CN114759355A - Multifunctional metamaterial - Google Patents
Multifunctional metamaterial Download PDFInfo
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- CN114759355A CN114759355A CN202210310594.0A CN202210310594A CN114759355A CN 114759355 A CN114759355 A CN 114759355A CN 202210310594 A CN202210310594 A CN 202210310594A CN 114759355 A CN114759355 A CN 114759355A
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
- H01Q15/0086—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B23/00—Machines, plants or systems, with a single mode of operation not covered by groups F25B1/00 - F25B21/00, e.g. using selective radiation effect
- F25B23/003—Machines, plants or systems, with a single mode of operation not covered by groups F25B1/00 - F25B21/00, e.g. using selective radiation effect using selective radiation effect
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q17/00—Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna; Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K9/00—Screening of apparatus or components against electric or magnetic fields
- H05K9/0073—Shielding materials
- H05K9/0081—Electromagnetic shielding materials, e.g. EMI, RFI shielding
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Shielding Devices Or Components To Electric Or Magnetic Fields (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a multifunctional metamaterial, which comprises a radiation refrigeration layer and a plurality of electromagnetic wave absorption units arranged on the surface of the radiation refrigeration layer in an array manner; the electromagnetic wave absorbing means is made of a material having a dielectric constant of 90 or more and a loss tangent of 0.008 to 0.01. The electromagnetic wave absorption units arranged in an array mode in the multifunctional metamaterial can achieve an electromagnetic wave absorption function under a small size, and the radiation refrigeration function of the radiation refrigeration layer can be fully exerted, so that the electromagnetic stealth and the radiation refrigeration function are effectively combined, the structure is simple, an additional active device is not needed, and energy consumption and weight are reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of metamaterials, in particular to a multifunctional metamaterial.
Background
At present, communication and delivery vehicles need to meet higher performance requirements in order to adapt to working environments, such as stabilizing the internal temperature environment of the transportation vehicles, hiding various detection devices simultaneously, cooling hidden high-speed flyers and the like, and development of related high-performance materials becomes a hot problem.
The thickness of the wave-absorbing coating commonly used for realizing electromagnetic stealth is large, and Salisbury screens and other composite wave-absorbing materials have the defects of difficult adaptation to communication and the appearance of a carrying tool and inconvenient large-area assembly and application; the realization of the refrigeration function usually needs to add an active device, for example, a blackbody radiation source needs to be matched with a cooling medium, so that the energy consumption and the whole weight are increased, the mobility is reduced, and the refrigeration effect still has a space for improvement. The realization of the electromagnetic stealth needs to cover materials with corresponding functions on the surface of the equipment in a large area, the passive radiation refrigeration effect is in direct proportion to the assembly area, the two structures are simply compounded to generally influence the stealth or refrigeration effect, and the process complexity is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to solving at least one of the problems of the prior art. Therefore, the invention provides a multifunctional metamaterial, which can realize stealth and radiation refrigeration functions under the condition of not obviously increasing energy consumption and weight, and has important significance for reducing weight and saving energy of equipment.
The invention provides a multifunctional metamaterial, which comprises a radiation refrigeration layer and a plurality of electromagnetic wave absorption units arranged on the surface of the radiation refrigeration layer in an array manner; the electromagnetic wave absorption unit is made of a material having a dielectric constant of 90 or more and a loss tangent of 0.008 to 0.01.
The multifunctional metamaterial provided by the embodiment of the invention has at least the following beneficial effects: the multifunctional metamaterial can realize the combination of electromagnetic stealth and radiation refrigeration functions by arranging a plurality of electromagnetic wave absorption units made of materials with high dielectric constants and high loss tangent values on the surface array of the radiation refrigeration layer. The radiation refrigeration layer can be used as a layout base layer of the electromagnetic wave absorption unit on one hand, and can realize the radiation refrigeration function on the other hand; the electromagnetic wave absorption units arranged in the array can be coupled with incident electromagnetic waves to generate magnetic resonance and absorb the electromagnetic waves, so that electromagnetic stealth is realized, and specifically, when the electromagnetic waves are transmitted to the electromagnetic wave absorption units arranged in the array, Mie resonance is generated inside the electromagnetic wave absorption units, a required regional electric field and a required magnetic field are produced, the electromagnetic waves near the resonance frequency are absorbed, and the stealth effect on the electromagnetic waves of the wave band is realized; the electromagnetic wave absorption unit is made of materials with high dielectric constant and high loss tangent value, the high loss tangent value of the materials can improve the electromagnetic wave absorption rate, and the high dielectric constant enables the electromagnetic wave absorption unit to realize the electromagnetic stealth wave absorption function under smaller size, the area ratio of the electromagnetic wave absorption unit on the surface of the radiation refrigeration layer under the same resonance condition can be reduced, a larger effective action area is provided for the radiation refrigeration layer, the mutual influence of the electromagnetic stealth and the refrigeration function structure is reduced, the full play of the function of the radiation refrigeration layer is facilitated, the section thickness of the whole structure can be reduced, and the weight reduction is realized; compared with the conventional electromagnetic stealth and radiation refrigeration combined device, the electromagnetic stealth and radiation refrigeration combined device has the advantages that an additional active device is not needed, and the integration level is high.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the electromagnetic wave absorption unit has a surface coverage of 1 to 10% on the radiation refrigeration layer. The surface refers to one surface of the radiation refrigeration layer, which is in contact with the electromagnetic wave absorption unit.
The active waveband of the electromagnetic wave absorption unit arranged in the array is a microwave frequency band, so that the material selection and the arrangement of the electromagnetic wave absorption unit need to meet the requirements of electromagnetic resonance and high dielectric constant and loss tangent value in the active waveband. In some embodiments of the present invention, the electromagnetic wave absorption units are periodically arranged in an equidistant array on the surface of the radiation refrigeration layer, so as to ensure that the resonant frequency of the working wavelength band is accurate. In addition, the electromagnetic wave absorption units can be designed to have the same shape and uniform intervals, the specific intervals can be obtained through simulation calculation, and the specific shape can be a cube, a sphere or other shapes.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the electromagnetic wave absorption unit comprises at least one wave-absorbing material selected from barium titanate, calcium titanate, barium strontium niobate, magnesium bismuth niobate, or the wave-absorbing material containing a doping substance selected from at least one of magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, and rare earth oxide, which may be lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, and the like. For example, barium strontium titanate doped with magnesium oxide may be used as a material of the electromagnetic wave absorption unit. There is no special requirement for the shape of the electromagnetic wave absorption unit in this application, and all shapes that can generate Mie resonance to satisfy the above electromagnetic resonance and electromagnetic enhancement requirements can be adopted, for example, the electromagnetic wave absorption unit can be designed as a cube structure, and can realize the absorption of electromagnetic waves near the resonance frequency through magnetic dipole electromagnetic resonance.
According to kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation, under the condition of thermal equilibrium, the absorptivity of an object to thermal radiation is constantly equal to the emissivity at the same temperature. Emissivity is the ratio of the radiant flux emitted by a black body at the same temperature to the radiant flux emitted by a unit area of the surface of an object and can be used to measure the ability of the surface of an object to release energy in the form of radiation. The higher the emissivity, the greater the ability of the object to radiate cooling. Thus increasing the absorptivity of the structure increases the radiation capability of the structure. Electromagnetic waves belonging to the thermal infrared window are rarely reflected, absorbed and scattered when passing through the atmosphere, if the multifunctional metamaterial has high emissivity in the thermal infrared window, the multifunctional metamaterial can form stable heat exchange with outer space serving as a constant cold source to realize refrigeration, and in some embodiments of the invention, the emissivity of a radiation refrigeration layer in a wave band of 8-14 mu m is set to be not lower than 80%; in addition, the absorption rate of the radiation refrigeration layer in a wave band with the wavelength of 0.3-2.5 microns is not higher than 30%, the absorption rate in the wave band is low, the absorption of the product metamaterial for solar radiation can be further reduced, the heat increase caused by sunlight irradiation is avoided, and the refrigeration effect is enhanced. Furthermore, the thickness of the radiation refrigeration layer can be controlled within 100 μm, so as to avoid affecting the transmittance of the solar radiation wave band.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the radiation-cooled layer includes a substrate and radiation-cooled particles dispersed in the substrate, and the radiation-cooled particles dispersed in the substrate are doped to generate higher-order phonon polarization resonance in an active wavelength band (mainly a thermal infrared window or a partial thermal infrared window wavelength band), so as to reduce the dispersion characteristic of the material, achieve broadband impedance matching with a free space, reduce reflection, and improve absorption.
The action wave band of the radiation refrigeration layer can cover an infrared wave band (such as a wave band of 8-14 mu m), and the radiation function layer can be designed into the infrared radiation refrigeration layer. In some embodiments of the invention, the substrate has a transmittance in the infrared band of not less than 80%; the radiation refrigeration particles are selected from at least one of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and silicon carbide. The shape, size and doping amount of the radiation refrigeration particles can be selected arbitrarily on the basis of meeting the following basic requirements: the size of the material corresponds to the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave generating high-order phonon polarization resonance, and under the condition of specific particle size and volume fraction, the material can generate high-order phonon polarization resonance in a wave band containing a thermal infrared window or a part of the thermal infrared window, so that the dispersion characteristic of the material is reduced, the material can be matched with free space to achieve broadband impedance, and high absorptivity, namely emissivity is achieved. Specifically, in the preparation process of the radiation refrigeration layer, high-order phonon polarization resonance can be obtained by adjusting the particle size and doping amount of the radiation refrigeration particles, the dispersion characteristic of the radiation refrigeration particle material is reduced, the broadband impedance matching condition with the free space is achieved in an infrared band, reflection is reduced, and high emissivity is achieved. The particle size of the particles can be adjusted according to the material parameters of the radiation refrigeration particles and the applied working wave band; the doping amount usually needs to find a balance point, because if the doping amount is too small, the refrigeration effect is weak, and if the doping amount is too large, the transmittance is affected, and the proper doping amount can be determined through simulation calculation. For example, the particle size of the radiation refrigeration particles can be controlled to be about 4 μm, and the doping amount can be controlled to be about 6%. The shape of the radiation refrigerating particles can be spherical, ellipsoidal, cubic or other shapes.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the substrate is selected from a polymer material or an inorganic material, and specifically, the polymer material or the inorganic material having a transmittance of not less than 80% in an infrared band may be selected, for example, the polymer material may be at least one selected from poly 4-methylpentene-1, polymethyl methacrylate and polydimethylsiloxane, and the inorganic material may be at least one selected from aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, zirconate and cerate.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the multifunctional metamaterial further includes a metal base layer, and the metal base layer is disposed on a surface of the radiation refrigeration layer away from the electromagnetic wave absorption unit. The metal base layer is used for blocking electromagnetic wave transmission and supporting the whole metamaterial structure, and can be used as a shared part of an electromagnetic stealth and infrared radiation refrigeration structure. In other embodiments of the present invention, the metal base layer may be eliminated, and the multifunctional metamaterial may be used with other devices having a surface similar to the above metal base layer, in particular, the multifunctional metamaterial is coated on the metal surface of the device in use, in particular, the radiation refrigeration layer on the multifunctional metamaterial is disposed to fit the metal surface of the device, and the metal surface of the device may be regarded as the metal base layer of the multifunctional metamaterial.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the material of the metal base layer is selected from a good conductor material or a semiconductor material. For example, a good conductor material such as gold, silver, copper, or aluminum may be used, or a semiconductor material such as germanium, gallium arsenide, or gallium nitride may be used.
In some embodiments of the present invention, a thickness of the metal base layer is greater than or equal to a skin depth of an electromagnetic wave of the multifunctional metamaterial. For example, if the electromagnetic wave acted by the multifunctional metamaterial is an infrared band electromagnetic wave, the thickness of the metal base layer is set to be greater than or equal to the skin depth of the infrared band electromagnetic wave to block the infrared electromagnetic wave from transmitting through the metal base layer.
Drawings
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and examples, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the multifunctional metamaterial obtained in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the multifunctional metamaterial according to the embodiment 1;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of the test of the absorption rate of electromagnetic waves at different frequencies by the multifunctional metamaterial according to the embodiment 1;
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the use of SiO with different particle sizes2Testing the equivalent refractive index of the PMMA film prepared by the glass microspheres;
FIG. 6 shows the IR band emissivity spectrum of the PMMA film obtained in example 1;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of the electromagnetic wave absorption rate test of the multifunctional metamaterial with different sizes for the electromagnetic wave absorption units under different frequencies;
fig. 8 is a graph of the results of the electromagnetic wave absorption rate test on different frequencies by the multifunctional metamaterial with the electromagnetic wave absorption units arranged in the array at different periods.
Detailed Description
The idea of the invention and the resulting technical effects will be clearly and completely described below in connection with the embodiments, so that the objects, features and effects of the invention can be fully understood. It is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments, and those skilled in the art can obtain other embodiments without inventive effort based on the embodiments of the present invention, and all embodiments are within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment prepares the multifunctional metamaterial, and the specific preparation process comprises the following steps:
s1, taking a metal Al plate with the thickness of 200 mu m as a metal base layer;
s2 solid SiO with diameter of 4 μm2Mixing the glass microspheres with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) slurry (the solvent is dimethylformamide), uniformly oscillating by ultrasonic waves, preparing a PMMA film on a metal base layer by casting, extruding, casting and other modes to form a radiation refrigeration layer with the thickness of about 100 mu m, wherein SiO is 2The volume of the glass microspheres is 6%;
s3, sintering ceramic plates on the PMMA film by adopting a BST-15 wt.% MgO (namely, 15 wt.% of MgO is doped in barium strontium titanate) ceramic material through solid-phase sintering or hot-pressing sintering and the like, preparing cubic electromagnetic wave absorption units with array distribution and side length of 1.63mm through wire cutting or laser cutting, and specifically forming square matrixes with the space of 12mm by the electromagnetic wave absorption units to prepare the multifunctional metamaterial. Through tests, the dielectric constant of the electromagnetic wave absorbing units arranged in the array is 106+0.92i, and the loss tangent value is 0.0087; in addition, the surface coverage area of the electromagnetic wave absorption unit on the radiation refrigeration layer accounts for about 1.8% of the total area of the upper surface of the radiation refrigeration layer.
The structural schematic diagram of the multifunctional metamaterial prepared above is shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the multifunctional metamaterial comprises a metal base layer 11, a radiation refrigeration layer 12 and a plurality of electromagnetic wave absorption units 13, the radiation refrigeration layer 12 is arranged on one surface of the metal base layer 11, and each electromagnetic wave absorption unit 13 is arranged on the other surface of the radiation refrigeration layer 12 away from the metal base layer 11 array; wherein, the metal base layer 11 is a metal Al plate; the radiation refrigerating layer 12 comprises a PMMA substrate and radiation refrigerating particles SiO dispersed in the PMMA substrate 2The material of the glass microsphere and the electromagnetic wave absorption unit 13 is BST-15 wt.% MgO ceramic material.
The working principle diagram of the multifunctional metamaterial is shown in fig. 3, the electromagnetic wave absorption units 13 arranged in an array and the metal base layer jointly act on a microwave band, particles generate magnetic resonance to absorb electromagnetic waves, and the metal base layer blocks transmission; the part of the radiation refrigerating layer 12 which is not blocked by the electromagnetic wave absorption unit 13 generates infrared band heat radiation for passive refrigeration.
The absorption rate of the multifunctional metamaterial on electromagnetic waves of different frequencies, which is obtained through calculation of CST STUDIO SUITE electromagnetic field simulation software, is shown in fig. 4, and as can be seen from fig. 4, the multifunctional metamaterial can realize perfect absorption of the electromagnetic waves of the frequencies when the electromagnetic stealth frequency band is 14.5 GHz. In the above embodiment, the material of the electromagnetic wave absorption unit is barium strontium titanate doped with magnesium oxide, wherein the magnesium oxide is usually doped to reduce the loss value of barium strontium titanate, and the material with lower loss value is usually not favorable for absorbing waves.
Emission of radiation refrigeration layer for investigating particle size of radiation refrigeration particles in radiation refrigeration layerInfluence of the ratio, SiO with a radius of 0.5. mu.m2Glass microspheres substituted for SiO with a radius of 2 μm in example 12Preparing PMMA film as a radiation refrigeration layer by using glass microspheres, and then respectively calculating by using equivalent medium theory through MATLAB software to obtain the SiO films with different grain diameters2The equivalent refractive index of PMMA film prepared by the glass microspheres.
The calculation method is as follows, medium microspheres are randomly and uniformly distributed in the matrix film material, the equivalent dielectric constant and the equivalent magnetic permeability of the whole film material can be obtained by the Mie scattering theory, and if N particles exist in a unit volume, the volume ratio of the doped microspheres is as follows:
where a is the microsphere radius. The dielectric constant, magnetic conductivity and refractive index of the microspherical particles are respectively epsilonp、μp、npThe dielectric constant, magnetic permeability and refractive index of PMMA matrix are epsilonm、μm、nm. Obtaining the Mie scattering coefficient as:
wherein x is ω a/c, a is the particle radius, c is the vacuum speed of light, and ω is the incident angular frequency; function psinAnd xinIs a Riccati-Bessel function. Further, the equivalent dielectric constant epsilon of the whole thin film material under the structure is obtained according to the equivalent medium theoryeffAnd equivalent magnetic permeability mu effComprises the following steps:
wherein KmIs the wavevector, μ, in the matrix0Is the magnetic permeability of vacuum, a1And b1To average the first order Mie scattering coefficient, the equivalent refractive index of the film material is:
the real part and imaginary part of the equivalent refractive index when the particle diameters are 0.5 μm and 2 μm are calculated by the above calculation formula are shown in FIG. 5.
The results obtained show that SiO with a radius of 2 μm is used2The PMMA film is prepared by controlling the volume ratio of the glass microspheres to be 6 percent and is used as a radiation refrigerating layer, the high emissivity can be realized, and SiO with the thickness of 0.5 mu m is adopted2The glass microspheres are prepared into the PMMA film under the same volume ratio, and the absorption effect is reduced because the material can not reach the broadband impedance matching condition due to the scattering property of the material. Therefore, high-order phonon polarization resonance can be obtained by adjusting the particle size and the volume ratio of the radiation refrigeration particles, the dispersion characteristic of the radiation refrigeration particle material is reduced, the equivalent refractive index of the film doped with the radiation refrigeration particles is obtained through the equivalent medium theory, the broadband impedance matching condition with the free space can be achieved in the infrared band, the reflection is reduced, and the high emissivity is achieved. The working frequency of the metamaterial can be adjusted by adjusting the size or the material composition of the radiation refrigeration particles of the radiation refrigeration layer.
In addition, the infrared band emissivity spectrum of the PMMA film in example 1 is obtained by using a transmission matrix method and by using MATLAB software, as shown in fig. 6, and under the normal incidence condition, the absorptivity, i.e., emissivity of the material is obtained by the transmission matrix theory calculation, and the obtained result shows that the PMMA film prepared in example 1 can achieve an absorptivity of nearly 1 at the atmospheric transparent window band, and is highly transparent at the solar radiation band, which indicates that the PMMA film can achieve the purpose of passive radiation refrigeration.
According to the multifunctional metamaterial, the electromagnetic wave absorption units arranged in the array mode in the multifunctional metamaterial can achieve the electromagnetic wave absorption function under the small size, the radiation refrigeration function of the radiation refrigeration layer can be fully exerted, the electromagnetic stealth and radiation refrigeration functions can be effectively combined, the structure is simple, an external driving device is not needed, energy consumption and weight are reduced, and the multifunctional metamaterial can be used in the fields of microwave stealth technology, antennas, security inspection, thermal radiation detection, thermal radiation imaging, nondestructive detection and the like.
In addition, the size (i.e., side length) and the period (i.e., pitch) of the electromagnetic wave absorption unit were adjusted, respectively, and a multifunctional metamaterial was prepared in the same manner as in example 1; the size adjustment is to adjust the side lengths of the cubic electromagnetic wave absorption units to be 1.4mm, 1.5mm, 1.6mm, 1.7mm and 1.8mm respectively, and the distance between the electromagnetic wave absorption units is 12mm as same as that in the embodiment 1; the period adjustment is to adjust the pitches between the electromagnetic wave absorbing means to 11mm, 13mm, 14mm, and 15mm, respectively, and the size of the electromagnetic wave absorbing means is 1.63mm, which is the same as that of example 1. Then, the absorption rates of the multifunctional metamaterial prepared above and the multifunctional metamaterial of example 1 to electromagnetic waves at different frequencies were calculated by CST study SUITE electromagnetic field simulation software, and the obtained results are shown in fig. 7 and fig. 8, respectively. According to the results obtained by the test, the working frequency of the metamaterial can be adjusted by adjusting the period and/or the structural dimension of the electromagnetic wave absorption unit. For example, the array period of the electromagnetic wave absorption units can be expanded, the structure size becomes larger, and the response wavelength is shifted to a long wavelength; the period is reduced, the structure size is reduced, and the response wavelength is shifted to short wavelength, so that the universal frequency range can be realized. Wherein the structural size of the electromagnetic wave absorption unit has a large influence on the influence wavelength.
Moreover, for the radiation refrigeration structure, the thickness of the metal base layer and the material of the metal base layer can be adjusted to ensure that the metal base layer basically has no absorption in the solar radiation wave band.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A multifunctional metamaterial is characterized by comprising a radiation refrigeration layer and a plurality of electromagnetic wave absorption units arranged on the surface of the radiation refrigeration layer in an array manner; the electromagnetic wave absorption unit is made of a material having a dielectric constant of 90 or more and a loss tangent of 0.008 to 0.01.
2. The multifunctional metamaterial according to claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic wave absorption unit has a surface coverage of 1-10% on the radiation refrigeration layer.
3. The multifunctional metamaterial according to claim 1, wherein the periodic equally spaced array of electromagnetic wave absorption units is disposed on a surface of the radiation refrigerating layer.
4. The multifunctional metamaterial according to claim 1, wherein the material of the electromagnetic wave absorbing unit comprises at least one absorbing material selected from barium titanate, calcium titanate, barium strontium niobate, bismuth magnesium niobate, or the absorbing material containing a dopant selected from at least one of magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, and rare earth oxide.
5. The multifunctional metamaterial according to claim 1, wherein the radiation cooling layer has an emissivity of not less than 80% in the 8-14 μm band and an absorptivity of not more than 30% in the 0.3-2.5 μm band.
6. The multifunctional metamaterial according to claim 5, wherein the radiation-cooled layer includes a substrate and radiation-cooled particles dispersed in the substrate; the transmittance of the base material in an infrared band is not lower than 80%; the radiation refrigeration particles are selected from at least one of silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and silicon carbide.
7. The multifunctional metamaterial according to claim 6, wherein the material of the substrate is selected from a polymeric material or an inorganic material; the polymer material is selected from at least one of poly 4-methylpentene-1, polymethyl methacrylate and polydimethylsiloxane, and the inorganic material is selected from at least one of alumina, zirconia, zirconate and cerate.
8. The multifunctional metamaterial according to any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprising a metal base layer disposed on a surface of the radiation cooling layer facing away from the electromagnetic wave absorption unit.
9. The multifunctional metamaterial according to claim 8, wherein the metal base layer is made of a material selected from a good conductor material or a semiconductor material.
10. The multifunctional metamaterial according to claim 8, wherein the thickness of the metal base layer is greater than or equal to a skin depth of the multifunctional metamaterial for the electromagnetic waves.
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