatively highest, and the cadmium content of cucumbers and tomatoes is relatively low (Zhang Wei. research on cadmium absorption difference of different vegetables [ D ]. 2010 ]. Research on screening of crops or vegetables with low cadmium accumulation of different genotypes provides good suggestions for the actual production of vegetable crops. Agricultural measures such as application of soil passivators are important technical approaches for safe utilization of medium-light heavy metal polluted vegetable fields (Von English, Ma Yao, Wangqiong, and the like. the soil-vegetable crop system heavy metal pollution and safe production comprehensive agricultural regulation and control technology [ J ]. Proc. in agricultural environmental science, 2018, 37 (11): 2359-. The passivation effect of the passivator is influenced by various factors, and mainly comprises the basic physicochemical properties of soil (pH, organic matters, cation exchange capacity and the like), the types and the addition amount of the passivator, the interaction between heavy metal ions coexisting in the soil and the like (Du Cai, mu Lin, Wang Honghua, and the like, different passivators and combinations thereof influence the growth and the absorption of Pb, Cd, As and Zn of corn (Zea mays) [ J ] research on agricultural environmental science reports, 2016, 35(8): 1515-. The foliage retardant can prevent the absorption of heavy metal in the edible parts of crops to some extent, and the effect of the foliage retardant is related to the types of crops besides the types of products.
However, the prior art has a series of problems and disadvantages: 1) as mentioned above, the accumulation capacity of vegetables for heavy metals is different from the variety, variety and position, and is also limited by the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the external environmental conditions, so that the applicability of the safe utilization technology of the existing cadmium-polluted vegetable field in the alkaline vegetable field is not ideal; 2) in the prior art, only single control factor is usually considered, and unilateral regulation and control are performed, such as a cadmium-polluted vegetable field safe utilization method based on oil crops (ZL 2018115711678), a cadmium-polluted vegetable field safe utilization method based on multifunctional crop sweet sorghum (ZL 2018115711678), a soil remediation agent for an acid cadmium-polluted vegetable field and a preparation method and a use method thereof (ZL 202110197137.0); 3) the prior art mainly aims at the condition that crops are rice and the safe production technology of vegetables is lacked, such as 'a method for enriching and cultivating rice with cadmium' (202111190487.0).
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a safe production method of calcareous moderate and light cadmium-polluted vegetable field spinach.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a safe production method of calcareous moderate-light cadmium polluted vegetable field spinach comprises the following steps:
s1 screening to obtain an optimal soil conditioner product, a spinach variety and a leaf surface resistance control agent product;
s2, uniformly spreading the optimal soil conditioner product on the surface of the medium and light cadmium-polluted vegetable field, then irrigating, and mechanically ploughing at a proper time to uniformly harrow;
s3 applying enough base fertilizer 1 day before spinach sowing;
s4, directly sowing the optimal spinach variety in a broadcast sowing mode, and applying a nitrogen fertilizer after 2-3 main leaves of the spinach seedling are watered;
s5, spraying the optimal foliage retardant and control agent product for 2-3 times from the middle growth stage to the harvest stage of the spinach;
s6 collecting the overground part of the spinach and a soil sample after the spinach harvesting period;
s7 determining spinach cadmium content, soil cadmium content and effective state content.
Preferably, screening to obtain an optimal soil conditioner product comprises:
applying a plurality of soil conditioner products to be selected collected in the market on the same cadmium-polluted soil, planting the spinach variety planted locally, measuring the cadmium content and the yield of spinach stems and leaves and the effective cadmium content of the soil in the period to be harvested, calculating the cadmium reduction rate of the spinach and the effective cadmium reduction rate of the soil; and selecting a product with the cadmium reduction rate of spinach being more than 30 percent and the cadmium reduction rate of the soil effective state being more than 50 percent as an optimal soil conditioner product.
Preferably, the screening to obtain the optimal spinach variety comprises the following steps:
planting a plurality of spinach varieties to be selected collected in the market in the same cadmium-polluted soil, measuring the cadmium content and the yield of spinach stems and leaves in the period to be collected, calculating the cadmium content and the enrichment coefficient of the stems and leaves of each variety, and selecting the variety with the enrichment coefficient of less than 0.032 and the cadmium reduction rate of more than 56 percent as the optimal spinach variety.
Preferably, the screening to obtain the optimal leaf surface resistance control agent product comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of planting spinach varieties planted in local hosts in the same cadmium-polluted soil, spraying a plurality of leaf surface control agent products to be selected collected in the market in the spinach growing period respectively, measuring the cadmium content and the yield of the spinach in the period to be harvested, calculating the cadmium reduction rate of the spinach, and selecting the products with the cadmium reduction rate of more than 20% as the optimal leaf surface control agent products.
Preferably, the calculation formula of the reduction rate of the soil effective state cadmium is as follows:
the reduction rate of the soil effective state cadmium is ═ the content of the soil effective state cadmium treated by the control/100%.
Preferably, the enrichment factor calculation formula is: the enrichment coefficient is spinach Cd content/soil total Cd content.
Preferably, the spinach cadmium reduction rate calculation formula is as follows: and the cadmium reduction rate of the spinach is (cadmium content of the spinach subjected to conventional control treatment-cadmium content of the spinach of a verified product)/heavy metal content of the spinach subjected to control treatment) multiplied by 100%.
Preferably, the base fertilizer comprises organic fertilizer, the content of organic matters is more than or equal to 45 percent, and the using amount of the organic fertilizer is 30-45 t/hm2(ii) a 45% compound fertilizer 200kg/hm2。
Preferably, the nitrogen fertilizer is urea, and the dosage is 225-300 kg/hm2。
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the method, the spinach variety with low cadmium accumulation is utilized, so that the yield of the spinach is not reduced, and the cadmium content of the edible part of the spinach is reduced to the maximum extent; by applying the soil conditioner, the content of cadmium in an effective state of the soil can be reduced, and the migration of the cadmium in the soil to edible parts of the spinach is further effectively controlled. By spraying the foliage control agent, the absorption of the spinach on trace and beneficial elements such as zinc, iron, silicon and the like can be promoted, and the absorption of the spinach on cadmium can be effectively inhibited. By adopting the comprehensive agronomic measures of the spinach variety with low cadmium accumulation, the soil conditioner and the leaf surface blocking and controlling agent, the cadmium content of the spinach in the vegetable field with medium and light cadmium pollution can be ensured not to exceed the standard, the safe production of the spinach in the vegetable field with medium and light cadmium pollution is realized, and the method has the characteristics of economy, safety, high efficiency, simplicity and easy realization, has no secondary damage to the environment and has wide application prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph comparing cadmium content of spinach according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a comparison graph of the soil available cadmium content of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following further describes a specific embodiment of the safe production method of the calcareous moderate and light cadmium-polluted spinach in the vegetable field in combination with the attached drawings 1-2. The safe production method of the calcareous moderate and light cadmium polluted spinach in the vegetable field is not limited to the description of the following examples.
Example 1:
the embodiment provides a specific implementation mode of a safe production method of calcareous moderate and light cadmium-polluted vegetable field spinach, and the method comprises the following steps:
s1 screening to obtain an optimal soil conditioner product, a spinach variety and a leaf surface resistance control agent product;
s2, uniformly spreading the optimal soil conditioner product on the surface of the medium and light cadmium-polluted vegetable field, then irrigating, and mechanically ploughing at a proper time to uniformly harrow;
s3 applying enough base fertilizer 1 day before spinach sowing;
s4, directly sowing the optimal spinach variety in a broadcast sowing mode, and applying a nitrogen fertilizer after 2-3 main leaves of the spinach seedling are watered;
s5, spraying the optimal foliage retardant and control agent product for 2-3 times from the middle growth stage to the harvest stage of the spinach;
s6 collecting the overground part of the spinach and a soil sample after the spinach harvesting period;
s7 determining cadmium content, total cadmium content and effective state content of spinach.
Further, screening to obtain an optimal soil conditioner product, comprising:
applying a plurality of soil conditioner products to be selected collected in the market on the same cadmium-polluted soil, planting the spinach variety planted locally, measuring the cadmium content and the yield of spinach stems and leaves and the effective cadmium content of the soil in the period to be harvested, calculating the cadmium reduction rate of the spinach and the effective cadmium reduction rate of the soil; and selecting a product with spinach cadmium reduction rate of more than 30 percent and soil available state cadmium reduction rate of more than 50 percent as an optimal soil conditioner product.
Further, screening to obtain an optimal spinach variety, comprising:
planting a plurality of spinach varieties to be selected collected in the market in the same cadmium-polluted soil, measuring the cadmium content and the yield of spinach stems and leaves in the period to be collected, calculating the cadmium content and the enrichment coefficient of the stems and leaves of each variety, and selecting the variety with the enrichment coefficient of less than 0.032 and the cadmium reduction rate of more than 56 percent as the optimal spinach variety.
Further, screening to obtain an optimal leaf surface resistance control agent product, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of planting spinach varieties planted in local hosts in the same cadmium-polluted soil, spraying a plurality of leaf surface control agent products to be selected collected in the market in the spinach growing period respectively, measuring the cadmium content and the yield of the spinach in the period to be harvested, calculating the cadmium reduction rate of the spinach, and selecting the products with the cadmium reduction rate of more than 20% as the optimal leaf surface control agent products.
Further, the calculation formula of the reduction rate of the soil effective state cadmium is as follows:
the reduction rate of the soil effective state cadmium is ═ the content of the soil effective state cadmium treated by the control/100%.
Further, the enrichment coefficient is calculated by the formula: the enrichment coefficient is spinach Cd content/soil total Cd content.
Further, the spinach cadmium reduction rate calculation formula is as follows: and the cadmium reduction rate of the spinach is (cadmium content of the spinach subjected to conventional control treatment-cadmium content of the spinach of a verified product)/heavy metal content of the spinach subjected to control treatment) multiplied by 100%.
Further, the base fertilizer comprisesOrganic fertilizer with organic matter content greater than or equal to 45% and organic fertilizer dosage of 30-45 t/hm2(ii) a 45% compound fertilizer 200kg/hm2。
Further, the nitrogen fertilizer is urea, and the dosage is 225-300 kg/hm2。
Example 2:
the embodiment provides a specific implementation mode of a safe production method of calcareous moderate and light cadmium-polluted vegetable field spinach, and the implementation places are as follows: the pH value of the viscous/soil moisture soil in Qing county of Cangzhou city, Hebei province is 8.07 averagely, the average cadmium content is 2.87mg/kg, and the average effective cadmium content is 0.137 mg/kg. Respectively carrying out field tests of low-accumulation cadmium spinach varieties, soil conditioners and leaf surface control agent products in 10 months in 2020 to 12 months in 2020; and (3) carrying out a verification test of comprehensive agricultural measures of the low cadmium accumulation spinach variety, the soil conditioner and the foliage resistance and control agent in 10-2021-12 months in 2021, wherein the blank control is local main spinach variety treatment, and the soil conditioner and the foliage resistance and control agent are not applied in the planting process.
(1) The soil conditioner is preferably prepared by the following method:
(A) maike pearl agent (bacillus subtilis is more than or equal to 2.0 hundred million/mL, exopolysaccharide is more than or equal to 1.0mg/mL), iron modified woody peat (iron and woody peat, pH is 8-10, total organic matter is more than or equal to 60%), Fengyou Wobao (humic acid and organic matter), Fengyou (organic matter is more than or equal to 20%, CaO is more than or equal to 15%, MgO is more than or equal to 8%), "Ningliang" brand 1(CaO is more than or equal to 33%, SiO is more than or equal to 33%)2Not less than 28 percent, MgO not less than 5 percent, pH value of 10-12), 'Ningliang' brand 2 (the number of effective viable bacteria is not less than 10 hundred million/g, organic matter is not less than 25 percent, CaO is not less than 18 percent, SiO2Not less than 15%, MgO not less than 2%, pH8-10), Yitukang (CaO not less than 35%, MgO not less than 2%, SiO2Not less than 8%, Mn not less than 0.7, pH: 11-13), shifeng (shell powder, pH: 10.54), elephant (calcium, magnesium, silicon, potassium and organic matter, pH: 12.67) and through fermentation (organic matter is more than or equal to 20%, CaO is more than or equal to 25%, SiO2Not less than 20%, MgO not less than 4%, pH: 9.41), macrospheres (silicon is more than or equal to 35%, calcium is more than or equal to 30%, magnesium is more than or equal to 5%, organic matter is more than or equal to 10%, zinc is more than or equal to 0.3%, boron is more than or equal to 0.3%, manganese is more than or equal to 0.2%, iron is more than or equal to 0.2%, viable count is more than or equal to 0.2 hundred million/g, pH: 10.93), pick-up bucket (minerals, pH: 8.64), HPS (containing calcium carbonate,Silicon, magnesium, etc., pH: 9.07) and 'Ning Liang' brand 3 (organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent, rich in calcium, magnesium, sulfur, zinc, iron and other medium and trace elements, pH: 8.50 percent of the fertilizer, coated manganese fertilizer (10 percent of water-based polyacrylate and 90 percent of manganese sulfate), coated zinc fertilizer (10 percent of water-based polyacrylate and 90 percent of zinc sulfate heptahydrate), and 16 products are to be selected and treated without applying a conditioner as a blank control.
(B) Before spinach is sowed, the soil conditioner is uniformly spread on the ground surface, then water is poured, and mechanical plowing is carried out at a proper time, the plowing depth is uniformly raked, and the plowing depth is about 15-20 cm.
(C) Selecting proper amount of plump and healthy seeds from the spinach variety planted in the current land, uniformly sowing the seeds on the ground surface, and covering soil.
(D) And (3) sampling after the spinach leaves enter a harvesting period, and respectively measuring the cadmium content, the yield and the effective cadmium content of the soil (the result is shown in table 1).
(E) Calculating the cadmium reduction rate of spinach and the reduction rate of the effective cadmium in the soil after the conditioner products are applied (the result is shown in table 2), and selecting the product with the cadmium reduction rate of spinach being more than 30% and the reduction rate of the effective cadmium in the soil being more than 50% as a soil passivation repair product; according to the standard, the coated zinc fertilizer soil conditioner is used as a preferable soil passivation repair product.
(2) The optimization method of the spinach variety with low cadmium accumulation comprises the following steps:
(A) 25 varieties of Boza No. 10, Shengbo No. I, Jingbo No. 700, Jingbo No. 186, Jingbo No. 210, Shenqi, Youfeng (import), autumn happiness, Hongtao, Jinghuo Jingang, heat-resistant king-in king, epoch, New epoch, Juyuan Bao, disease-resistant Sijiu green, ice beauty, big round leaf spinach (comparison, local main cultivar), totipotent big round leaf spinach, bolting-resistant spinach, astter, black queen 175, bortewei, duofu and borste are to be selected.
(B) Full and intact seeds of each variety are screened out, soaked in 5 percent potassium permanganate solution and then aired, and the seeds are evenly sown and covered with soil.
(C) And (5) sampling at the harvest time, and respectively measuring the cadmium content and the yield of the spinach (the results are shown in table 1).
(D) And (4) calculating the enrichment coefficient of each variety (see the result in table 1), and selecting the Jing spinach 186 with the enrichment coefficient less than 0.032 and the cadmium reduction rate of spinach more than 56% as the preferable spinach variety.
(3) The preferable method of the leaf surface control agent is as follows:
(A) 5 products of cadmium reduction agent (Si is more than or equal to 85g/L, pH: 5.0-7.0, Na is less than or equal to 10g/L, water insoluble substance is less than or equal to 10g/L), spray enrichment (Si is more than or equal to 100g/L, pH: 7.0-9.0, Na is less than or equal to 10g/L, water insoluble substance is less than or equal to 10g/L), other indexes are 1-3g/L of Se, Kangshou Lvsheng No. 1 (bee product, zinc sulfate and nano silicon), elephant (water-soluble silicon is used as a main raw material, organic matter, trace elements and other trace elements are added), Ningliang (zinc, manganese and other trace elements) are taken as products to be selected, and the treatment of not spraying a leaf surface resistance control agent is taken as a blank control.
(B) Selecting proper amount of plump and healthy seeds from spinach varieties planted in the same field, uniformly sowing the seeds on the ground surface, covering soil, watering enough water, and waiting for spinach to sprout.
(C) Spraying the foliage resistance and control agent according to the product use instruction from the middle growth period to the harvesting period of the vegetables, wherein the spraying time is preferably 4 pm later, and if rain falls after the spraying for 2 hours, the vegetables need to be applied again.
(D) And (4) sampling after the spinach seeds enter a harvesting period, and respectively measuring the cadmium content and the biomass of the spinach (the results are shown in table 3).
(E) Calculating the cadmium content and the cadmium reduction rate of the spinach after each foliage resistance and control agent product is applied (the result is shown in a table 3), and selecting the foliage resistance and control agent product with the cadmium reduction rate of more than 20 percent: a Chinese medicinal preparation for treating and preventing leaf surface injury.
(4) Application of soil conditioner: the optimized soil conditioner product coated zinc fertilizer is uniformly spread on the surface of the cadmium-polluted vegetable field soil, and the using amount per mu is 10 kilograms.
(5) And (3) irrigation: after the soil conditioner is applied, a proper amount of water is poured for maintenance.
(6) Application of a base fertilizer: before sowing, according to the organic fertilizer of 30-45 t/hm245 percent of compound fertilizer (15-15-15)200 kg/hm2The fertilizer is scattered in the vegetable field with medium and light cadmium pollution, and the soil is timely ploughed after scattering is finished.
(7) The method comprises the steps of soaking full and intact spinach seeds 186 spinach with low accumulation of cadmium in 5% potassium permanganate solution, airing, uniformly sowing the seeds, and covering soil.
(8) After spinach seedlings grow to 2-3 main leaves, watering and applying nitrogen fertilizer per mu, wherein the dosage of urea is 225-300 kg/hm2。
(9) Application of the foliar retarding and controlling agent: spinach is sprayed with the Ningliang grain leaf surface control agent 3 times from the growth middle period to the harvest period, the dosage of 300g per mu is diluted by 200 times at an interval of more than 7 days for each time, and the leaf surface spraying is carried out, wherein the spraying time is preferably 4 pm, and the spinach needs to be applied again when raining 2 hours after spraying.
(10) After the spinach enters the harvesting period, the overground part of the spinach and a soil sample are collected.
(11) And (4) determining the cadmium content of the spinach, the total cadmium content of the soil and the content of the available state.
The results of the soil conditioner screening were as follows:
TABLE 1 yield of spinach, spinach cadmium content, soil available cadmium content for different products
As can be seen from Table 1, the cadmium content of the overground part of the spinach treated by the 16 soil conditioner products to be selected is obviously different, the cadmium content of the spinach treated by the coated zinc fertilizer is the lowest, and the average cadmium reduction rate of the spinach is 32.94%; compared with a control, the yield of the spinach after the soil conditioner product is applied is not obviously different, and the reduction rate of the effective cadmium content in the soil is 53.77%. In general terms, the product is a suitable soil conditioner product.
The results of the low accumulation spinach variety selection were as follows:
TABLE 2 yield, cadmium content, enrichment factor of different spinach varieties
As shown in Table 2, there are significant differences in cadmium content among the 25 different spinach varieties, with the spinach variety with the highest cadmium content being about 2.52 times the lowest. The difference of cadmium absorption and accumulation capacities of different spinach varieties is large, the cadmium enrichment coefficient of the Beijing spinach 186 is the minimum and is 0.031, and the average cadmium reduction rate is 58.14 percent; and the yield of the variety is higher and is improved by 17.3 percent compared with the local main-cultivated spinach variety. Therefore, the spinach variety has low absorption capacity on cadmium and is a suitable spinach variety with low accumulation of cadmium.
The preferred results for the foliar drag control agents are as follows:
TABLE 3 yield of spinach in different products, spinach cadmium content
| Product(s) | Yield (kg/hm)2) | Spinach cadmium content (mg/kg) | Spinach cadmium reduction rate (%) |
| Control | 1829.9 | 0.221 | - |
| Cadmium reducing agent | 1818.7 | 0.194 | 12.35 |
| Spray rich | 2014.6 | 0.216 | 2.35 |
| Kangshou Lvsheng No. 1 | 1996.8 | 0.237 | -7.06 |
| Astronomical phenomena | 1905.4 | 0.220 | 0.59 |
| Ning grain | 1896.6 | 0.174 | 21.18 |
As can be seen from Table 3, the cadmium content of spinach treated by 5 different leaf surface control agent products has certain difference, the cadmium content of spinach treated by the Ning grain leaf surface control agent is the lowest, the average cadmium reduction rate of the spinach is 21.18%, and the yield of the spinach is not obviously different from that of a control. It can be seen that this product is a suitable foliar drag control agent product.
As shown in figures 1 and 2, by adopting the comprehensive agronomic measures of low cadmium accumulation spinach varieties, soil conditioners and leaf surface control agents in medium and light cadmium polluted alkaline vegetable fields, the cadmium content of the spinach is reduced by 62.90% compared with that of the spinach in a control mode, the effective cadmium content of the soil is reduced by 55.07%, and the cadmium content of the spinach is lower than the cadmium limit index in food: 0.2mg/kg (GB 2762-2017), and realizes the safe production of spinach.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: by utilizing the spinach variety with low accumulation of cadmium, the yield of the spinach is not reduced, and the cadmium content of the edible part of the spinach is reduced to the maximum extent; by applying the soil conditioner, the content of the cadmium in the effective state of the soil can be reduced, the growth of the spinach is promoted, and the migration of the cadmium in the soil to the edible parts of the spinach is effectively controlled. By spraying the foliage control agent, the absorption of the spinach on trace and beneficial elements such as zinc, iron, silicon and the like can be promoted, and the absorption of the spinach on cadmium can be effectively inhibited. By adopting the comprehensive agronomic measures of low cadmium accumulation spinach variety, soil conditioner and leaf surface blocking and controlling agent, the cadmium content of medium and light cadmium pollution alkaline vegetable field spinach is not over standard, the safe production of the medium and light cadmium pollution vegetable field spinach is realized, and the method has the characteristics of economy, safety, high efficiency, simplicity and easy realization, has no secondary damage to the environment and has wide application prospect.
The foregoing is a further detailed description of the invention in connection with specific preferred embodiments and it is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments described. For those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains, numerous simple deductions or substitutions may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, which shall be deemed to belong to the scope of the invention.
Claims (9)
1. A safe production method of calcareous moderate-light cadmium polluted vegetable field spinach is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1 screening to obtain an optimal soil conditioner product, a spinach variety and a leaf surface resistance control agent product;
s2, uniformly spreading the optimal soil conditioner product on the surface of the medium-light cadmium polluted vegetable field, then irrigating, mechanically turning over at a proper time, and uniformly raking;
s3 applying enough base fertilizer 1 day before spinach sowing;
s4, directly sowing the optimal spinach variety in a broadcast sowing mode, and applying a nitrogen fertilizer after 2-3 main leaves of the spinach seedling are watered;
s5, spraying the optimal foliage resistance and control agent product for 2-3 times from the spinach growing middle stage to the harvesting stage;
s6 after the spinach harvesting period, collecting the spinach overground part and soil samples;
s7 determining spinach cadmium content, soil cadmium content and effective state content.
2. The method for safely producing the calcareous moderate and light cadmium-polluted spinach as claimed in claim 1, wherein the screening to obtain the optimal soil conditioner product comprises:
applying a plurality of soil conditioner products to be selected collected in the market on the same cadmium-polluted soil, planting a spinach variety planted locally, measuring the cadmium content and the yield of spinach stems and leaves and the effective state cadmium content of the soil in a period to be harvested, and calculating the cadmium reduction rate and the effective state separation reduction rate of the spinach; and selecting a product with the cadmium reduction rate of spinach being more than 30 percent and the cadmium reduction rate of the soil effective state being more than 50 percent as an optimal soil conditioner product.
3. The method for safely producing spinach of the calcareous moderate and light cadmium pollution vegetable field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the selection of the optimal spinach variety comprises the following steps:
planting a plurality of spinach varieties to be selected collected in the market in the same cadmium-polluted soil, measuring the cadmium content and the yield of spinach stems and leaves in the period to be collected, calculating the cadmium content and the enrichment coefficient of the stems and leaves of each variety, and selecting the variety with the enrichment coefficient of less than 0.032 and the cadmium reduction rate of more than 56 percent as the optimal spinach variety.
4. The safe production method of the calcareous moderate and light cadmium pollution spinach in the vegetable field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the screening to obtain the optimal foliage resistance and control agent product comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of planting spinach varieties planted locally in the same cadmium-polluted soil, spraying a plurality of leaf surface resistance and control agent products to be selected collected in the market in the spinach growing period, measuring the cadmium content and the yield of the spinach in the period to be collected, calculating the cadmium reduction rate of the spinach, and selecting the product with the cadmium reduction rate of more than 20% as the optimal leaf surface resistance and control agent product.
5. The method for safely producing the vegetable field spinach with moderate and light cadmium pollution caused by lime as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the calculation formula of the reduction rate of the available cadmium in the soil is as follows:
the soil effective state cadmium reduction rate is [ (the content of soil effective state cadmium in contrast-verified product)/the content of soil effective state cadmium in contrast-processed product ] × 100%.
6. The safe production method of the calcareous moderate and light cadmium polluted spinach in the vegetable field as claimed in claim 3, wherein the enrichment factor is calculated by the following formula: the enrichment coefficient is spinach Cd content/soil total Cd content.
7. The method for safely producing spinach of the calcareous moderate and light cadmium-polluted vegetable field according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the cadmium reduction rate of the spinach is calculated by the following formula: and (3) the cadmium reduction rate of the spinach is (cadmium content of spinach subjected to conventional control treatment-cadmium content of spinach of a verified product)/heavy metal content of spinach subjected to control treatment) multiplied by 100%.
8. The safe production method of spinach with limy moderate and light cadmium pollution as claimed in claim 1, wherein the safe production method comprises the following steps: the base fertilizer comprises an organic fertilizer, the content of organic matters is more than or equal to 45%, and the using amount of the organic fertilizer is 30-45 t/hm2(ii) a 200kg/hm of 45 percent compound fertilizer2。
9. The safe production method of spinach with limy moderate and light cadmium pollution as claimed in claim 1, wherein the safe production method comprises the following steps: the nitrogen fertilizer is urea, and the dosage of the nitrogen fertilizer is 225-300 kg/hm2。
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