CN114720099B - Full-working-condition single-rod loaded electric spindle reliability test device - Google Patents

Full-working-condition single-rod loaded electric spindle reliability test device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114720099B
CN114720099B CN202111457084.8A CN202111457084A CN114720099B CN 114720099 B CN114720099 B CN 114720099B CN 202111457084 A CN202111457084 A CN 202111457084A CN 114720099 B CN114720099 B CN 114720099B
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swing arm
loading
electric spindle
rod
axial
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CN114720099A (en
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陈超
周乐
戴孟初
梁云东
周科成
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China Agricultural University
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China Agricultural University
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01MTESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M13/00Testing of machine parts
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/10Greenhouse gas [GHG] capture, material saving, heat recovery or other energy efficient measures, e.g. motor control, characterised by manufacturing processes, e.g. for rolling metal or metal working

Abstract

The invention discloses a reliability test device for an electric spindle loaded by a single rod under all working conditions, which comprises a radial swing arm part, an electric spindle assembly, a spherical loading bearing unit, an axial swing arm part, a loading rod, a quincunx elastic coupling and an electric dynamometer assembly, wherein the radial swing arm part is connected with the electric spindle assembly; the dynamometer drives the quincunx elastic coupling to rotate, and the loading rod transmits power to the spherical loading bearing unit and the electric spindle; the full-working-condition loading of the loading rod is realized by controlling the switch of the stepping motor through the radial swing arm component to linearly control the radial swing angle and controlling the switch of the stepping motor through the axial swing arm component to linearly control the axial swing angle, and the loading force of the loading rod is controlled through an electro-hydraulic servo system. The invention utilizes the innovative electro-hydraulic servo loading rod head and the spherical loading unit annular groove to realize the loading direction under all working conditions, overcomes the limitation of mechanical loading by the matching of a plurality of stepping motors and the speed reducer, and ensures that the loading can be linearly controlled, time and labor are saved, and the loading is more accurate.

Description

Full-working-condition single-rod loaded electric spindle reliability test device
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of reliability testing of key parts of mechanical equipment, in particular to an electric spindle reliability test bed which realizes full-working-condition loading of an electric spindle by simulating the stress condition of the electric spindle under an actual working condition by using a single loading rod.
Background
The development level of numerical control machines as industrial parent machines for modern machine manufacturing determines the upper limit of development of the machine industry in various countries, so that the research on numerical control machines at home and abroad is not stopped at all. The reliability of the electric spindle directly determines the precision, stability and the like of the whole numerical control machine tool due to the vital function of the electric spindle in the numerical control machine tool. Therefore, the reliability test of the electric spindle is significant.
The reliability of the electric spindle is researched, and the fault data under the actual working condition of the electric spindle is subjected to statistics, modeling, analysis and processing. The method for acquiring data mainly comprises two methods, wherein one method is to directly collect the fault data of the electric spindle in actual work; and the other method is to build an electric spindle reliability test bed in a laboratory to simulate the actual working condition to acquire fault data. The first method is not concerned gradually because of its disadvantages such as high cost, long cycle, irreproducibility, etc.; the second method is more popular among experts and scholars because of its advantages of controllable working condition, short period, rapid fault finding, etc.
The existing electric spindle reliability loading test device at home and abroad can be divided into a contact loading mode and a non-contact loading mode in terms of loading modes. At present, a part of contact type electric spindle reliability test beds adopt two loading rods such as a radial loading rod, an axial loading rod or an X-axis loading rod and a Y-axis loading rod to apply loads, so that the cost of the test device is improved, and the accuracy of simulating the actual stress condition of the electric spindle is reduced. For example, chinese patent publication No. CN104596759A, publication date 2015.05.06, discloses an electric spindle reliability test bed with hydraulic energy recovery.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention adopts a stable and reliable contact loading method, only one set of electro-hydraulic servo system is used for controlling loading, the cost of the test device is reduced, and the accurate loading under all working conditions is realized by matching the designed loading rod and the spherical loading unit.
In order to achieve the purpose and solve the technical problems existing at present, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the reliability test device for the electric spindle loaded by the single rod under the all-working condition comprises a radial swing arm part, an electric spindle assembly, a spherical loading bearing unit, an axial swing arm part, a loading rod, a quincunx elastic coupling and an electric dynamometer assembly, wherein the electric spindle reliability test device is arranged on a ground flat iron.
The ground flat iron is a reference plane for performing the work of precision detection, welding, assembly and the like, has a box-shaped appearance, has an absolutely horizontal working surface, can perform various tests which have the requirement on the level of an operation platform, and is provided with a T-shaped groove at the top end for fixing parts arranged on the surface of the ground flat iron.
The two groups of radial swing arm parts are symmetrically arranged and fixed on a ground flat iron through a speed reducer fixing support, and the left side and the right side of the axial swing arm part are respectively connected with the left group of radial swing arm parts and the right group of radial swing arm parts and are directly fixed on radial swing arms of the radial swing arm parts; the electric spindle assembly and the electric dynamometer assembly are arranged in the middle of the two groups of radial swing arm parts and below the axial swing arm parts and are fixed on the ground flat iron through bolts; the rotary axial direction of the spherical loading bearing unit, the loading rod and the quincunx elastic coupling is perpendicular to the ground iron, and the spherical loading bearing unit, the loading rod and the quincunx elastic coupling are connected with the electric spindle assembly and the electric dynamometer assembly.
The radial swing arm part comprises a speed reducer fixing support, a bevel gear speed reducer, a radial swing arm, a limiting gasket and two radial swing arm stepping motors with opposite rotation directions. Whole radial swing arm part passes through the reduction gear fixed bolster, with ground iron bolted connection, from two the opposite direction's that turn to opposite radial swing arm step motor output torque, through the awl tooth reduction gear, transmits for two little bevel gears inside the reduction gear, two turn to opposite little bevel gears theory simultaneously with big bevel gear meshing, with power transmission to big bevel gear's integral key shaft on, and then drive the radial swing arm swing that links firmly with the spline shaft. The limiting gasket is directly fixed on the speed reducer fixing support through the screw, and the radial swing arm stepping motor can rotate freely under the condition of not powering on, so that the radial swing arm with a large size can swing freely, and in order to prevent the free swing process from being dangerous, the radial swing arm is required to be placed in the limiting gasket before the radial swing arm stepping motor is powered off. The radial swing arm stepping motor can convert an electric pulse signal into corresponding angular displacement, and after the angular displacement is amplified by the bevel gear reducer, accurate linear control is easily realized.
The axial swing arm component comprises a ball screw horizontal sliding rail, a sliding block mounting platform, a rotary worm and gear reducer, an electro-hydraulic servo loading rod and two axial swing arm stepping motors with consistent steering. The whole axial swing arm part is connected to the radial swing arms of the left and right groups of radial swing arm parts through screws. The axial swing arm stepping motor is installed on the rotary worm gear reducer through screws, and two identical rotary worm gear reducers and an assembly consisting of the axial swing arm stepping motor are installed on the sliding block installation platform through screws, and the sliding block installation platform is fixedly connected with a sliding block on the ball screw horizontal sliding rail, so that horizontal line movement is realized. The electro-hydraulic servo loading rod is axially connected with the two sets of worm and gear speed reducers through the spline shaft, torque output from the axial swing arm stepping motor is transmitted to the worm inside the speed reducer through the worm and gear speed reducers, the worm is meshed with the worm to achieve steering and torque increasing, and power is transmitted to the spline shaft of the electro-hydraulic servo loading rod. The power of the electric main shaft is input to a component consisting of two groups of identical rotary worm and gear reducers and an axial swing arm stepping motor, the torque directions are consistent when the power is transmitted to a spline shaft of the electro-hydraulic servo loading rod, and the power and the torque are used for driving the electro-hydraulic servo loading rod to realize axial swing. In the axial swinging process, the angular displacement of axial swinging and the linear displacement of horizontal movement need to be continuously debugged for a 2mm rod head of the electro-hydraulic servo loading rod to accurately simulate the force loading direction under the actual working condition. The loading range of the electro-hydraulic servo loading rod is a circle with the maximum elongation as the radius, and in an actual test, only a 2mm rod head of the electro-hydraulic servo loading rod is loaded in an arc of the section of an 8mm annular groove of the spherical loading unit, so that the loading of the simulated actual working condition can be completed by reasonably matching the maximum elongation of the loading rod with the horizontal movement.
The spherical loading bearing unit comprises an 8mm annular groove spherical loading unit and a bearing end cover. The 8mm annular groove spherical loading unit is designed by a 2mm rod head of an electro-hydraulic servo loading rod matched with the axial swing arm component, and aims to apply accurate force on the loading unit more easily and realize full-working-condition loading.
The electric spindle assembly comprises an electric spindle, a clamping mechanism and an electric spindle supporting seat. The clamping mechanism clamps the electric spindle through bolt pre-tightening. The electric spindle supporting seat is connected with the clamping mechanism through the bolt, the electric spindle supporting seat can adapt to electric spindles of different specifications by changing the size of a base plate of the electric spindle supporting seat and adjusting the pre-tightening size of the bolt of the clamping mechanism, and a test bench can test various electric spindles.
The electric dynamometer component comprises a dynamometer and a dynamometer supporting seat. The dynamometer provides power for an electric spindle of the electric spindle assembly to simulate actual working conditions. The dynamometer supporting seat can also adapt to electric spindles of different specifications by replacing backing plates of different sizes, and the same test bench can be matched with the dynamometer supporting seat to test various electric spindles.
In summary, in the electric spindle test device of the present invention, the dynamometer of the electric dynamometer component drives the quincunx elastic coupling to rotate, the coupling connects the output shaft of the dynamometer with the loading rod shaft, and the loading rod transmits the power to the spherical loading bearing unit and the electric spindle. The full-working-condition loading of the loading rod is realized by controlling a radial swing arm stepping motor switch through a radial swing arm component to linearly control a radial swing angle, controlling an axial swing arm stepping motor switch through an axial swing arm component to linearly control an axial swing angle, and controlling the loading force of the loading rod through an electro-hydraulic servo system. The invention uses the innovative electro-hydraulic servo loading rod head and the spherical loading unit annular groove to realize the loading direction under all working conditions, overcomes the limitation of mechanical loading by the matching of a plurality of stepping motors and speed reducers, and ensures that the loading can be linearly controlled, the time and the labor are saved, and the loading is more accurate. More importantly, the test bed provided by the invention is suitable for stability test work of electric spindles with different specifications and lengths. The invention has strong universality, saves the cost investment of special equipment, is simple to operate and has good application prospect.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: unique ball-type load bearing unit design: by forming the 8mm annular groove at the maximum diameter of the spherical surface, the loadable angle of the electro-hydraulic servo loading rod of the axial swing arm part is increased, and the force (more accurate size and direction) in any direction applied by the cutter under the actual working condition can be simulated; using a stepper motor control component: the swing angles of the radial swing arm and the axial swing arm can be accurately controlled through the stepping motor, the response is quicker, the loading is more accurate, and the linear control is realized through the mutual matching; the invention can be suitable for the reliability tests of electric spindles of different models and specifications by adjusting the size of the backing plate and the position of the sliding block. The invention has strong universality, saves the cost investment of special equipment, is simple to operate and has good application prospect.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an overall schematic diagram of an electric spindle reliability testing device with full-working-condition single-rod loading
FIG. 2 is a top view of an electric spindle reliability testing device with full-condition single-rod loading
FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a radial swing arm member
FIG. 4 is an isometric view of an electric spindle assembly
FIG. 5 is an isometric view of a loading unit
FIG. 6 is an isometric view of an axial swing arm member
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an electric dynamometer
In the figure:
1. a radial swing arm member; 2. an electric spindle assembly; 3. a spherical loading bearing unit; 4. an axial swing arm member; 5. loading a rod; 6. a quincunx elastic coupling; 7. an electric dynamometer component; 8. floor iron
101. A reducer fixing bracket; 102. a bevel gear reducer; 103. a radial swing arm; 104. a limiting gasket; 105. radial swing arm stepping motor
201. An electric spindle; 202. a clamping mechanism; 203. electric main shaft supporting seat
301. A spherical loading unit; 302. bearing end cap
401. A ball screw horizontal slide rail; 402. a slider mounting platform; 403. an axial swing arm stepper motor; 404. An electro-hydraulic servo loading rod; 405. rotary worm-gear speed reducer
701. A dynamometer; 702. dynamometer support seat
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. As shown in fig. 1 and 2, fig. 1 is an overall schematic view of a full-operating-condition single-rod loaded electric spindle reliability test bed, and fig. 2 is a top view of the full-operating-condition single-rod loaded electric spindle reliability test bed, and the electric spindle reliability test bed mainly comprises a radial swing arm part 1, an electric spindle assembly 2, a spherical loading bearing unit 3, an axial swing arm part 4, a loading rod 5, a quincunx elastic coupling 6 and an electric dynamometer assembly 7. The experiment table is built on a ground flat iron 8 with a flat surface and a T-shaped groove, an electric spindle supporting seat 203 of an electric spindle assembly 2, a dynamometer supporting seat 702 of an electric dynamometer assembly 7 and a reducer fixing support 101 of a pair of radial swing arm parts 1 are sequentially fixed from a mounting angle, and the radial swing arm parts 1 are symmetrically arranged; the axial leads of the bevel gear reducer 102 of the radial swing arm part 1, the electric spindle 201 of the electric spindle assembly 2, the dynamometer 701 of the electric dynamometer assembly 7, the loading rod 5, the quincunx elastic coupling 6 and the spherical loading bearing unit 3 are coaxial, the radial swing arm 104 of the radial swing arm part 1 swings around the axial lead of the loading rod 5, the ball screw horizontal slide rail 401 of the axial swing arm part 4 is fixedly connected with the radial swing arm 103 of the radial swing arm part 1 through bolts, the two rotary worm gear reducers 405 of the axial swing arm part 4 are connected with the spline shaft of the electrohydraulic servo loading rod 404 and are always perpendicular to the axial lead of the loading rod 5, the worm gear reducer 405 of the axial swing arm part 4 and the electrohydraulic servo loading rod 404 are fixedly connected with the slide block mounting platform 402, and the slide block mounting platform 402 of the axial swing arm part 4 is slidably connected with the ball screw horizontal slide rail 401 of the axial swing arm part 4.
Fig. 3 is an axonometric view of a radial swing arm part of the full-working-condition single-rod loading electric spindle reliability test device, wherein the radial swing arm part 1 consists of a reducer fixing support 101, a bevel gear reducer 102, a radial swing arm 103, a limiting gasket 104 and a radial swing arm stepping motor 105. Because the rotation angle of the transmission shaft to be tested is not large during the test, the invention selects a low-speed large-torque stepping motor, two radial swing arm stepping motors 105 with the same type are set to have opposite rotation directions and are symmetrically arranged on a speed reducer fixing support 101, the bevel gear speed reducer 102 is fixedly connected to the speed reducer fixing support 101, a small bevel gear in the bevel gear speed reducer 102 is in flat key connection with the radial swing arm stepping motor 105, the axial lead of a large bevel gear is vertical to the axial leads of two small bevel gears which are symmetrically arranged, the radial swing arm 103 is connected with a large bevel gear shaft through a spline shaft, and the limiting gasket 104 is fixed on the speed reducer fixing support 101, so that the radial swing arm 103 is prevented from naturally falling to cause loss when the radial swing arm stepping motors 105 do not work. The design adopts symmetrical and paired installation for many times, and the swing arm can stably swing when swinging radially.
Fig. 4 is an axonometric view of an electric spindle assembly of the electric spindle reliability test device, wherein the electric spindle assembly consists of an electric spindle 2 and an electric spindle support seat 203, the electric spindle holding mechanism 202 is used for fixing and clamping an electric spindle 201, and reliability tests can be carried out on electric spindles of different models and specifications by matching with a base plate.
Fig. 5 is an axonometric view of a loading unit of the electric spindle reliability test device, and the ball-type loading bearing unit 3 consists of an 8mm annular groove ball-type loading unit 301 and a bearing end cover 302. The spherical surface of the spherical loading unit 301 is provided with an 8mm annular groove at the maximum diameter, so that the loadable angle of the electro-hydraulic servo loading rod 404 of the axial swing arm part 4 is increased, and the force (more accurate size and direction) in any direction applied by the cutter under the actual working condition can be simulated.
Fig. 6 is an axonometric view of an axial swing arm part of the electric spindle reliability test device, and the axial swing arm part 4 is composed of a ball screw horizontal slide rail 401, a slider mounting platform 402, an axial swing arm stepping motor 403, an electro-hydraulic servo loading rod 404 and a rotary worm gear reducer 405. The two rotary worm and gear reducers 405 are symmetrically installed on a sliding block installation platform 402, a screw sliding block and a guide rail sliding block of a ball screw horizontal sliding rail 401 are fixedly connected with the sliding block installation platform 402 and then are in sliding connection with the ball screw horizontal sliding rail 401, an axial swing arm stepping motor 403 is connected with a worm key of the rotary worm and gear reducer 405, the axis of the worm is perpendicular to the axis of a turbine, and an electro-hydraulic servo loading rod 404 is connected with the symmetrically-arranged worm and gear reducers 405 through spline shafts. With the design, a loading direction with any angle can be found in the 8mm annular groove of the ball type loading unit 301 by matching with a 2mm rod head of the electro-hydraulic servo loading rod 404.
Fig. 7 is a shaft diagram of an electric dynamometer of the reliability test device of the electric spindle, and the electric dynamometer component 7 is composed of a dynamometer 701 and a dynamometer support seat 702. Dynamometer 701 through holding screw and dynamometer supporting seat 702 fixed connection, dynamometer supporting seat 702 press from both sides mechanism 202 cooperation backing plate according to the electricity main shaft armful, can carry out the reliability test to different models and specification electricity main shafts.
The above embodiments are only used for illustrating the present invention, and the structure, connection mode, etc. of the components may be changed, and all equivalent changes and modifications based on the technical solution of the present invention should not be excluded from the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. The utility model provides a loaded electric main shaft reliability test device of full operating mode single pole which characterized in that:
the device comprises a radial swing arm part (1), an electric spindle assembly (2), a spherical loading bearing unit (3), an axial swing arm part (4), a loading rod (5), a quincunx elastic coupling (6) and an electric dynamometer assembly (7);
the electric spindle reliability test device is built on a horizontal iron (8) with a flat surface and a T-shaped groove, an electric spindle supporting seat (203) of an electric spindle assembly (2), a dynamometer supporting seat (702) of an electric dynamometer assembly (7) and a reducer fixing support (101) of a pair of radial swing arm parts (1) are sequentially fixed from the installation angle, and the radial swing arm parts (1) are symmetrically arranged;
the axial leads of a bevel gear reducer (102) of a pair of radial swing arm parts (1), an electric spindle (201) of an electric spindle assembly (2), a dynamometer (701) of an electric dynamometer assembly (7), a loading rod (5), a quincunx elastic coupling (6) and a spherical loading bearing unit (3) are coaxial;
the swing arm device is characterized in that a radial swing arm (103) of a radial swing arm component (1) swings around the axial lead of a loading rod (5), a ball screw horizontal sliding rail (401) of an axial swing arm component (4) is fixedly connected with the radial swing arm (103) of the radial swing arm component (1), two rotary worm and gear reducers (405) of the axial swing arm component (4) are connected with a spline shaft of an electro-hydraulic servo loading rod (404) and are always perpendicular to the axial lead of the loading rod (5), the rotary worm and gear reducers (405) of the axial swing arm component (4), the electro-hydraulic servo loading rod (404) are fixedly connected with a slide block mounting platform (402), and the slide block mounting platform (402) of the axial swing arm component (4) is in sliding connection with the ball screw horizontal sliding rail (401) of the axial swing arm component (4);
the spherical loading bearing unit (3) comprises a spherical loading unit (301) and a bearing end cover (302);
an 8mm annular groove is formed in the maximum diameter position of the spherical surface of the spherical loading unit (301), so that the loading angle of an electro-hydraulic servo loading rod (404) of the axial swing arm part (4) is increased, and the force in any direction applied by a cutter under the actual working condition is simulated.
2. The full-working-condition single-rod-loaded electric spindle reliability testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that:
the radial swing arm component (1) comprises a speed reducer fixing support (101), a bevel gear speed reducer (102), a radial swing arm (103), a limiting gasket (104) and a radial swing arm stepping motor (105);
the radial swing arm stepping motors (105) are low-speed large-torque stepping motors, and the two radial swing arm stepping motors (105) with the same type are set to have opposite rotation directions and are symmetrically arranged on the speed reducer fixing support (101);
bevel gear reduction gear (102) link firmly at reduction gear fixed bolster (101), little bevel gear is connected with radial swing arm step motor (105) parallel key in bevel gear reduction gear (102), big bevel gear axial lead is perpendicular with the little bevel gear axial lead that two symmetries were placed, radial swing arm (103) are connected with big bevel gear through the integral key shaft, spacing gasket (104) are fixed at reduction gear fixed bolster (101), prevent when radial swing arm step motor (105) are out of work, radial swing arm (103) naturally fall, adopt the symmetry, in pairs the installation, swing arm steady swing when guaranteeing radial swing.
3. The full-working-condition single-rod-loaded electric spindle reliability testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that:
the electric spindle assembly (2) comprises an electric spindle (201), a clamping mechanism (202) and an electric spindle supporting seat (203);
the electric spindle supporting seat (203) is fixedly connected with the electric spindle clamping mechanism (202), the electric spindle clamping mechanism (202) fixedly clamps the electric spindle (201), and the reliability test is carried out on the electric spindles of different models and specifications by matching with a base plate.
4. The full-working-condition single-rod-loaded electric spindle reliability testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that:
the axial swing arm component (4) comprises a ball screw horizontal sliding rail (401), a sliding block mounting platform (402), an axial swing arm stepping motor (403), an electro-hydraulic servo loading rod (404) and a rotary worm and gear reducer (405);
the two rotary worm and gear reducers (405) are symmetrically installed on a sliding block installation platform (402), a screw rod sliding block and a guide rail sliding block of a ball screw horizontal sliding rail (401) are fixedly connected by the sliding block installation platform (402) and then are in sliding connection with the ball screw horizontal sliding rail (401), an axial swing arm stepping motor (403) is in key connection with a worm rod of the rotary worm and gear reducers (405), the axis of the worm rod is perpendicular to the axis of the worm wheel, an electro-hydraulic servo loading rod (404) is connected with the symmetrically-arranged rotary worm and gear reducers (405) through a spline shaft, and a loading direction with any angle is found in an 8mm annular groove of a spherical loading unit (301) by matching with a 2mm rod head of the electro-hydraulic servo loading rod (404).
5. The full-condition single-rod loaded electric spindle reliability test device according to claim 1, characterized in that:
the electric dynamometer component (7) consists of a dynamometer (701) and a dynamometer support seat (702);
the dynamometer (701) is fixedly connected with a dynamometer supporting seat (702), and the dynamometer supporting seat (702) is matched with an electric spindle clamping mechanism (202) to use a base plate to perform reliability tests on electric spindles of different models and specifications.
CN202111457084.8A 2021-12-02 2021-12-02 Full-working-condition single-rod loaded electric spindle reliability test device Active CN114720099B (en)

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CN205300929U (en) * 2015-11-25 2016-06-08 吉林大学 Simulate electric main shaft reliability test device of sound attitude cutting force on line
CN106768994A (en) * 2017-03-20 2017-05-31 吉林大学 A kind of electro spindle reliability test of multiple physical field Combined Loading

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