CN114765956A - 齐多夫定与四环素抗生素的组合 - Google Patents
齐多夫定与四环素抗生素的组合 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114765956A CN114765956A CN202080072061.2A CN202080072061A CN114765956A CN 114765956 A CN114765956 A CN 114765956A CN 202080072061 A CN202080072061 A CN 202080072061A CN 114765956 A CN114765956 A CN 114765956A
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- pharmaceutically acceptable
- tetracycline
- mycobacterium
- doxycycline
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
- A61P13/10—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the bladder
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/65—Tetracyclines
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
- A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
- A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
- A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
- A61K31/7068—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines having oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. cytidine, cytidylic acid
- A61K31/7072—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines having oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. cytidine, cytidylic acid having two oxo groups directly attached to the pyrimidine ring, e.g. uridine, uridylic acid, thymidine, zidovudine
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
- A61P13/02—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of urine or of the urinary tract, e.g. urine acidifiers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
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- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及包含齐多夫定或其药学上可接受的衍生物和四环素抗生素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药的组合,用于治疗微生物感染,特别是细菌感染比如尿路感染。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及齐多夫定或其药学上可接受的衍生物和选自本文定义的组的四环素抗生素化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药的组合,用于治疗微生物感染。特别地,涉及使用这类组合杀灭与微生物感染(例如革兰氏阴性菌感染,包括尿路感染)相关的增殖的(即对数期)微生物。
背景技术
在引入抗生素之前,患有急性微生物感染(例如肺结核或肺炎)的患者生存的几率低。例如,肺结核的死亡率约为50%。虽然1940年代和1950年代抗微生物剂的引入快速地改变了这个情景,但细菌已通过对通常使用的抗生素逐渐获得耐受性来反应。现在世界上每个国家都有耐抗生素细菌。
实际上,在美国引起医院获得性感染的超过70%的细菌抵抗至少一种通常用于对抗感染的主要抗微生物剂(Nature Reviews, Drug Discovery, 1, 895-910 (2002))。因此世界卫生组织已经将抗微生物耐受性归类为“不再是未来的预测的严重威胁,它现在正发生在世界上每个地区,且有可能影响任何国家任何年龄的任何人”(“Antimicrobialresistance: global report on surveillance(抗微生物耐受性:全球监测报告)”, 世界卫生组织,2014 年4月)。
面临严重耐受性问题的一组抗生素是用于治疗尿路感染(UTI)和特别是泌尿生殖系统感染的化合物。在来自英国公共卫生部的最近报道中,注意到2016年在由NHS实验室确认的细菌引起的超过100万尿路感染中抗微生物耐受性普遍(« English SurveillanceProgramme for Antimicrobial Utilisation and Resistance (ESPAUR) » (2017))。
因此迫切需要导致尿路感染的耐受性细菌的不断增长的问题的解决方案。
WO2014/147405描述了齐多夫定与选自粘菌素和多粘菌素B的多粘菌素组合用于治疗微生物感染的用途。WO2015/114340描述了齐多夫定与选自粘菌素或多粘菌素B的多粘菌素、抗结核抗生素和任选的胡椒碱的组合用于治疗微生物感染的用途,所述抗结核抗生素选自利福平、利福喷汀或利福布汀。WO2018/011562描述了包含齐多夫定和碳青霉烯以及任选的选自多粘菌素B和多粘菌素E的多粘菌素的组合。
发明内容
在治疗尿路感染中对于对抗抗微生物耐受性令人惊讶且非常重要的,申请人发现抗逆转录病毒药物齐多夫定与四环素抗生素具有协同效应。换言之,该组合比每种药剂在所述剂量水平预期的相加效应具有更大的生物活性。
齐多夫定(AZT)是一种核苷类似物逆转录酶抑制剂,一种抗逆转录病毒药物类型,其用于治疗HIV/AIDS感染。与其抗逆转录病毒活性一样,齐多夫定(AZT)的抗菌作用已在体外和体内二者都用革兰氏阴性细菌感染的实验模型证明(Hermann等人, AntimicrobAgents Chemther. 1992,5月; 36(5): 1081-1085)。还有报道,当与抗生素庆大霉素组合时,齐多夫定作为抗微生物剂具有活性(Doléans-Jordheim A.等人, Eur J ClinMicrobiol Infect Dis. 2011 10月;30(10):1249-56)。
当两种活性物组合使用时,协同作用是不可预测也不可预料的。因此本发明基于出人意料的发现,即当与四环素抗生素化合物或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药组合使用时,齐多夫定或其药学上可接受的衍生物展示出了针对对数期(即增殖的)微生物的协同抗微生物活性。当组合用于针对革兰氏阴性细菌时,看到显著的协同作用。
本发明的组合令人惊讶的生物活性提供了使某些尿路抗生素恢复活力的机会,针对这些抗生素已经产生了细菌耐受性。
在抗微生物药物的背景中的协同作用以多种方式测量,这些方式符合普遍接受的观点,即,“协同作用大于加和作用”。评估是否观察到协同作用的方法之一是使用“棋盘格(chequerboard)”技术。这是一种广为接受的方法,其导致产生被称为分级抑制浓度指数(FICI)的值。Orhan等人J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005, 43(1):140在140和141页的桥接段落处描述了棋盘格法和分析,并解释了FICI值是每个个体组分单独的和在混合物中的MIC(最小抑制浓度)水平之和的比率。当ΣFIC ≤0.5时,则认为组合是协同的,当ΣFIC>0.5但<4.0时,则认为是无差异的,当ΣFIC >4.0时,则认为是拮抗的。
用于确定协同作用存在或不存在的另一个公认的测试是使用时间-杀灭法。这涉及当随时间评价对细菌对数或静止生长的效果时,与单独的每种药物相比较的药物组合的动态效果。同样,可能的结果是协同、加和或拮抗效果。
在本发明的一个方面中,提供了齐多夫定或其药学上可接受的衍生物和四环素抗生素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药的组合,用于治疗微生物感染。
在本发明的另一个方面中,提供了齐多夫定或其药学上可接受的衍生物和四环素抗生素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药组合,在制造用于治疗微生物感染的药剂中的用途。
在本发明的另一个方面中,提供了四环素抗生素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药和齐多夫定或其药学上可接受的衍生物组合,在制造用于治疗微生物感染的药剂中的用途。
在再一个方面中,本发明提供了一种治疗微生物感染的方法,其包含将齐多夫定或其药学上可接受的衍生物和四环素抗生素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药组合,施用给哺乳动物,包括人。
在以上方面的每一个中,四环素抗生素可选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、赖甲四环素、甲氯环素、甲烯土霉素、二甲胺四环素(minocycline)、吡咯烷甲基四环素(rolitetracycline)、多西环素(doxycycline)、替加环素(tigecycline)、依拉环素(eravacycline)、萨瑞环素(sarecycline)、奥马达环素(omadacycline)和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。在以上方面中每一个的优选实施方案中,四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、甲氯环素、甲烯土霉素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。在更优选的实施方案中,四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。在甚至更优选的实施方案中,四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。在最优选的实施方案中,四环素抗生素是多西环素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药。
还提供了一种药物组合物,包含齐多夫定或其药学上可接受的衍生物和四环素抗生素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药的组合,以及药学上可接受的佐剂、稀释剂或载体,用于治疗微生物感染,优选地,其中微生物感染是细菌感染,例如革兰氏阴性细菌感染。四环素抗生素可以是如以上所定义的。
在再一个方面中,本发明涉及一种产品,包含齐多夫定或其药学上可接受的衍生物和四环素抗生素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药,作为同时、分开或序贯使用的组合制剂,用于杀灭与微生物感染相关的增殖的微生物。优选用于杀灭与细菌感染诸如革兰氏阴性细菌感染相关的增殖的细菌。四环素抗生素可以是如以上所定义的用于本发明其他方面的。
具体实施方式
如本文所使用的,表达“……的组合”和“与……组合”覆盖分开、序贯以及同时施用药剂。除非有相反说明,所述表达还旨在排除任何另外的活性物,例如“齐多夫定和多西环素的组合”指齐多夫定和多西环素分开、序贯或同时施用,但没有施用其他活性物。
当序贯施用所述药剂时,可首先施用齐多夫定或四环素抗生素化合物。当同时施用时,所述药剂可以在相同或者不同的药物组合物中施用。辅助治疗,即,将一种药剂用作主要治疗,而另外的(一种或多种)药剂用于辅助该主要治疗,也是本发明的一个实施方案。
本发明的组合可用于治疗微生物感染。特别是,其可用于杀灭与微生物感染相关的增殖的和/或临床上潜伏的微生物,优选与微生物感染相关的增殖的微生物,例如与革兰氏阴性细菌感染相关的增殖的细菌。因此本文提及的治疗微生物感染包括杀灭与这样的感染相关的增殖的和/或临床上潜伏的微生物。
如本文所使用的,“杀灭”意指通过代谢活动的缺乏评估的成活力的丧失。
如本文所使用的,“临床上潜伏的微生物”意指代谢上有活性的但生长速率低于感染性疾病表达的阈值的微生物。感染性疾病表达的阈值是指在其之下宿主中无感染性疾病症状的生长速率阈值。
临床上潜伏的微生物的代谢活动可以通过本领域技术人员已知的若干方法确定;例如,通过测量微生物中的mRNA水平或确定其尿苷摄取速率。在这方面,当与处于对数生长条件下的微生物(体外或体内)相比时,临床上潜伏的微生物具有减少的但仍旧显著水平的下列物质:
(I) mRNA (例如0.0001 - 50%,诸如1-30,5-25或10-20%的mRNA水平);和/或
(II) 尿苷(例如[3H]尿苷)摄取(例如0.0005-50%,诸如1-40,15-35或20-30%的[3H]尿苷摄取水平)。
临床上潜伏的微生物通常具有许多可识别的特征。例如,它们可为能存活的,但不可培养;即,它们通常不能通过标准的培养技术检测,但是通过诸如肉汤稀释计数法、显微镜法的技术或诸如聚合酶链式反应的分子技术则可检测和可定量。另外,临床上潜伏的微生物为表型耐药的,因而对常规抗微生物剂的生物抑制效应是敏感的(在对数期) (即常规抗微生物剂对其的最小抑制浓度(MIC)基本不变的微生物);但是对药物诱导的杀灭具有急剧下降的易感性(例如,用任何给定的常规抗微生物剂,最小杀微生物浓度(例如最小杀菌浓度,MBC)与MIC的比率为10或更大的微生物)。
如本文所使用的,术语“微生物”意指真菌和细菌。本文提及的“微生物的”、“抗微生物的”和“抗微生物地”应相应解释。例如,术语“微生物的”意指真菌的或细菌的,“微生物感染”意指任何真菌或细菌感染。
在本发明的各种实施方案中,前述组合中的一种或多种用于治疗细菌感染,特别是该组合可用于杀灭与细菌感染相关的增殖的和/或临床上潜伏的微生物。优选与细菌感染相关的增殖的细菌。如本文所使用的,术语“细菌”(及其衍生词,诸如“微生物感染”)包括但不限于提及的下列种类和具体类型的生物(或由生物引起的感染):
革兰氏阳性球菌,例如葡萄球菌属(例如金黄色葡萄球菌(Staph. aureus)、表皮葡萄球菌(Staph. epidermidis)、腐生葡萄球菌(Staph. saprophyticus)、耳葡萄球菌(Staph.auricularis)、头葡萄球菌头亚种(Staph.capitis capitis)、头葡萄球菌解脲亚种(Staph.c. ureolyticus)、山羊葡萄球菌(Staph.caprae)、科氏葡萄球菌科氏亚种(Staph.cohnii cohnii)、科氏葡萄球菌解脲亚种(Staph.c. urealyticus)、马胃葡萄球菌(Staph.equorum)、鸡葡萄球菌(Staph.gallinarum)、溶血葡萄球菌(Staph.haemolyticus)、人葡萄球菌人亚种(Staph.hominis hominis)、人葡萄球菌抗新霉素败血症亚种(Staph.h. novobiosepticius)、猪葡萄球菌(Staph.hyicus)、中间葡萄球菌(Staph.intermedius)、路邓葡萄球菌(Staph.lugdunensis)、巴氏葡萄球菌(Staph.pasteuri)、解糖葡萄球菌(Staph.saccharolyticus)、施氏葡萄球菌施氏亚种(Staph.schleiferi schleiferi)、施氏葡萄球菌凝聚亚种(Staph.s. Coagulans)、松鼠葡萄球菌(Staph.sciuri)、模仿葡萄球菌(Staph.simulans)、沃氏葡萄球菌(Staph.warneri)和木糖葡萄球菌(Staph.xylosus));链球菌属(例如,β-溶血性的化脓性链球菌(例如无乳链球菌(Strept.agalactiae)、狗链球菌(Strept.canis)、停乳链球菌停乳亚种(Strept.dysgalactiae dysgalactiae)、停乳链球菌马样亚种(Strept.dysgalactiaeequisimilis)、马链球菌马亚种(Strept.equi equi)、马链球菌兽瘟亚种(Strept.equizooepidemicus)、海豚链球菌(Strept. iniae)、豕链球菌(Strept.porcinus)和酿脓链球菌(Strept.pyogenes))、微需氧的化脓性链球菌(“米勒”链球菌(Streptococcus“milleri”),例如咽峡炎链球菌(Strept.anginosus)、星座链球菌星座亚种(Strept.constellatus constellatus)、星座链球菌咽炎亚种(Strept.constellatuspharyngidis)和中间链球菌(Strept.intermedius))、“轻型(mitis)”口腔链球菌属(α-溶血性草绿色链球菌(alpha-haemolytic - Streptococcus “viridans”),例如轻型链球菌(Strept.mitis)、口腔链球菌(Strept.oralis)、血链球菌(Strept.sanguinis)、嵴链球菌(Strept.cristatus)、戈氏链球菌(Strept.gordonii)和副血链球菌(Strept.parasanguinis))、“唾液型(salivarus)”口腔链球菌属(非溶血性的,例如唾液链球菌(Strept.salivarius)和前庭链球菌(Strept.vestibularis))和“变异型(mutan)”口腔链球菌属(牙齿表面链球菌,例如仓鼠链球菌(Strept.criceti)、变异链球菌(Strept.mutans)、鼠链球菌(Strept.ratti)和表兄链球菌(Strept.sobrinus))菌群、少酸链球菌(Strept.acidominimus)、牛链球菌(Strept.bovis)、粪链球菌(Strept.faecalis)、马肠链球菌(Strept.equinus)、肺炎链球菌(Strept.pneumoniae)和猪链球菌(Strept.suis),或可替代地被划分成A、B、C、D、E、G、L、P、U或V类链球菌的链球菌);
革兰氏阴性球菌,例如淋病奈瑟菌(Neisseria gonorrhoeae)、脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitidis)、灰色奈瑟氏球菌(Neisseria cinerea)、长奈瑟菌(Neisseriaelongata)、浅黄奈瑟菌(Neisseria flavescens)、乳糖奈瑟球菌(Neisseria lactamica)、粘液奈瑟球菌(Neisseria mucosa)、干燥奈瑟菌(Neisseria sicca)、微黄奈瑟菌(Neisseria subflava)和编织奈瑟球菌(Neisseria weaveri);芽孢杆菌科,例如炭疽芽孢杆菌(Bacillus anthracis)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)、嗜热脂肪芽胞杆菌(Bacillus stearothermophilus)和蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus);肠杆菌科,例如大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、肠杆菌属(例如产气肠杆菌(Enterobacter aerogenes)、集聚肠杆菌(Enterobacter agglomerans)和阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae))、柠檬酸杆菌属(例如弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrob.Freundii)和戴氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrob. divernis))、哈夫尼亚菌属(例如蜂房哈夫尼亚菌(Hafnia alvei))、欧文氏菌属(例如桃色欧文氏菌(Erwinia persicinus))、摩氏摩根菌(Morganella morganii)、沙门氏菌属(肠道沙门菌(Salmonella enterica)和伤寒沙门菌(Salmonella typhi))、志贺氏菌属(例如痢疾志贺菌(Shigella dysenteriae)、弗氏志贺菌(Shigella flexneri)、鲍氏志贺菌(Shigella boydii)和宋氏志贺菌(Shigellasonnei))、克雷伯氏菌属(例如肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebs. pneumoniae)、产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebs. oxytoca)、解鸟氨酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebs.Ornitholytica)、植生克雷伯氏菌(Klebs.Planticola)、臭鼻克雷伯氏菌(Klebs.Ozaenae)、土生克雷伯氏菌(Klebs.Terrigena)、肉芽肿克雷伯氏菌(Klebs.Granulomatis)(肉芽肿荚膜杆菌(Calymmatobacterium granulomatis))和鼻硬结克雷伯氏菌(Klebs.rhinoscleromatis))、变形杆菌属(例如奇异变形杆菌(Pr. Mirabilis)、雷极变形杆菌(Pr. Rettgeri)和普通变形杆菌(Pr. vulgaris))、普罗威登斯菌属(例如产碱普罗威登斯菌(Providencia alcalifaciens)、雷氏普罗威登斯菌(Providencia rettgeri)和斯氏普罗威登斯菌(Providencia stuartii))、沙雷氏菌属(例如粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratiamarcescens)和液化沙雷氏菌(Serratia liquifaciens))和耶尔森菌属(例如小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌(Yersinia enterocolitica)、鼠疫耶尔森菌(Yersinia pestis)和假结核耶尔森菌(Yersinia pseudotuberculosis));肠球菌(例如鸟肠球菌(Enterococcus avium)、酪黄肠球菌(Enterococcus casseliflavus)、盲肠肠球菌(Enterococcus cecorum)、殊异肠球菌(Enterococcus dispar)、耐久肠球菌(Enterococcus durans)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcusfaecalis)、屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)、黄色肠球菌(Enterococcus flavescen)、鹑鸡肠球菌(Enterococcus gallinarum)、海氏肠球菌(Enterococcus hirae)、病臭肠球菌(Enterococcus malodoratus)、蒙氏肠球菌(Enterococcus mundtii)、假鸟肠球菌(Enterococcus pseudoavium)、棉子糖肠球菌(Enterococcus raffinosus)和孤立肠球菌(Enterococcus solitarius));螺杆菌属(例如幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)、淫乱螺杆菌(Helicobacter cinaedi)和芬纳尔螺杆菌(Helicobacter fennelliae));不动杆菌属(例如鲍曼不动杆菌(A. baumanii)、醋酸钙不动杆菌(A. calcoaceticus)、溶血不动杆菌(A. haemolyticus)、约氏不动杆菌(A. johnsonii)、琼氏不动杆菌(A. junii)、鲁氏不动杆菌(A. lwoffi)和抗辐射不动杆菌(A. radioresistens));假单胞菌属(例如铜绿色假单胞菌(Ps. aeruginosa)、嗜麦芽假单胞菌(Ps. maltophilia)(嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia))、产碱假单胞菌(Ps. alcaligenes)、绿针假单胞菌(Ps. chlororaphis)、荧光假单胞菌(Ps. fluorescens)、浅黄假单胞菌(Ps. luteola)、门多萨假单胞菌(Ps. mendocina)、蒙氏假单胞菌(Ps. monteilii)、稻皮假单胞菌(Ps.oryzihabitans)、穿孔素假单胞菌(Ps. pertocinogena)、类产碱假单胞菌(Ps.pseudalcaligenes)、恶臭假单胞菌(Ps. putida)和斯氏假单胞菌(Ps. stutzeri));脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteriodes fragilis);消化球菌属(例如黑色消化球菌(Peptococcus niger));消化链球菌属;梭菌属(例如产气荚膜梭菌(C. perfringens)、艰难梭菌(C. difficile)、肉毒梭菌(C. botulinum)、破伤风梭菌(C. tetani)、不同梭菌(C. absonum)、阿根廷梭菌(C. argentinense)、巴氏梭菌(C. baratii)、双酶梭菌(C. bifermentans)、拜氏梭菌(C.beijerinckii)、丁酸梭菌(C. butyricum)、尸毒梭菌(C. cadaveris)、肉毒梭菌(C.carnis)、隐藏梭菌(C. celatum)、梭状梭菌(C. clostridioforme)、匙形梭菌(C.cochlearium)、耳蜗形梭菌(C. cocleatum)、谲诈梭菌(C. fallax)、戈氏梭菌(C.ghonii)、乙二醇梭菌(C. glycolicum)、溶血梭菌(C. haemolyticum)、矛形梭菌(C.hastiforme)、溶组织梭菌(C. histolyticum)、吲哚梭菌(C. indolis)、无害梭菌(C.innocuum)、不规则梭菌(C. irregulare)、柔嫩梭菌(C. leptum)、泥渣梭菌(C. limosum)、恶名梭菌(C. malenominatum)、诺维梭菌(C. novyi)、乳清酸梭菌(C. oroticum)、副腐败梭菌(C. paraputrificum)、毛状梭菌(C. piliforme)、腐化梭菌(C. putrefasciens)、多枝梭菌(C. ramosum)、败毒梭菌(C. septicum)、索氏梭菌(C. sordelii)、楔形梭菌(C.sphenoides)、产芽孢梭菌(C. sporogenes)、近端梭菌(C. subterminale)、共生梭菌(C.symbiosum)和第三梭菌(C. tertium));支原体(例如肺炎支原体(M. pneumoniae)、人型支原体(M. hominis)、生殖支原体(M. genitalium)和解脲支原体(M. urealyticum);分枝杆菌(例如结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)、鸟分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumavium)、偶发分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium fortuitum)、海分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriummarinum)、堪萨斯分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium kansasii)、龟分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumchelonae)、脓肿分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium abscessus)、麻风分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumleprae)、耻垢分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium smegmitis)、非洲分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumafricanum)、蜂房分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium alvei)、亚洲分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumasiaticum)、金色分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium aurum)、波西米亚分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumbohemicum)、牛分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium bovis)、布兰德分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumbranderi)、冬天分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium brumae)、隐藏分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumcelatum)、楚布医院分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium chubense)、汇合分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumconfluentis)、出众分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium conspicuum)、库氏分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium cookii)、微黄分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium flavescens)、加的斯分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium gadium)、胃分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium gastri)、日内瓦分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium genavense)、戈登氏分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium gordonae)、古德氏分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium goodii)、嗜血分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium haemophilum)、黑森分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium hassicum)、胞内分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium intracellulare)、中庸分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium interjectum)、海得堡分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium heidelberense)、慢生黄分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium lentiflavum)、玛尔摩分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriummalmoense)、微分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium microgenicum)、田鼠分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriummicroti)、产黏液分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium mucogenicum)、新金色分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium neoaurum)、无色分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum)、外来分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium peregrinum)、草分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium phlei)、瘰疬分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium scrofulaceum)、石氏分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium shimoidei)、猿分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium simiae)、斯氏分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium szulgai)、土分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium terrae)、抗热分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium thermoresistabile)、三重分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium triplex)、次要分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium triviale)、托斯卡纳分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tusciae)、溃疡分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium ulcerans)、母牛分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium vaccae)、沃氏分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium wolinskyi)和蟾分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium xenopi));嗜血杆菌属(例如流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae)、杜氏嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus ducreyi)、埃及嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus aegyptius)、副流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parainfluenzae)、溶血嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus haemolyticus)和副溶血嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parahaemolyticus));放线杆菌(例如伴放线放线杆菌(Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans)、马驹放线杆菌(Actinobacillus equuli)、人放线杆菌(Actinobacillus hominis)、林氏放线杆菌(Actinobacillus lignieresii)、猪放线杆菌(Actinobacillus suis)和脲放线杆菌(Actinobacillus ureae));放线菌属(例如衣氏放线菌(Actinomyces israelii));布鲁氏菌属(例如流产布鲁氏菌(Brucellaabortus)、犬布鲁氏菌(Brucella canis)、羊布鲁氏菌(Brucella melintensis)和猪布鲁氏菌(Brucella suis));弯曲杆菌属(例如空肠弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter jejuni)、大肠弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter coli)、红嘴鸥弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter lari)和胎儿弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter fetus));单核增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes);弧菌属(例如霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholerae)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)、溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)、鲨鱼弧菌(Vibrio carchariae)、河流弧菌(Vibriofluvialis)、弗氏弧菌(Vibrio furnissii)、霍氏弧菌(Vibrio hollisae)、梅氏弧菌(Vibrio metschnikovii)、拟态弧菌(Vibrio mimicus)和创伤弧菌(Vibriovulnificus));猪红斑丹毒丝菌(Erysipelothrix rhusopathiae);棒状杆菌科(例如白喉棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium diphtheriae)、杰氏棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium jeikeum)和解脲棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium urealyticum));螺旋体科,例如疏螺旋体属(例如回归热疏螺旋体(Borrelia recurrentis)、布氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferi)、阿氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia afzelii)、安德森疏螺旋体(Borrelia andersonii)、比赛蒂疏螺旋体(Borrelia bissettii)、嘎氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia garinii)、日本疏螺旋体(Borreliajaponica)、卢西塔尼亚疏螺旋体(Borrelia lusitaniae)、坦尼基疏螺旋体(Borreliatanukii)、土德疏螺旋体(Borrelia turdi)、瓦莱疏螺旋体(Borrelia valaisiana)、高加索疏螺旋体(Borrelia caucasica)、麝鼩疏螺旋体(Borrelia crocidurae)、达氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia duttoni)、格氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia graingeri)、赫氏疏螺旋体(Borreliahermsii)、西班牙疏螺旋体(Borrelia hispanica)、拉氏疏螺旋体(Borrelialatyschewii)、马氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia mazzottii)、扁虱疏螺旋体(Borrelia parkeri)、波斯疏螺旋体(Borrelia persica)、特里蜱疏螺旋体(Borrelia turicatae)和委内瑞拉疏螺旋体(Borrelia venezuelensis))和密螺旋体属(苍白密螺旋体的苍白亚种(Treponemapallidum ssp. pallidum)、苍白密螺旋体的地方亚种(Treponema pallidum ssp.endemicum)、苍白密螺旋体的极细亚种(Treponema pallidum ssp. pertenue)和品他密螺旋体(Treponema carateum));巴斯德氏菌(例如产气巴斯德氏菌(Pasteurellaaerogenes)、贝氏巴斯德氏菌(Pasteurella bettyae)、犬巴斯德氏菌(Pasteurellacanis)、达可马巴斯德氏菌(Pasteurella dagmatis)、鸡巴斯德氏菌(Pasteurellagallinarum)、溶血性巴斯德氏菌(Pasteurella haemolytica)、多杀巴斯德氏菌多杀亚种(Pasteurella multocida multocida)、多杀巴斯德氏菌鸡杀亚种(Pasteurellamultocida gallicida)、多杀巴斯德氏菌败血亚种(Pasteurella multocida septica)、侵肺巴斯德式菌(Pasteurella pneumotropica)和喉巴斯德氏菌(Pasteurella stomatis));鲍特氏菌属(例如支气管炎鲍特氏菌(Bordetella bronchiseptica)、欣氏鲍特氏菌(Bordetella hinzii)、霍氏鲍特氏菌(Bordetella holmseii)、副百日咳鲍特氏菌(Bordetella parapertussis)、百日咳鲍特氏菌(Bordetella pertussis)和创口鲍特氏菌(Bordetella trematum));诺卡氏菌科,例如诺卡氏菌属(例如星状诺卡氏菌(Nocardiaasteroides)和巴西诺卡氏菌(Nocardia brasiliensis));立克次体属(例如立氏立克次氏体(Ricksettsii)或贝氏柯克斯体(Coxiella burnetii));军团菌属(例如不同军团菌(Legionalla anisa)、伯明翰军团菌(Legionalla birminghamensis)、博杰曼军团菌(Legionalla bozemanii)、辛辛那提军团菌(Legionalla cincinnatiensis)、杜氏军团菌(Legionalla dumoffii)、菲氏军团菌(Legionalla feeleii)、戈尔曼氏军团菌(Legionalla gormanii)、哈氏军团菌(Legionalla hackeliae)、以色列军团菌(Legionalla israelensis)、约旦军团菌(Legionalla jordanis)、兰辛军团菌(Legionalla lansingensis)、长滩军团菌(Legionalla longbeachae)、马氏军团菌(Legionalla maceachernii)、米克戴德军团菌(Legionalla micdadei)、橡树岭军团菌(Legionalla oakridgensis)、嗜肺军团菌(Legionalla pneumophila)、圣海伦军团菌(Legionalla sainthelensi)、图森军团菌(Legionalla tucsonensis)和沃氏军团菌(Legionalla wadsworthii));卡他莫拉菌(Moraxella catarrhalis);Cyclosporacayetanensis;溶组织内阿米巴(Entamoeba histolytica);蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫(Giardialamblia);阴道毛滴虫(Trichomonas vaginalis);弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondii);嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia);洋葱伯克氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia);鼻疽伯克氏菌(Burkholderia mallei)和类鼻疽伯克氏菌(Burkholderia pseudomallei);土拉热弗朗西斯氏菌(Francisella tularensis);加德纳氏菌属(例如阴道加德纳氏菌(Gardneralla vaginalis)和Gardneralla mobiluncus);念珠状链杆菌(Streptobacillusmoniliformis);黄杆菌科,例如二氧化碳嗜纤维菌属(例如狗咬二氧化碳嗜纤维菌(Capnocytophaga canimorsus)、犬咬二氧化碳嗜纤维菌(Capnocytophaga cynodegmi)、牙龈二氧化碳嗜纤维菌(Capnocytophaga gingivalis)、颗粒二氧化碳嗜纤维菌(Capnocytophaga granulosa)、溶血二氧化碳嗜纤维菌(Capnocytophaga haemolytica)、黄褐二氧化碳嗜纤维菌(Capnocytophaga ochracea)和生痰二氧化碳嗜纤维菌(Capnocytophaga sputigena));巴尔通氏体(杆状巴尔通氏体(Bartonellabacilliformis)、克氏巴尔通氏体(Bartonella clarridgeiae)、伊丽莎白巴尔通氏体(Bartonella elizabethae)、汉氏巴尔通氏体(Bartonella henselae)、五日热巴尔通氏体(Bartonella quintana)和文氏巴尔通氏体阿如波亚种(Bartonella vinsoniiarupensis));钩端螺旋体(例如双曲钩端螺旋体(Leptospira biflexa)、博氏钩端螺旋体(Leptospira borgpetersenii)、稻田钩端螺旋体(Leptospira inadai)、问号钩端螺旋体(Leptospira interrogans)、科氏钩端螺旋体(Leptospira kirschneri)、野口氏钩端螺旋体(Leptospira noguchii)、圣他罗西钩端螺旋体(Leptospira santarosai)和韦氏钩端螺旋体(Leptospira weilii));螺菌属(例如减少螺菌(Spirillum minus));拟杆菌属(例如粪拟杆菌(Bacteroides caccae)、多毛拟杆菌(Bacteroides capillosus)、凝固拟杆菌(Bacteroides coagulans)、吉氏拟杆菌(Bacteroides distasonis)、埃氏拟杆菌(Bacteroides eggerthii)、福赛斯拟杆菌(Bacteroides forsythus)、脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)、屎拟杆菌(Bacteroides merdae)、卵形拟杆菌(Bacteroidesovatus)、腐败拟杆菌(Bacteroides putredinis)、化脓拟杆菌(Bacteroides pyogenes)、内脏拟杆菌(Bacteroides splanchinicus)、粪便拟杆菌(Bacteroides stercoris)、隐蔽拟杆菌(Bacteroides tectus)、多形拟杆菌(Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron)、单形拟杆菌(Bacteroides uniformis)、解脲拟杆菌( Bacteroides ureolyticus)和普通拟杆菌(Bacteroides vulgatus));普雷沃氏菌属(例如双路普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella bivia)、颊普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella buccae)、人体普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella corporis)、牙普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella dentalis)(齿光岗菌(Mitsuokella dentalis))、栖牙普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella denticola)、解糖胨普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella disiens)、抑制普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella enoeca)、解肝素普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella heparinolytica)、中间普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella intermedia)、洛氏普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella loeschii)、产黑素普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella melaninogenica)、变黑普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella nigrescens)、口普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella oralis)、口腔内普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella oris)、齿龈普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella oulora)、谭氏普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella tannerae)、Prevotella venoralis和动胶普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella zoogleoformans));卟啉单胞菌属(例如不解糖卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas asaccharolytica)、犬齿龈液卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonascangingivalis)、犬嘴卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas canoris)、犬口腔卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas cansulci)、卡托氏卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas catoniae)、牙周卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas circumdentaria)、狗口腔卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonascrevioricanis)、牙髓卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas endodontalis)、牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)、狗牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivicanis)、利氏卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas levii)和猕猴卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas macacae));梭杆菌属(例如微生子梭杆菌(F. gonadiaformans)、死亡梭杆菌(F. mortiferum)、舟形梭杆菌(F. naviforme)、坏疽梭杆菌(F. necrogenes)、坏死梭杆菌坏死亚种(F. necrophorumnecrophorum)、坏死梭杆菌肠形亚种(F. necrophorum fundiliforme)、具核梭杆菌具核亚种(F. nucleatum nucleatum)、具核梭杆菌梭形亚种(F. nucleatum fusiforme)、具核梭杆菌多形亚种(F. nucleatum polymorphum)、具核梭杆菌文氏亚种(F. nucleatumvincentii)、牙周梭杆菌(F. periodonticum)、拉氏梭杆菌(F. russii)、溃疡梭杆菌(F.ulcerans)和可变梭杆菌(F. varium));衣原体(例如沙眼衣原体(Chlamydiatrachomatis));隐孢子虫(cryptosporidium)(例如微小球隐孢子虫(C. parvum)、人隐孢子虫(C. homini)、犬隐孢子虫(C. cani)、猫隐孢子虫(C. felis)、火鸡隐孢子虫(C.meleagridis)和鼠隐孢子虫(C. muris));嗜衣原体(例如流产嗜衣原体(Chlamydophilaabortus)(鹦鹉热衣原体(Chlamydia psittaci))、肺炎嗜衣原体(Chlamydophilapneumoniae)(肺炎衣原体(Chlamydia pneumoniae))和鹦鹉热嗜衣原体(Chlamydophilapsittaci)(鹦鹉热衣原体(Chlamydia psittaci));明串珠菌属(例如柠檬明串珠菌(Leuconostoc citreum)、乳脂明串珠菌(Leuconostoc cremoris)、葡萄糖明串珠菌(Leuconostoc dextranicum)、乳明串珠菌(Leuconostoc lactis)、肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides)和假肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostocpseudomesenteroides));孪生球菌属(例如伯氏孪生球菌(Gemella bergeri)、溶血孪生球菌(Gemella haemolysans)、麻疹孪生球菌(Gemella morbillorum)和血液孪生球菌(Gemella sanguinis));以及脲原体属(例如细小脲原体(Ureaplasma parvum)和解脲脲原体(Ureaplasma urealyticum))。
优选地,由本文所述的组合治疗的细菌感染为革兰氏阴性细菌感染。可使用本发明的组合治疗的具体的革兰氏阴性细菌包括:
肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae),诸如大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)(例如肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebs. pneumoniae)和产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebs.oxytoca))和变形杆菌属(Proteus)(例如奇异变形杆菌(Pr. mirabilis)、雷极变形杆菌(Pr. rettgeri)和普通变形杆菌(Pr. vulgaris));流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilisinfluenzae);分枝杆菌(Mycobacteria),诸如结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumtuberculosis);和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)(例如阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae))。优选地,细菌是肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae),诸如大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)(例如肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebs. pneumoniae)和产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebs. oxytoca))。特别优选的是大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebs. pneumoniae)(例如肺炎克雷伯氏菌肺炎亚种(Klebs. pneumoniae subsp.pneumoniae))。
在所有实施方案中,优选组合治疗与单独施用组合成分相比是协同的。
本发明的组合特别有利于治疗(多)耐药性((M)DR)细菌。对于肠杆菌科,最经常建立起对碳青霉烯酶的耐药性,即碳青霉烯酶-耐受菌株和“超广谱β-内酰胺酶”(ESBL)菌株,例如新德里金属-β-内酰胺酶-1(New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1,NDM-1)耐受性肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebs. Pneumonia)和NDM-1大肠杆菌(E.coli)。
应记住的是,虽然如所要求保护的组合可能最初被证实对治疗(M)DR菌株有功能,但是其可另外用于治疗非耐受菌株。在本发明要求保护的组合的情况下这是极其有价值的,其中对肠杆菌科诸如大肠杆菌和克雷伯氏菌(例如肺炎克雷伯氏菌和产酸克雷伯氏菌)的主要治疗为由于普遍的专利保护而价格昂贵的抗微生物药。在政府正在寻求降低医疗保健的成本的时候,从治疗前景和财政/经济前景来看均认为用“未注册的”抗生素的组合代替这种“处方”药是有益的。
本发明的组合可用于治疗与任何上述细菌生物体有关的感染,并且特别地其可用于杀灭与此类感染相关的增殖的和/或临床上潜伏的微生物,例如革兰氏阴性细菌感染。
可以使用本发明的组合治疗的具体病症包括由革兰氏阴性细菌引起的那些,诸如脓肿、哮喘、杆菌性痢疾、细菌性结膜炎、细菌性角膜炎、细菌性阴道病、骨与关节感染、支气管炎(急性或慢性)、普鲁氏菌病、烧伤创面、猫抓热、蜂窝织炎、软下疳、胆管炎、胆囊炎、囊性纤维化、膀胱炎、肾炎、弥漫性泛细支气管炎、龋齿、上呼吸道疾病、脓胸、心内膜炎、子宫内膜炎、肠热病、肠炎、附睾炎、会厌炎、眼部感染、疖、加特纳菌阴道炎、胃肠道感染(胃肠炎)、生殖系统感染、龈炎、淋病、腹股沟肉芽肿、哈弗希尔热、烧伤感染、牙科手术后的感染、口部感染、与假肢有关的感染、腹内脓肿、军团病、钩端螺旋体病、李斯特菌病、肝脓肿、莱姆病、性病性淋巴肉芽肿、乳腺炎、乳突炎、脑膜炎和神经系统感染、非特异性尿道炎、眼炎(例如新生儿眼炎)、骨髓炎、耳炎(例如外耳炎和中耳炎)、睾丸炎、胰腺炎、甲沟炎、盆腔腹膜炎、腹膜炎、腹膜炎伴阑尾炎、咽炎、胸腔积液、肺炎、术后伤口感染、术后气性坏疽、前列腺炎、假膜性结肠炎、鹦鹉热、肾盂肾炎、Q热、鼠咬热、里特尔病、沙门菌病、输卵管炎、脓毒性关节炎、脓毒性感染、败血病、全身感染、扁桃腺炎、沙眼、伤寒、尿道炎、尿路感染、伤口感染;或由大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebs. pneumoniae)、产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebs. oxytoca)、奇异变形杆菌(Pr. mirabilis)、雷极变形杆菌(Pr.rettgeri,)、普通变形杆菌(Pr. vulgaris)、流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilis influenzae)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)和阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)引起的感染。
在一个实施方案中,本发明的组合用于治疗尿路感染。
将理解的是本文提及的“治疗”延伸至预防以及治疗确诊的疾病或症状。
如本文所使用的术语“药学上可接受的衍生物”意指:
(a) 药学上可接受的盐;和/或
(b) 溶剂化物(包括水合物)。
包括在本发明的组合中的化合物的药学上可接受的盐包括其合适的酸加成盐或碱盐。可以在Berge 等人, J Pharm Sci, 66, 1-19 (1977)中找到合适的药物盐的综述。
合适的酸加成盐包括羧酸盐(例如甲酸盐、乙酸盐、三氟乙酸盐、丙酸盐、异丁酸盐、庚酸盐、癸酸盐(decanoate)、癸酸盐(caprate)、辛酸盐、硬脂酸盐、丙烯酸盐、己酸盐、丙炔酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、柠檬酸盐、葡萄糖醛酸盐、谷氨酸盐、乙醇酸盐、α-羟基丁酸盐、乳酸盐、酒石酸盐、苯乙酸盐、扁桃酸盐、苯丙酸盐、苯丁酸盐、苯甲酸盐、氯苯甲酸盐、甲基苯甲酸盐、羟基苯甲酸盐、甲氧基苯甲酸盐、二硝基苯甲酸盐、邻乙酰氧基苯甲酸盐、水杨酸盐、烟酸盐、异烟酸盐、肉桂酸盐、草酸盐、丙二酸盐、琥珀酸盐、辛二酸盐、癸二酸盐、富马酸盐、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、羟基马来酸盐、马尿酸盐、邻苯二甲酸盐或对苯二甲酸盐)、卤化物盐(例如氯化物、溴化物或碘化物盐)、磺酸盐(例如苯磺酸盐、甲基-、溴-或氯-苯磺酸盐、二甲苯磺酸盐、甲磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐、丙磺酸盐、羟基乙磺酸盐、1-或2-萘-磺酸盐或1,5-萘二磺酸盐)或硫酸盐、焦硫酸盐、硫酸氢盐、亚硫酸盐、亚硫酸氢盐、磷酸盐、磷酸一氢盐、磷酸二氢盐、偏磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐或硝酸盐。合适的碱盐包括金属盐,例如钠、钙和胺盐。
例如,盐酸四环素、盐酸氯四环素、盐酸土霉素、水合土霉素、二水合土霉素、盐酸地美环素、水合盐酸地美环素、磺基水杨酸甲氯环素、盐酸甲烯土霉素、盐酸二甲胺四环素、海克多西环素(doxycycline hyclate)、盐酸多西环素、一水合多西环素、水合替加环素、盐酸萨瑞环素。
如本文所使用的术语“前药”意指抗微生物化合物,其中一个或多个基团被修饰,使得该修饰可以在施用给人类和哺乳动物受试者时被逆转。这样的逆转通常通过这样的受试者中天然存在的酶进行,尽管将第二药剂与这样的前药一起施用以在体内进行逆转是可能的。
这类修饰的实例包括酯形成(例如任何上述描述的那些),其中逆转可用酯酶等执行。其他这样的系统将为本领域技术人员所熟知。例如,齐多夫定是必须被磷酸化为其活性5'-三磷酸代谢物的前药。
本发明包括使用这些药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
本发明还包括化合物合适的所有旋光对映体和互变异构体。技术人员将识别具有光学性质(一个或多个手性碳原子)或互变异构特性的化合物。相应的旋光对映体和/或互变异构体可由本领域已知方法分离或制备。
本发明的组合中包括的一些化合物可能以立体异构体和/或几何异构体存在——例如它们可能拥有一个或多个不对称和/或几何中心,且因此可能存在两个或更多个立体异构和/或几何形式。本发明考虑使用那些抑制剂的所有单独的立体异构体和几何异构体,和它们的混合物。权利要求中所使用的术语涵盖这些形式,条件是所述形式保持适当的功能活性(虽然不一定到相同程度)。
本发明还包括化合物的所有合适同位素变体或其药学上可接受的盐。同位素变体或其药学上可接受的盐定义为其中至少一个原子被具有相同原子序数但原子质量不同于自然界中通常发现的原子质量的原子取代的物质。可以结合的同位素的实例包括氢、碳、氮、氧、磷、硫、氟和氯的同位素,比如分别为2H、3H、13C、14C、15N、17O、18O、31P、32P、35S、18F和36Cl。某些同位素变体例如其中结合了放射性同位素例如3H或14C的那些可用于药物和/或底物组织分布研究。特别优选氚化的即3H和碳-14即14C同位素,因为它们易于制备且可检测。此外,用同位素例如氘即2H取代,由于更好的代谢稳定性,可提供特定的治疗优势,例如体内半衰期增加或剂量需求减少,且因此在一些情况下可优选。同位素变体通常可以通过使用合适试剂的适当同位素变体的常规程序来制备。
本发明的组合中使用的化合物,包括其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药,是商业上可得的和/或可通过本领域已知的合成方法制备的。齐多夫定、四环素、盐酸四环素、氯四环素、盐酸氯四环素、土霉素、盐酸土霉素、水合土霉素、二水合土霉素、盐酸地美环素、水合盐酸地美环素、磺基水杨酸甲氯环素、盐酸甲烯土霉素、盐酸二甲胺四环素、多西环素、海克多西环素、盐酸多西环素、一水合多西环素、替加环素、水合替加环素和盐酸萨瑞环素例如从Sigma-Aldrich®可得。
其他商业供应商是本领域已知的。
齐多夫定是1-[(2R, 4S, 5S)-4-叠氮基-5-(羟甲基)氧杂环戊烷-2-基]-5-甲基嘧啶-2,4-二酮,且可通过处方以商品名Retrovir®获得。它也被称为3'-叠氮基-3'-脱氧胸苷或“AZT”,且具有以下化学结构:
四环素是一种用于治疗许多感染的抗生素,包括痤疮、霍乱、普鲁氏菌病、鼠疫、疟疾和梅毒。它是口服的且具有广谱的抗生素作用。它最初由链霉菌(Streptomyces)类型的细菌制成,且以品牌名Sumycin等出售,且可作为盐酸四环素以片剂形式获得。它的IUPAC化学名称为(4S,6S,12aS)-4-(二甲氨基)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-八氢-3,6,10,12,12a-五羟基-6-甲基-1,11-二氧代并四苯-2-甲酰胺。
四环素的化学结构是:
氯四环素是苯酚环上被氯取代的四环素;它是第一个被鉴定的四环素,且可以商品名金霉素(Aureomycin)获得。它的IUPAC化学名称为(4S,4aS,5aS,6S,12aR)-7-氯-4-(二甲氨基)-1,6,10,11,12a-五羟基-6-甲基-3,12-二氧代-4,4a,5,5a-四氢并四苯-2-甲酰胺,且化学结构如下:
土霉素是广谱四环素组的抗生素中第二个被发现的。它用于治疗由衣原体引起的感染,例如,胸部感染鹦鹉热、眼部感染沙眼和生殖系统感染尿道炎;以及由支原体生物引起的感染,例如肺炎。土霉素也用于治疗痤疮和由流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilis influenza)引起的感染,例如慢性支气管炎。它可作为二水合土霉素以片剂形式,或者以盐酸土霉素与氢化可的松组合作为软膏(Terra-Cortril软膏)获得。它的IUPAC化学名称为(4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6S,12aS)-4-(二甲氨基)-3,5,6,10,11,12a-六羟基-6-甲基-1,12-二氧代-4,4a,5,5a,6,12,12a-八氢并四苯-2-甲酰胺,且化学结构如下:
地美环素可以品牌名Declomycin、Declostatin、Ledermycin、Bioterciclin、Deganol、Detclo、Detravis、Meciclin、Mexocine和Clortetrin获得。它是来源于金霉素链霉菌(Streptomyces aureofaciens)突变菌株的四环素抗生素。地美环素适用于治疗各种类型的细菌感染,例如莱姆病、痤疮和支气管炎。它的IUPAC化学名称是(4S,4aS,5aS,6S,12aS)-7-氯-4-(二甲氨基)-3,6,10,12,12a-五羟基-1,11-二氧代-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-八氢-2-并四苯甲酰胺,且它具有以下结构:
赖甲四环素是由Galderma销售的广谱抗生素,其用于治疗一系列感染。赖甲四环素可以胶囊形式获得,且以各种品牌名包括Tetralysal销售。它的IUPAC名称为(2S)-6-[[[(4S,4aS,5aS,6S,12aR)-4-(二甲氨基)-1,6,10,11,12a-五羟基-6-甲基-3,12-二氧代-4,4a,5,5a-四氢并四苯-2-羰基]氨基]甲氨基]-2-氨基己酸,且它具有以下结构:
甲氯环素是局部用四环素抗生素。它的IUPAC名称为(4S,4aR,5S,5aR,12aR)-7-氯-4-(二甲氨基)-1,5,10,11,12a-五羟基-6-亚甲基-3,12-二氧代-4,4a,5,5a-四氢并四苯-2-甲酰胺,且它具有以下化学结构:
甲烯土霉素或甲烯土霉素用作水合强力霉素的工业合成中的前体,但它本身是一种四环素抗生素。它可以品牌名Esarondil、Physiomycine和Rotilen等获得。IUPAC名称为(4S,4aR,5S,5aR,12aR)-4-(二甲氨基)-1,5,10,11,12a-五羟基-6-亚甲基-3,12-二氧代-4,4a,5,5a-四氢并四苯-2-甲酰胺,且化学结构为:
二甲胺四环素,以Minocin等品牌名销售,是一种用于治疗大量细菌感染例如肺炎的四环素抗生素。它也用于治疗痤疮和类风湿性关节炎,以及其他皮肤感染,比如MRSA和莱姆病。二甲胺四环素是四环素类似物,在7位具有二甲氨基且在5位缺少甲基和羟基。二甲胺四环素的IUPAC名称是(4S,4aS,5aR,12aR)-4,7-双(二甲氨基)-1,10,11,12a-四羟基-3,12-二氧代-4a,5,5a,6-四氢-4H-并四苯-2-甲酰胺,且它具有以下化学结构:
吡咯烷甲基四环素是一种四环素抗生素,它是一种N-Mannich碱前药,由四环素通过与吡咯烷和甲醛缩合制备而来。它可以品牌名Reverin或Synterin获得,且IUPAC名称为(2Z,4S,4aS,5aS,6S,12aS)-4-二甲氨基-6,10,11,12a-四羟基-2-[羟基-(吡咯烷-1-基甲氨基)亚甲基]-6-甲基-4,4a,5,5a-四氢并四苯-1,3,12-三酮,且它具有以下化学结构:
多西环素是一种用于治疗由细菌和某些寄生虫引起的感染的抗生素。它用于治疗细菌肺炎、痤疮、衣原体感染、早期莱姆病、霍乱和梅毒以及许多其他感染。它可以品牌名Doryx、Doxyhexal和Doxylin等等获得。它是其中5β氢被羟基取代而6α羟基被氢取代的四环素。多西环素的IUPAC名称为(4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6R,12aR)-4-(二甲氨基)-1,5,10,11,12a-五羟基-6-甲基-3,12-二氧代-4a,5,5a,6-四氢-4H-并四苯-2-甲酰胺,且它的化学结构是:
替加环素是一种用于大量细菌感染的静脉施用抗生素。它以品牌名Tygacil由Pfizer销售,且用于治疗不同种类的细菌感染,包括复杂的皮肤和结构感染,复杂的腹腔内感染和社区获得性细菌肺炎。它的IUPAC名称为(4S,4aS,5aR,12aR)-9-[[2-(叔丁基氨基)乙酰基]氨基]-4,7-双(二甲氨基)-1,10,11,12a-四羟基-3,12-二氧代-4a,5,5a,6-四氢-4H-并四苯-2-甲酰胺,且具有以下化学结构:
依拉环素以品牌名Xerava(Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals)而被知晓,且是一种胃肠外施用的合成卤化四环素类抗生素。它对许多革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌具有广谱活性,这些细菌包括多药耐药菌株,比如MRSA和碳青霉烯耐受肠杆菌科细菌。依拉环素的IUPAC名称为(4S,4aS,5aR,12aR)-4-(二甲氨基)-7-氟-1,10,11,12a-四羟基-3,12-二氧代-9-[(2-吡咯烷-1-基乙酰基)氨基]-4a,5,5a,6-四氢-4H-并四苯-2-甲酰胺,且它具有以下化学结构:
萨瑞环素(商品名Seysara)已被FDA批准用于治疗中度至重度寻常痤疮,且是一种口服施用的四环素抗生素。它的IUPAC名称为(4S,4aS,5aR,12aR)-4-(二甲氨基)-1,10,11,12a-四羟基-7-[[甲氧基(甲基)氨基]甲基]-3,12-二氧代-4a,5,5a,6-四氢-4H-并四苯-2-甲酰胺,且它的化学结构如下:
奥马达环素是属于四环素抗生素的氨甲基环素亚类的广谱抗生素。奥马达环素和萨瑞环素二者都是第三代四环素化合物。奥马达环素以商品名Nuzyra而知晓,且口服用于治疗中度至重度感染,包括社区获得性肺炎和急性细菌皮肤和皮肤结构感染,奥马达环素的IUPAC名称是(4S,4aS,5aR,12aR)-4,7-双(二甲氨基)-9-[(2,2-二甲基丙基氨基)甲基]-1,10,11,12a-四羟基-3,12-二氧代-4a,5,5a,6-四氢-4H-并四苯-2-甲酰胺,且它具有以下化学结构:
在本发明的各种实施方案中,四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、赖甲四环素、甲氯环素、甲烯土霉素、二甲胺四环素、吡咯烷甲基四环素、多西环素、替加环素、依拉环素、萨瑞环素、奥马达环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
在优选的实施方案中,四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、甲氯环素、甲烯土霉素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。在更优选的实施方案中,四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。在最优选的实施方案中,四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。例如,四环素抗生素可以是多西环素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药。
根据发明使用的化合物可以作为原料施用,但优选以药物组合物的形式提供。化合物可作为分开的制剂或是作为单个组合制剂使用。当组合在同一制剂中时,将理解的是两种化合物必须稳定并且彼此相容并且与制剂中其他组分相容。
本发明的制剂包括适合口服、胃肠外(包括皮下,例如通过注射或储库片(depottablet)、鞘内、肌肉内(例如通过储库(depot)和静脉内)和直肠或以适合于通过吸入或吹入施用来施用的形式的那些。最合适的施用途径可取决于患者的病况和病症。优选地,本发明的组合物配制用于口服施用。。
所述制剂可便利地以单位剂量形式呈现,并且可通过任何药学领域熟知的方法制备,例如“Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (雷明顿:药学的科学与实践)”, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 第21版, (2005)中所描述。合适的方法包括使活性成分与构成一种或多种赋形剂的载体结合的步骤。一般而言,制剂通过均一和密切地使活性成分与液体载体或细分散的固体载体或两者结合,然后,如果需要,使产品成形为所需的制剂而制备。将理解的是当两种活性成分独立地施用时,每一种可通过不同的方式施用。
当用赋形剂配制时,活性成分可以总混合物重量的0.1-99.5%(诸如0.5-95%)的浓度存在;对于片剂和胶囊便利地为30-95%,对于液体制剂为 0.01-50%(诸如3-50%)。
适合口服施用的制剂可呈现为:离散单元诸如胶囊、扁囊剂或片剂(例如特别地用于儿科施用的咀嚼片),其每种均包含预定量的活性成分;以粉末或颗粒;以水性液体或非水性液体中的溶液或悬浮液;或以水包油型液体乳剂或油包水型液体乳剂。活性成分也可呈现为大丸剂、药糖剂或糊剂。
片剂可通过压制或模制制成,任选使用一种或多种赋形剂。压制片剂可通过在合适的机器中压制为自由流动形式例如粉末或颗粒的活性成分制备,其任选混合有其他常规赋形剂诸如粘合剂(例如糖浆、阿拉伯胶、明胶、山梨醇、黄芪胶、淀粉胶浆、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和/或羟甲基纤维素)、填充剂(例如乳糖、糖、微晶纤维素、玉米淀粉、磷酸钙和/或山梨醇)、润滑剂(例如硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸、滑石、聚乙二醇和/或二氧化硅)、崩解剂(例如马铃薯淀粉、交联羧甲基纤维素钠和/或淀粉乙醇酸钠)和润湿剂(例如十二烷基硫酸钠)。模制片剂可通过在合适的机器中模制粉末状活性成分与惰性液体稀释剂的混合物制成。所述片剂可任选包衣或刻痕,并且可配制以便提供活性成分的控释(例如延时、持续或脉冲释放,或速释与控释的组合)。
或者,活性成分可掺入口服液体制剂诸如水性或油悬浮液、溶液、乳剂、糖浆剂或酏剂中。包含活性成分的制剂也可呈现为在使用前用水或另一种合适的媒介物构造的干产品。
这些液体制剂可包含常规的添加剂诸如助悬剂(例如山梨醇糖浆、甲基纤维素、葡萄糖/糖糖浆、明胶、羟甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、硬脂酸铝凝胶和/或氢化可食用油)、乳化剂(例如卵磷脂、脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯和/或阿拉伯胶)、非水性媒介物(例如可食用油诸如杏仁油、分馏椰子油、油性酯、丙二醇和/或乙醇)、和防腐剂(例如对羟基苯甲酸甲基酯或丙基酯和/或山梨酸)。
根据本发明使用的组合可以在包装或分配装置中存在,所述包装或分配装置可包含一个或多个包含活性成分的单位剂量形式。所述包装例如可包含金属或塑料箔,诸如泡罩包装。当组合物意在作为两种分开的组合物施用时,这些可呈现为双包装形式。
药物组合物也可以以在单个包装中包含整个疗程的“患者包装”的形式开药给患者,通常为泡罩包装。患者包装优于传统处方(其中药师将患者的药物供应从散装供应分出)的优势在于,患者总是取得在患者包装中含有的包装插页,而在传统处方中通常将其遗失。已经显示包含包装插页改善患者对医嘱的遵从性。
通过包含指导患者正确使用本发明的包装插页的单个患者包装或每种组合物的患者包装施用本发明的组合是本发明的期望特征。
根据本发明的另一个实施方案,提供了包括至少一种根据本发明的组合的活性物和包含指导本发明组合的使用的信息插页的患者包装。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供联合地包含用于分开施用的抗微生物剂(优选具有对抗临床上潜伏的微生物的生物学活性)和一种或多种本文公开的化合物(优选具有对抗临床上潜伏的微生物的生物学活性)的双包装。
用于治疗所需的活性成分的量会随待治疗病况的性质以及患者的年龄和状况而变化,并且将最终由主治医师来定夺。然而一般而言,成人治疗采用的剂量会通常在每天0.02-5000 mg,优选每天1-1500 mg的范围内。所需的剂量可便利地以单个剂量或以按合适的间隔施用的分开剂量(例如每天二、三或更多个子剂量)呈现。
施用齐多夫定合适的剂量和制剂在Retrovir®口服溶液或胶囊的产品标签中描述,可见于http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/12444/SPC/Retrovir+250mg+Capsules/。
施用四环素抗生素合适的剂量和制剂在例如四环素片剂、土霉素片剂或包括盐酸土霉素的软膏、盐酸地美环素胶囊、赖甲四环素胶囊、盐酸二甲胺四环素胶囊或片剂、海克多西环素胶囊或片剂、一水合多西环素胶囊或片剂或者用于输注用溶液的替加环素粉末的产品标签中描述。技术人员可以很容易地找到这些标签,包括在https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/browse-ingredients#处搜索四环素抗生素。
因此本领域技术人员将容易获得和理解此信息。
生物学测试
可用于确定活性成分的生物学(例如杀菌或抗微生物)活性的测试程序包括本领域技术人员已知的用于确定下列的那些:
(a) 对临床上潜伏的细菌的杀菌活性;和
(b) 对对数期细菌的抗微生物活性。
关于上述(a),用于确定对临床上潜伏的细菌的活性的方法包括在本领域技术人员已知的条件(例如Nature Reviews, Drug Discovery 1, 895-910 (2002)中所述的那些,因此该公开内容通过引用结合)下确定测试化合物的最低稳定-杀灭浓度(MinimumStationary-cidal Concentration, “MSC”)或最低休眠杀灭浓度(Minimum DormicidalConcentration, “MDC”)。
例如,WO2000028074描述了筛选化合物以确定其杀灭临床上潜伏的微生物的能力的合适方法。典型的方法可包括以下步骤:
(1) 使细菌培养物生长至稳定期;
(2) 用一种或多种抗微生物剂以足以杀灭生长细菌的浓度和/或时间处理稳定期的培养物,从而选择表型耐药亚群;
(3) 用一种或多种测试化合物或试剂温育表型耐药亚群的样品;和
(4) 评估对表型耐药亚群的任何抗微生物作用。
根据该方法,表型耐药亚群可被视为体内保留代谢活性并且可导致疾病复发或发作的临床上潜伏的细菌的代表。
关于上述(b),用于确定抗对数期细菌的活性的方法包括在标准条件(即本领域技术人员已知的条件,诸如WO 2005014585中描述的那些,因此该文件的公开内容通过引用结合)下确定测试化合物的最小抑制浓度(“MIC”)或最小杀菌浓度(“MBC”)。这样的方法的具体实例在下文描述。。
实施例
齐多夫定 (AZT)和多西环素的体外协同效应
实施例1中所用的棋盘格法遵循了 Antimicrob Chemo (2013) 68, 374-384中详细描述的方案。齐多夫定和多西环素从商业可得的来源获得。所用的细菌是BAA2469 NDM-1大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、BAA2470 NDM-1肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiellapneumoniae)、BAA2471 NDM-1 大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、BAA2472 NDM-1 肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)和NCTC13443 NDM-1肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiellapneumoniae)。所有菌株从商业来源获得,且使用本领域已知的方法实施细菌的对数期生长。
本发明的组合的效果通过计算每个组合的分级抑制浓度指数(FICI)来考察,如下:
(以组合测试的药物A的MIC)/(单独测试的药物A的MIC)+(以组合测试的药物B的MIC)/(单独测试的药物B的MIC)。
如果FICI≤0.5,则组合的相互作用定义为显示协同作用,如果FICI>0.5但<4.0,则无相互作用,如果FICI>4.0,则为拮抗作用。
BAA2469 NDM-1 大肠杆菌
BAA2470 NDM-1 肺炎克雷伯氏菌
BAA2471 NDM-1 大肠杆菌
BAA2472 NDM-1 肺炎克雷伯氏菌
NCTC13443 NDM-1 肺炎克雷伯氏菌
表1. 与AZT组合的多西环素 MIC的降低
MIC降低≥4倍表明协同效应。对于多西环素+ AZT,针对所有测试的菌株显示协同效应,例如对于菌株BAA2469 NDM-1大肠杆菌或BAA2470 NDM-1肺炎克雷伯氏菌,针对菌株的多西环素MIC为64 mg/L,但与0.5 mg/L AZT组合,它的MIC降低至4,对于两种菌株都显示了16倍的降低。
Claims (23)
1.一种用于治疗微生物感染的组合,包含齐多夫定或其药学上可接受的衍生物和四环素抗生素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药。
2.根据权利要求1所述使用的组合,其中所述组合用于杀灭与微生物感染相关的增殖的微生物。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述使用的组合,其中所述微生物感染是细菌感染,且所述微生物是细菌。
4.根据权利要求3所述使用的组合,其中所述感染是革兰氏阴性细菌感染。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述使用的组合,其中所述感染是尿路感染。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述使用的组合,其中所述细菌感染是由肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)引起的,优选其中所述细菌感染是由大肠杆菌(E.coli)或肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)引起的。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述使用的组合,其中所述感染是由细菌的耐药菌株引起的。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述使用的组合,其中所述四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、赖甲四环素、甲氯环素、甲烯土霉素、二甲胺四环素、吡咯烷甲基四环素、多西环素、替加环素、依拉环素、萨瑞环素、奥马达环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
9.根据权利要求8所述使用的组合,其中所述四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、甲氯环素、甲烯土霉素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
10.根据权利要求9所述使用的组合,其中所述四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
11.根据权利要求10所述使用的组合,其中所述四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
12.根据权利要求11所述使用的组合,其中所述四环素抗生素是多西环素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药。
13.一种用于治疗微生物感染的药物组合物,包含齐多夫定或其药学上可接受的衍生物与四环素抗生素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药的组合,以及药学上可接受的佐剂、稀释剂或载体。
14.根据权利要求13所述的药物组合物,其中所述四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、赖甲四环素、甲氯环素、甲烯土霉素、二甲胺四环素、吡咯烷甲基四环素、多西环素、替加环素、依拉环素、萨瑞环素、奥马达环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
15.根据权利要求14所述的药物组合物,其中所述四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、甲氯环素、甲烯土霉素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
16.根据权利要求15所述的药物组合物,其中所述四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
17.根据权利要求16所述的药物组合物,其中所述四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药,优选其中所述四环素抗生素是多西环素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药。
18.一种产品,包含齐多夫定或其药学上可接受的衍生物和四环素抗生素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药,作为用于同时、分开或序贯用于治疗微生物感染的组合制剂。
19.根据权利要求17所述的产品,其中所述四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、赖甲四环素、甲氯环素、甲烯土霉素、二甲胺四环素、吡咯烷甲基四环素、多西环素、替加环素、依拉环素、萨瑞环素、奥马达环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
20.根据权利要求19所述的产品,其中所述四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、甲氯环素、甲烯土霉素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
21.根据权利要求20所述的产品,其中所述四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、地美环素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
22.根据权利要求21所述的产品,其中所述四环素抗生素选自四环素、氯四环素、土霉素、多西环素和其药学上可接受的衍生物和前药。
23.根据权利要求22所述的产品,其中所述四环素抗生素是多西环素或其药学上可接受的衍生物或前药。
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