CN114717547A - Laser cladding light path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in cladding process and working process thereof - Google Patents
Laser cladding light path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in cladding process and working process thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114717547A CN114717547A CN202210216927.3A CN202210216927A CN114717547A CN 114717547 A CN114717547 A CN 114717547A CN 202210216927 A CN202210216927 A CN 202210216927A CN 114717547 A CN114717547 A CN 114717547A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
- C23C24/103—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Abstract
The invention provides a laser cladding light path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in a cladding process and a working process thereof, wherein the laser cladding light path system comprises a laser cladding light path system and a preheating and remelting light path system; the laser cladding light path system comprises a second laser emitter, a polarization beam splitter prism, a planar lens and a convex lens, and the preheating and remelting light path system comprises a first laser emitter, a shutter, a beam shaper, a planar reflector, a polarization beam splitter prism, a planar lens and a convex lens. The laser cladding light path system is designed as a light path system in a laser cladding head, can realize preheating and surface pretreatment of a layer of coating or a matrix before being formed, can also realize remelting of a solidified and formed cladding layer undergoing cladding, reduces temperature gradient, effectively solves the problems of cracks and tissue nonuniformity caused by overlarge stress due to rapid cooling and rapid heating in cladding, can also effectively solve the problems of powder adhesion on the surface of the cladding layer, reduces the sensitivity of gas holes in a lap joint area, and improves the utilization rate of powder.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of laser cladding, in particular to a laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in a cladding process and a working process thereof.
Background
The laser cladding technology is characterized in that a computer is used for controlling a laser head to move according to a designed three-dimensional model, alloy powder is melted through laser radiation and is solidified layer by layer to form a three-dimensional part with good metallurgical quality and excellent performance, and a coating with low dilution rate, good wear resistance and corrosion resistance, high bonding strength and the like can be obtained on the surface of the part by the technology so as to realize the surface strengthening of the part. The coating forming stability and the internal quality directly determine the quality of the part and whether the part is qualified or not. In the laser cladding process, the powder adhered on the surface of the melting channel causes that pores are easy to generate in the lap joint area and become crack propagation sources due to stress concentration at the pores, and in addition, the powder adhered on the surface of the melting channel also reduces the surface flatness of the melting layer, further worsens the powder adhering condition, is not beneficial to forming stability and increases the defect forming sensitivity of the lap joint area. Meanwhile, due to the performance difference between the coating and the base material, the interface is cracked due to stress, so that the forming quality and stability of the part are influenced. The method can reduce large temperature gradient and residual stress caused by fast heating and fast cooling during single laser beam cladding by preheating the area to be clad, thereby reducing the tissue difference and the cracking sensitivity of the coating; the condition of powder sticking on the surface can be eliminated by remelting the coating, and the surface flatness of the coating is improved, so that the forming stability and the forming quality are improved; carrying out laser cladding by using coaxial double beams, namely: the Gaussian beam is used for powder laser cladding forming, the annular flat-top laser is used for preheating and remelting, preheating, laser cladding and laser remelting can be simultaneously realized, the method is not limited by the cladding direction, the forming process has higher freedom degree and more advantages of universality, the powder adhesion condition on the surface of the coating is reduced, the temperature gradient of the coating is reduced, the residual thermal stress is reduced, the tissue uniformity is improved, and therefore the interlayer metallurgical bonding quality and the forming stability are improved.
Disclosure of Invention
According to the laser cladding process, the powder adhered to the surface of the melting channel causes that pores are easy to generate in the lap joint area and become crack expansion sources due to stress concentration at the pores, and in addition, the powder adhered to the surface of the melting channel also reduces the surface flatness of the melting layer, further worsens the powder adhering condition, is not beneficial to forming stability, and simultaneously increases the defect forming sensitivity of the lap joint area; meanwhile, due to the technical problems that the forming quality and stability of parts are affected by the cracking of the coating and the base material caused by stress at the interface, the laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in the cladding process and the working process thereof are provided. The invention mainly utilizes the preheating and remelting optical path system to preheat the area to be clad, and can reduce large temperature gradient and residual stress caused by fast heating and fast cooling during cladding of single laser beam, thereby reducing tissue difference and coating cracking sensitivity; the preheating and remelting optical path system is used for remelting the coating, so that the condition of powder sticking on the surface can be eliminated, and the surface flatness of the coating is improved, thereby improving the forming stability and the forming quality; carrying out laser cladding by using coaxial double beams, namely: the Gaussian beam is used for powder laser cladding forming, the annular flat-top laser is used for preheating and remelting, preheating, laser cladding and laser remelting can be simultaneously realized, the method is not limited by the cladding direction, the forming process has higher freedom degree and more advantages of universality, the powder adhesion condition on the surface of the coating is reduced, the temperature gradient of the coating is reduced, the residual thermal stress is reduced, the tissue uniformity is improved, and therefore the interlayer metallurgical bonding quality and the forming stability are improved.
The technical means adopted by the invention are as follows:
a laser cladding light path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in a cladding process is a light path system of a laser cladding head, and comprises: the device comprises a first laser emitter, a shutter, a beam shaper, a plane reflecting lens, a second laser emitter, a polarization beam splitter prism, a plane lens and a convex lens;
the preheating and remelting optical path system consists of a first laser emitter, a shutter, a beam shaper, a plane reflecting lens, a polarization beam splitter prism, a plane lens and a convex lens which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom; the second laser emitter, the polarization beam splitter prism, the planar lens and the convex lens which are arranged in sequence from top to bottom form a laser cladding light path system; the preheating and remelting optical path system and the laser cladding optical path system share a polarization beam splitter prism, a planar lens and a convex lens;
the preheating and remelting optical path system, the laser cladding optical path system and the laser cladding head are matched to realize the preheating and remelting of the laser cladding coating; the laser cladding light path system is matched with the laser cladding head and the powder feeding channel and is used for realizing powder laser cladding forming;
the shutter is used for filtering stray light around the laser beam generated by the first laser transmitter, the beam shaper is used for shaping the laser beam passing through the shutter, the plane reflecting lens is used for adjusting the light path direction of the shaped laser beam, the shaped laser beam is reflected to enter the polarization splitting prism, and the shaped laser beam is sent to a laser cladding light path system to realize the preheating and remelting of a laser cladding coating;
the polarization beam splitter prism is used for reflecting the shaped laser beam reflected by the plane reflecting lens, the focusing of the shaped laser beam passing through the polarization beam splitter prism is realized through the plane lens and the convex lens, and the collected shaped laser beam is used for preheating or remelting a coating or a substrate; the polarization beam splitter prism can also transmit laser beams generated by the second laser emitter, the laser beams transmitted through the polarization beam splitter prism are focused through the plane lens and the convex lens, and powder laser cladding forming is realized by matching with the powder feeding channel.
Further, the beam shaper comprises a laser beam expander and an annular beam shaper which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom, the laser beam expander is used for expanding the diameter of a laser beam and reducing a divergence angle, the annular beam shaper is used for shaping the laser beam passing through the shutter and the laser beam expander into a stable annular flat-top laser beam, and the energy density of the annular flat-top laser beam in all areas of the laser beam is consistent.
Furthermore, the plane reflection lens forms an included angle of 45 degrees with the incident direction of the annular flat-top laser beam passing through the beam shaper, and the plane reflection lens is used for horizontally reflecting the annular flat-top laser beam into the polarization beam splitter prism, and the annular flat-top laser beam is reflected into the annular flat-top laser beam vertically downward through the polarization beam splitter prism.
Furthermore, the polarization beam splitter prism is formed by gluing the bevel edges of 2 equal-waist right-angle prism lenses, the incidence and transmission surfaces of the polarization beam splitter prism are plated with antireflection films, and the gluing surface is plated with a 45-degree bevel medium beam splitting film for realizing polarization; the laser beam generated by the second laser transmitter can directly transmit through the polarization beam splitter prism without reflection.
Further, the laser beam generated by the first laser emitter is a laser beam with gaussian distribution, the laser beam with gaussian distribution is an annular flat-top laser beam in the working area, and no laser beam exists in the middle of the annular flat-top laser beam.
Further, the laser beam generated by the second laser transmitter and the laser beam which is transmitted through the polarization beam splitter prism and is collected are gaussian distributed laser beams.
The invention also provides a working process of the laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in the cladding process, which comprises the following steps:
step one, a preheating and remelting light path system and a laser cladding light path system form a light path system of a laser cladding head, and the laser cladding head is arranged at a robot execution end or on a machine tool main shaft;
designing a laser cladding track according to the three-dimensional model of the molded part;
step three, preparing a laser cladding substrate and cladding powder;
and step four, setting laser cladding parameters in the laser cladding optical path system and laser parameters in the preheating and remelting optical path system according to the powder, and then performing a laser cladding experiment to form a laser cladding area.
Further, after the first laser transmitter in the laser cladding optical path system generates the gaussian distribution laser beam, the focused gaussian distribution laser beam for laser cladding is formed through the polarization beam splitter prism, the planar lens and the convex lens; after a second laser transmitter in the preheating and remelting optical path system generates a Gaussian distribution laser beam, an annular flat-top laser beam for preheating and remelting is formed through a shutter, a laser beam expander, an annular beam shaper, a plane mirror, a polarization beam splitter prism, a plane lens and a convex lens;
the laser beam expander is used for expanding the diameter of the laser beam, and the laser beam is a Gaussian distribution laser beam; the annular beam shaper is used for shaping the Gaussian distribution laser beam into an annular flat-top laser beam; the plane reflector changes the annular flat-topped laser beam transmitted in the vertical direction into the horizontal direction; the polarization beam splitter prism changes the annular flat-topped laser beam propagating in the horizontal direction into the vertical direction.
Further, the laser cladding area comprises three areas, namely a first area, a second area and a third area;
the first region is a remelting region, and the remelting region is a solidified coating;
the second area is a laser cladding area which is a cladding coating;
the third area is a laser preheating area, and the laser preheating area is a substrate or a solidified previous melting layer, namely the surface of the substrate or a solidified upper melting layer;
the remelting area of the first area is formed by remelting powder adhered to the surface of a coating solidified and formed by a Gaussian distribution laser beam by using an annular flat-top laser beam, so that the powder adhered to the surface is eliminated, the flatness of the coating is improved, conditions are provided for stable laser cladding of the next layer, and the defect of air hole cracks in the overlapping area of the coating is reduced; the first zone is carried out after the second zone;
the laser cladding area of the second area is formed by solidifying alloy powder into a coating by utilizing a Gaussian distribution laser beam;
the laser preheating area of the third area preheats a layer of fused solidified coating or a substrate by using an annular flat-top laser beam, so that excessive residual stress caused by quick heating and quick cooling is reduced, and the sensitivity of crack generation is reduced; the third zone is performed before the second zone.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. according to the laser cladding light path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in the cladding process and the working process thereof, the shutter can filter stray light around the laser beam; the beam expander can enlarge the diameter of the laser beam and reduce the divergence angle; the ring-shaped beam shaper shapes the expanded Gaussian beam into stable ring-shaped flat top light; the polarization beam splitter prism reflects the shaped laser beam to a laser cladding light path system; laser light sources in the laser cladding optical path system and the preheating and remelting optical path system are generated by 2 independent laser transmitters; the laser cladding light path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in the cladding process is designed to be a light path system in a laser cladding head, the laser cladding head can be installed on a robot execution end or a modified numerical control machine tool spindle, preheating and surface pretreatment of a layer of coating or a base body before being formed can be realized, remelting of a solidification forming cladding layer which is cladding can also be realized, the temperature gradient is greatly reduced, cracks and tissue nonuniformity caused by overlarge stress due to rapid cooling and rapid heating in cladding are effectively solved, meanwhile, powder adhesion on the surface of the cladding layer can also be effectively solved, the sensitivity of air holes in a lap joint area is reduced, and the powder utilization rate is improved.
2. According to the laser cladding light path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in the cladding process and the working process thereof, the preheating of the area to be clad can reduce large temperature gradient and residual stress caused by fast heating and fast cooling in single laser beam cladding, so that the tissue difference and the cracking sensitivity of a coating are reduced. The remelting of the coating can eliminate the condition of powder sticking on the surface and improve the surface smoothness of the coating, thereby improving the forming stability and the forming quality. Carrying out laser cladding by using coaxial double beams, namely: the Gaussian beam is used for powder laser cladding forming, the annular flat-top laser is used for preheating and remelting, preheating, laser cladding and laser remelting can be simultaneously realized, the method is not limited by the cladding direction, the forming process has higher freedom degree and more advantages of universality, the powder adhesion condition on the surface of the coating is reduced, the temperature gradient of the coating is reduced, the residual thermal stress is reduced, the tissue uniformity is improved, and therefore the interlayer metallurgical bonding quality and the forming stability are improved.
In conclusion, the technical scheme of the invention can solve the problems that in the laser cladding process, the powder adhered on the surface of the melting channel causes that air holes are easy to generate in the lap joint area and become crack expansion sources due to stress concentration at the air holes, and in addition, the powder adhered on the surface of the melting channel also reduces the surface flatness of the melting layer, further deteriorates the powder adhering condition, is not beneficial to forming stability, and simultaneously increases the defect forming sensitivity of the lap joint area; meanwhile, due to the performance difference between the coating and the base material, the interface cracks due to stress, thereby affecting the forming quality and stability of the part.
Based on the reasons, the invention can be widely popularized in the fields of laser cladding and the like.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a laser cladding optical path system capable of simultaneously performing preheating, cladding and remelting according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the gaussian light energy distribution generated by the laser transmitter of the present invention, wherein (a) is a front view and (b) is a top view.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the energy distribution of a circular mesa laser according to the present invention, wherein (a) is a front view and (b) is a top view.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of preheating, cladding and remelting processes in the specific working process of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the distribution of the preheating, cladding and remelting regions in the cladding process of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. a Gaussian distribution laser beam generated by a first laser transmitter; 2. a shutter; 3. a laser beam with Gaussian distribution without stray light; 4. a beam shaper; 4-1, a laser beam expander; 4-2, an annular laser shaper; 5. a ring-shaped flat-topped laser beam; 6. a planar reflective lens; 7. focusing the annular flat-topped laser beam; 8. powder bunching; 9. focusing the Gaussian distribution laser beam; 10. a powder feeding channel; 11. a convex lens; 12. a planar lens; 13. a gaussian laser beam and a circular flat-topped laser beam; 14. a polarization splitting prism; 15. a Gaussian distribution laser beam generated by a second laser transmitter; 16. melting; 17. a substrate; 18. a first region; 19. a second region; 20. and a third region.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is merely illustrative in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of exemplary embodiments according to the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
The relative arrangement of the components and steps, the numerical expressions and numerical values set forth in these embodiments do not limit the scope of the present invention unless specifically stated otherwise. Meanwhile, it should be understood that the sizes of the respective portions shown in the drawings are not drawn in an actual proportional relationship for the convenience of description. Techniques, methods, and apparatus known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art may not be discussed in detail but are intended to be part of the specification where appropriate. Any specific values in all examples shown and discussed herein are to be construed as exemplary only and not as limiting. Thus, other examples of the exemplary embodiments may have different values. It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, it need not be discussed further in subsequent figures.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the orientation or positional relationship indicated by the directional terms such as "front, rear, upper, lower, left, right", "lateral, vertical, horizontal" and "top, bottom", etc., are generally based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are used for convenience of description and simplicity of description only, and in the absence of any contrary indication, these directional terms are not intended to indicate and imply that the device or element so referred to must have a particular orientation or be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present invention: the terms "inner and outer" refer to the inner and outer relative to the profile of the respective component itself.
Spatially relative terms, such as "above … …," "above … …," "above … … surface," "above," and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one device or feature's spatial relationship to another device or feature as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is turned over, devices described as "above" or "on" other devices or configurations would then be oriented "below" or "under" the other devices or configurations. Thus, the exemplary term "above … …" can include both an orientation of "above … …" and "below … …". The device may be otherwise variously oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", and the like are used to define the components, and are only used for convenience of distinguishing the corresponding components, and the terms have no special meanings unless otherwise stated, and therefore, the scope of the present invention should not be construed as being limited.
As shown in the figure, the invention provides a laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in a cladding process, and is a laser cladding system capable of realizing real-time preheating, laser cladding and remelting simultaneously, namely the laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating, cladding and remelting in the cladding process.
The laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in the cladding process comprises a laser cladding optical path system and a preheating and remelting optical path system. The laser cladding light path system comprises a polarization beam splitter prism, a planar lens and a convex lens; the polarization beam splitter prism is provided with a 45-bevel medium beam splitting film which allows the laser beam to vertically enter and transmit, and the laser beam to horizontally enter and vertically refract; the preheating and remelting optical path system comprises a shutter, a beam shaper, a plane reflector, a polarization splitting prism, a plane lens and a convex lens; the beam shaper comprises a beam expander and an annular beam shaper; the shutter can filter stray light around the laser beam; the beam expander can enlarge the diameter of the laser beam and reduce the divergence angle; the annular beam shaper shapes the expanded Gaussian beam into stable annular flat top light; the polarization beam splitter prism reflects the shaped laser beam to a laser cladding light path system; the laser light sources in the laser cladding optical path system and the preheating and remelting optical path system are generated by 2 independent laser transmitters. The laser cladding light path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in the cladding process is designed to be a light path system in a laser cladding head, the laser cladding head can be arranged at a robot execution end or on a modified numerical control machine tool main shaft, preheating and surface pretreatment can be realized on a layer of coating or a matrix before being formed, remelting of a solidified and formed cladding layer undergoing cladding can also be realized, the temperature gradient is greatly reduced, cracks and tissue nonuniformity caused by overlarge stress due to rapid cooling and rapid heating in cladding are effectively solved, powder adhesion on the surface of the cladding layer can also be effectively solved, the sensitivity of gas holes in a lap joint area is reduced, and the powder utilization rate is improved.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1 to 5, the present invention provides a laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating, cladding and remelting in a cladding process, including a laser cladding optical path system and a preheating and remelting optical path system. The preheating and remelting optical path system consists of a first laser emitter, a shutter, a beam shaper, a plane reflecting lens, a polarization beam splitter prism, a plane lens and a convex lens which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom; and the second laser emitter, the polarization beam splitter prism, the planar lens and the convex lens which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom form a laser cladding light path system. The polarization splitting prism is arranged in the horizontal direction of the plane reflection lens. The preheating and remelting optical path system and the laser cladding optical path system share the polarization beam splitter prism, the planar lens and the convex lens. The preheating and remelting optical path system and the laser cladding optical path system form an optical path system of the laser cladding head. The powder feeding channel 10 is arranged at the laser cladding head and provides a powder beam 8 for the laser cladding process.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: the laser beam of the laser cladding optical path system is provided with a polarization beam splitter prism 14 before focusing. The laser beam is a gaussian distributed laser beam 1 generated by a second laser transmitter.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: a shutter 2 is arranged before beam shaping is carried out on laser beams generated by a laser transmitter in the preheating and remelting optical path system, and stray light around the laser beams can be filtered; the laser beam generated by the laser transmitter is a gaussian distributed laser beam 15 generated by the first laser transmitter. The laser beam 3 having a gaussian distribution without stray light can be formed by a shutter.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: the lower end of the shutter is provided with a beam shaper 4, the type of the beam shaper can be adjusted, and laser beam shaping with different characteristics is further realized.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: the lower end of the beam shaper is provided with a plane reflection lens 6, and the light path direction of the laser beam is adjusted by adjusting the angle of the lens.
The light reflected by the plane reflection lens enters a polarization beam splitter prism, and the shaped laser beam is sent to a laser cladding light path system to realize the preheating and remelting of the laser cladding coating.
Preferably, the laser cladding optical path system is mainly used for powder laser cladding forming.
Preferably, the polarization beam splitter prism is formed by gluing the bevel edges of 2 equal-waist right-angle prism lenses, antireflection films are plated on the incident and transmission surfaces of the polarization beam splitter prism, a medium beam splitting film is plated on the gluing surface to realize polarization, and a laser beam generated by the second laser transmitter can directly transmit through the polarization beam splitter prism without reflection.
Preferably, the laser beam generated by the second laser transmitter is focused by the plane lens 12 and the convex lens 11 to form the focused gaussian laser beam 9.
Preferably, the laser beam generated by the second laser emitter and the laser beam are both gaussian distributed laser beams after being focused.
Preferably, the beam shaper comprises a laser beam expander 4-1 and a ring laser shaper 4-2 (i.e., a ring beam shaper), wherein the laser beam expander can expand the diameter of the laser beam and reduce the divergence angle, the ring laser shaper can shape the gaussian beam into a stable ring flat top light, and the energy density of the ring flat top light in all regions of the laser beam is consistent.
Preferably, the plane reflection lens forms an angle of 45 degrees with the incident direction of the laser beam which is the annular flat-top laser beam 5 passing through the beam shaper.
Preferably, the annular flat-top laser beam reflected by the plane reflecting lens is horizontally incident to the polarization beam splitter prism, the annular flat-top laser beam is reflected by the polarization beam splitter prism to be the annular flat-top laser beam which is vertically downward, and the polarization beam splitter prism prevents the horizontal annular flat-top laser beam from transmitting so as to realize light beam reflection.
Preferably, the annular flat-top laser beam is reflected by the polarization beam splitter prism, and the focusing of the annular flat-top laser beam is realized through the planar lens and the convex lens to form the focused annular flat-top laser beam 7. The gaussian laser beam and the circular flat-top laser beam 13 in the figure are the focused circular flat-top laser beam 7 and the focused gaussian distributed laser beam 9.
Preferably, the laser beam generated by the first laser emitter is a gaussian distribution laser beam, the laser beam is an annular flat-top laser beam in the working area, and no laser beam exists in the middle of the annular flat-top laser beam.
Preferably, a focused annular flat-topped laser beam is used to preheat or reflow the coating or substrate 17.
Example 2
On the basis of embodiment 1, the invention also provides a working process of the laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in the cladding process, wherein the laser cladding matrix cladding process for preheating, cladding and remelting in the cladding process specifically comprises the following steps:
a. the laser cladding light path system and the preheating and remelting light path system are light path systems of a laser cladding head, and the laser cladding head is arranged at the execution end of the robot or on a modified machine tool spindle;
b. designing a laser cladding track according to the three-dimensional model of the molded part;
c. preparing a laser cladding substrate and cladding powder;
d. and setting laser cladding parameters in the laser cladding optical path system and laser parameters in the preheating and remelting optical path system according to the powder, and then performing a laser cladding experiment to form a laser cladding area.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: and after generating Gaussian distribution laser, a second laser in the laser cladding light path system penetrates through the polarization beam splitter prism, the planar lens and the convex lens to form a focused Gaussian distribution laser beam for laser cladding.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: after generating Gaussian distribution laser, a first laser in the preheating and remelting optical path system penetrates through a shutter, a laser beam expander, an annular laser shaper, a plane reflector, a polarization beam splitter prism, a plane lens and a convex lens to form an annular flat-top laser beam for preheating and remelting.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: the shutter is used for filtering out stray light around the laser beam.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: the laser beam expander is used for expanding the diameter of the laser beam, and the laser beam is a Gaussian distribution laser beam at the moment.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: the annular laser shaper is used for shaping the Gaussian distribution laser beam into an annular flat-topped laser beam.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: the plane mirror changes the annular flat-topped laser beam propagating in the vertical direction into the horizontal direction.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: the polarization beam splitter prism changes the annular flat-topped laser beam propagating in the horizontal direction into the vertical direction.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: the laser cladding area comprises three areas, as shown in fig. 5:
-in its laser-clad region the first region 18 is a remelted region, wherein said first region is a solidified coating;
-in its laser cladding area a second area 19 is a laser cladding area, wherein said second area is a coating being clad;
in the laser cladding area, the third area 20 is a substrate or a solidified previous cladding layer, wherein the third area is a substrate surface or a solidified cladding layer.
The remelting area of the first area is formed by remelting powder adhered to the surface of the coating solidified and formed by the Gaussian beam by using annular flat-top laser, so that the powder adhered to the surface of the melting channel 16 is eliminated, the flatness of the coating is improved, conditions are provided for stable laser cladding of the next layer, and the defects of air hole cracks and the like in the overlapping area of the coating are reduced. The first zone is performed after the second zone.
And the laser cladding area of the second area is formed by solidifying alloy powder into a coating by using a Gaussian beam.
The laser preheating area of the third area preheats a layer of solidified coating or a substrate before melting by using annular flat-top laser, so that overlarge residual stress caused by quick heating and quick cooling is reduced, and the sensitivity of crack generation is reduced. The third zone is performed before the second zone.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A laser cladding light path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in a cladding process is characterized in that the laser cladding light path system is a laser cladding head, and comprises: the device comprises a first laser emitter, a shutter, a beam shaper, a plane reflecting lens, a second laser emitter, a polarization beam splitter prism, a plane lens and a convex lens;
the preheating and remelting optical path system consists of a first laser emitter, a shutter, a beam shaper, a plane reflecting lens, a polarization beam splitter prism, a plane lens and a convex lens which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom; the second laser emitter, the polarization beam splitter prism, the planar lens and the convex lens which are arranged in sequence from top to bottom form a laser cladding light path system; the preheating and remelting optical path system and the laser cladding optical path system share a polarization beam splitter prism, a planar lens and a convex lens;
the preheating and remelting optical path system, the laser cladding optical path system and the laser cladding head are matched to realize the preheating and remelting of the laser cladding coating; the laser cladding light path system is matched with the laser cladding head and the powder feeding channel and is used for realizing powder laser cladding forming;
the shutter is used for filtering stray light around the laser beam generated by the first laser transmitter, the beam shaper is used for shaping the laser beam passing through the shutter, the plane reflecting lens is used for adjusting the light path direction of the shaped laser beam, the shaped laser beam is reflected to enter the polarization splitting prism, and the shaped laser beam is sent to a laser cladding light path system to realize the preheating and remelting of a laser cladding coating;
the polarization beam splitter prism is used for reflecting the shaped laser beam reflected by the plane reflecting lens, the focusing of the shaped laser beam by the polarization beam splitter prism is realized by the plane lens and the convex lens, and the collected shaped laser beam is used for preheating or remelting a coating or a substrate; the polarization beam splitter prism can also transmit laser beams generated by the second laser emitter, the laser beams transmitted through the polarization beam splitter prism are focused through the plane lens and the convex lens, and powder laser cladding forming is realized by matching with the powder feeding channel.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the beam shaper comprises a laser beam expander and a ring beam shaper, the laser beam expander is arranged from top to bottom, the laser beam expander is used for expanding the diameter of the laser beam and reducing the divergence angle, the ring beam shaper is used for shaping the laser beam passing through the shutter and the laser beam expander into a stable ring-shaped flat-top laser beam, and the energy density of the ring-shaped flat-top laser beam is consistent in all areas of the laser beam.
3. The laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in a cladding process according to claim 2, wherein the planar reflecting lens forms an angle of 45 degrees with an incident direction of the annular flat-top laser beam passing through the beam shaper, and is used for horizontally reflecting the annular flat-top laser beam into the polarization beam splitter prism, and the annular flat-top laser beam is reflected into the annular flat-top laser beam vertically downward through the polarization beam splitter prism.
4. The laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in a cladding process according to claim 1, wherein the polarization beam splitter prism is formed by gluing the bevel edges of 2 equal-waist right-angle prism lenses, the incidence and transmission surfaces of the polarization beam splitter prism are coated with antireflection films, and the gluing surface is coated with a 45-degree bevel medium beam splitting film for realizing polarization; the laser beam generated by the second laser transmitter can directly transmit through the polarization beam splitter prism without reflection.
5. The laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in a cladding process according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the laser beam generated by the first laser emitter is a Gaussian distribution laser beam, the Gaussian distribution laser beam is an annular flat-top laser beam in a working area, and no laser beam exists in the middle of the annular flat-top laser beam.
6. The laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in a cladding process according to claim 1 or 4, wherein the laser beam generated by the second laser emitter and the laser beam transmitted through the polarization beam splitter prism and condensed are gaussian laser beams.
7. The working process of the laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing the preheating and remelting of the cladding process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising the following steps:
step one, a preheating and remelting light path system and a laser cladding light path system form a light path system of a laser cladding head, and the laser cladding head is arranged at an execution end of a robot or on a main shaft of a machine tool;
designing a laser cladding track according to the three-dimensional model of the molded part;
step three, preparing a laser cladding substrate and cladding powder;
and step four, setting laser cladding parameters in the laser cladding optical path system and laser parameters in the preheating and remelting optical path system according to the powder, and then performing a laser cladding experiment to form a laser cladding area.
8. The working process of the laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in the cladding process according to claim 7, wherein after a first laser transmitter in the laser cladding optical path system generates a gaussian distribution laser beam, the focused gaussian distribution laser beam for laser cladding is formed through a polarization splitting prism, a planar lens and a convex lens; after a second laser transmitter in the preheating and remelting optical path system generates a Gaussian distribution laser beam, an annular flat-top laser beam for preheating and remelting is formed through a shutter, a laser beam expander, an annular beam shaper, a plane mirror, a polarization beam splitter prism, a plane lens and a convex lens;
the laser beam expander is used for expanding the diameter of the laser beam, and the laser beam is a Gaussian distribution laser beam at the moment; the annular beam shaper is used for shaping the Gaussian distribution laser beam into an annular flat-top laser beam; the plane reflector changes the annular flat-topped laser beam transmitted in the vertical direction into the horizontal direction; the polarization beam splitting prism changes the annular flat-topped laser beam which propagates in the horizontal direction into the vertical direction.
9. The operating process of the laser cladding optical path system capable of realizing preheating and remelting in the cladding process according to claim 8, wherein the laser cladding region comprises three regions, namely a first region, a second region and a third region;
the first region is a remelting region, and the remelting region is a solidified coating;
the second area is a laser cladding area which is a cladding coating;
the third area is a laser preheating area, and the laser preheating area is a substrate or a solidified previous melting layer, namely the surface of the substrate or a solidified upper melting layer;
the remelting area of the first area is formed by remelting powder adhered to the surface of a coating solidified and formed by a Gaussian distribution laser beam by using an annular flat-top laser beam, so that the powder adhered to the surface is eliminated, the flatness of the coating is improved, conditions are provided for stable laser cladding of the next layer, and the defect of air hole cracks in the overlapping area of the coating is reduced; the first area is carried out after the second area;
the laser cladding area of the second area is formed by solidifying alloy powder into a coating by utilizing a Gaussian distribution laser beam;
the laser preheating area of the third area preheats a layer of fused solidified coating or a substrate by using an annular flat-top laser beam, so that excessive residual stress caused by quick heating and quick cooling is reduced, and the sensitivity of crack generation is reduced; the third zone is performed before the second zone.
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