CN114710870A - Composite cathode high-power plasma generator and arc striking method - Google Patents
Composite cathode high-power plasma generator and arc striking method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114710870A CN114710870A CN202210313091.9A CN202210313091A CN114710870A CN 114710870 A CN114710870 A CN 114710870A CN 202210313091 A CN202210313091 A CN 202210313091A CN 114710870 A CN114710870 A CN 114710870A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a composite cathode high-power plasma generator and an arc striking method, wherein the composite cathode comprises an end face cathode and a ring target cathode, the end face cathode is positioned at the uppermost end and is fixed by a cathode supporting and cooling unit, and then the ring target cathode, the arc striking electrode, a plurality of inter-electrode plug-ins and an anode are sequentially connected; the end face cathode, the cathode ring, the arc striking electrode, the inter-electrode plug-in piece and the outer ring of the anode are all fixed by independent insulating rings to form a modular structure, the electrodes are coaxially, tightly and insulatively connected through compression rods which are distributed in the circumferential direction, an arc channel is formed among all the electrodes, and an air inlet ring capable of generating vortex gas is arranged among the rings; the cathode support cooling unit is provided with an independent cooling channel for cooling the end face cathode. The invention adopts a modular structure design, is convenient and reliable to install, has power reaching hundreds of millions to megawatts, effectively reduces cathode ablation by the composite cathode, has stable discharge and long service life.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of generating plasma by direct current arc, and particularly relates to a composite cathode high-power plasma generator and an arc striking method.
Background
The high-temperature plasma generated by electric arc discharge is called arc plasma, belongs to the category of thermal plasma, has the characteristics of high temperature, high enthalpy, high energy density, controllable atmosphere and the like, and can be widely applied to the fields of machining, spraying, material preparation, waste treatment, energy sources and the like. The plasma generating apparatus is required to have high stability, high power, high efficiency, and long life for large-scale application in industry.
The direct current arc plasma generating device has the advantages of simple structure, high stability, high power, high electrothermal conversion efficiency and the like, and relatively meets the requirements of industrial application. Most of the existing non-transferred arc plasma generators in the main form adopt a high-frequency starting mode, a trigger electrode is introduced, discharge is formed between a cathode and the trigger electrode, the discharge arc is sprayed to an anode to ignite arcs between the cathode and the anode, the common point is that the distance between the cathode and the anode is small, and larger power cannot be obtained through a simple two-electrode structure, so that two methods for improving the power of the plasma generators are adopted, namely, the discharge current is increased, the discharge voltage is improved, but the discharge current is too large, so that the thermal efficiency is reduced, the service life of the electrode is shortened, and therefore, the improvement of the discharge voltage, namely, the increase of the arc length is an effective way for improving the power. Under the condition that the current is kept unchanged, the working gas flow is increased to increase the arc length so as to improve the voltage, but the gas flow cannot be increased without limit, the plasma heating efficiency and the discharge stability are directly influenced by the excessive gas flow, when the gas flow reaches a certain value, the arc can be blown out, the power improvement is limited by a plurality of factors, and generally the power improvement does not exceed three hundred kilowatts.
In order to improve the power of the plasma generator, the existing plasma generator is developed towards a direction with an inter-electrode insertion section, the structure of the plasma generator is composed of a cathode part, an anode part, the inter-electrode insertion section and inert gas and water cooling parts which are introduced between the electrodes, and because the inter-electrode insertion section has a complex structure and needs to be electrified, ventilated and water cooled, how to solve the manufacturing and installation difficulties is a problem which still exists in an industrial prospect and needs to be solved urgently.
The existing arc plasma generator generally adopts a water-cooled solid cathode, cathode arc spots are concentrated, the cathode ablation is serious, the service life is short, or a tubular cathode is adopted, although the ablation area is increased, the stability in the discharging process is poor. In addition, the water cooling systems of the cathode and the anode are not separated, so that the assembly, disassembly and leakage detection are difficult, the water cooling effect is greatly reduced, when the power is increased, the problems are more prominent, the service life is generally not longer than two hundred hours, and the industrial application of the high-power plasma generator is severely restricted.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a composite cathode high-power plasma generator and an arc striking method, which have the characteristics of simple and reliable installation, stable discharge, high power and long service life.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention designs a composite cathode high-power plasma generator, which comprises a composite cathode, an arc striking electrode, an inter-electrode plug-in and an anode;
the composite cathode is composed of an end face cathode and a ring target cathode, the ring target cathode is composed of a cathode ring and an internal target working medium, the end face cathode is located at the uppermost end and is fixed by a cathode supporting and cooling unit, an arc striking electrode is connected with the cathode ring, a plurality of inter-electrode plug-ins are sequentially connected one by one downwards, and finally an anode is connected, the end face cathode, the cathode ring, the arc striking electrode and the inter-electrode plug-ins are fixed by independent insulating rings to form a modular structure, the outer rings of the anodes are coaxially and tightly connected in an insulating manner through compression rods distributed in the circumferential direction, an arc channel is formed among the cathode ring, the arc striking electrode, the inter-electrode plug-ins and the anode, and air inlet rings capable of generating vortex air are arranged among the insulating rings;
the cathode supporting and cooling unit is provided with an independent cooling channel for cooling the end face cathode, and a cathode cooling water inlet and a cathode cooling water outlet are arranged on the cathode supporting and cooling unit; the cathode ring, the arc striking electrode, the inter-electrode plug-in piece and the outer wall of the anode are all water-cooled and are cooled in a series connection mode, a cooling water main channel is shared, and a main water inlet and a main water outlet are arranged on the anode.
Furthermore, the end face cathode is flat and cylindrical, the main body of the end face cathode is red copper or chromium zirconium copper, a circle of water cooling groove is formed in the upper end face, the lower end face of the end face cathode is a tungsten rod or a zirconium rod with an embedded flat conical surface, the whole end face cathode is fixed on the cathode support cooling unit through a cathode nut, and the end face cathode is replaceable.
Furthermore, the cathode ring is a cylindrical red copper ring or a chromium zirconium copper ring, the upper end of the cathode ring is in conductive contact with the end face cathode, and the lower end face of the cathode ring is a convex conical surface and is connected with the arc striking electrode.
Furthermore, an air inlet is formed in the insulating ring of the outer ring of the cathode ring and used for providing discharge gas, and target working media inside the cathode ring are discharge gas or plasma generated by discharge.
Further, the discharge gas is one of N2, Ar, He, H2, CO, CO2 and air, or a mixed gas of the gases.
Furthermore, the arc striking electrode is a cylindrical red copper ring or a chromium zirconium copper ring, the upper end face of the arc striking electrode is concave, the lower end face of the arc striking electrode is a convex conical surface, and a high-voltage wiring terminal is installed on the insulating ring of the outer ring.
Further, the high-voltage terminal penetrates through the insulating ring, is in conductive contact with the arc ignition electrode and is used for feeding high voltage, a discharge arc is formed between the arc ignition electrode and the cathode ring, and then a stable discharge arc is formed in the whole arc channel between the end surface electrode and the anode.
Furthermore, a plurality of electrode inserts are sequentially connected behind the arc ignition electrode, the number of the electrode inserts is increased, the power of the plasma generator is correspondingly improved, and the electrode inserts are cylindrical red copper rings or chromium zirconium copper rings.
Furthermore, the anode is a cylindrical red copper ring or chromium zirconium copper, is positioned at the tail end of the arc channel and is connected with the last electrode plug-in unit, and the anode can be replaced.
Furthermore, the compressing rods are metal rods, the number of the compressing rods is 3-4, the compressing rods are evenly distributed in the circumferential direction, and all the component modules are tightly connected.
Furthermore, the material of insulating ring is one kind that has certain intensity and insulating good material such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, the pottery that excels in, and the main inlet opening has been arranged to the cross-section, and main apopore, gas circuit hole and corresponding quantity's pressure bar hole are middle to be the becket electrode, form complete cooling water route and air feed gas circuit behind each module insulating ring zonulae occludens.
Furthermore, the joint of the cooling water path and the air supply path between the insulating rings is sealed by an O-shaped sealing ring.
Further, the pressing rod is an insulating material rod with certain strength.
The invention also provides an arc striking method of the composite cathode high-power plasma generator, which comprises the following steps:
1) opening and adjusting a cooling water valve, and checking the tightness of a cooling water path;
2) opening and adjusting the air supply valve to ensure that no water exists at the outlet of the arc channel of the plasma generator;
3) switching on a power supply to enable the end face cathode (1) to be in electrified contact with the cathode ring (2);
4) the arc starting cabinet applies a voltage of 0-2 mus to the arc ignition electrode (3) and 20kV at most through the high-voltage wiring terminal (31), and gap discharge is formed between the arc ignition electrode (3) and the cathode ring (2);
5) simultaneously, the end face cathode (1) and the cathode ring (2) are connected together or the end face cathode (1) and the cathode ring (2) are disconnected in circuit and the anode (5) are applied with a voltage of 1200V at the maximum of 0.1-3 s, through secondary arc striking, the end face cathode (1) and the anode (5) are connected through electric arcs, and a stable discharge arc channel is formed under the action of airflow.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1) the invention adopts a composite cathode structure, and through the transition of the ring target cathode, the arc striking is stable, the high-voltage impact of the end face cathode at the arc striking moment can be effectively reduced, the ablation of the cathode is slowed down, and the service life of the cathode is prolonged, so that the service life of the high-power plasma generator is prolonged, the discharge stability is good in the working process, and the industrial application is better.
2) When the plasma generator is assembled, the tightness of the water cooling loop and the close matching of the gas path contact surface are required to be ensured so as to avoid the leakage of plasma discharge gas and cooling water. The invention adopts a modular structure design, is more convenient to install, and can better ensure the sealing performance of each connecting port in the process of installing modules one by one.
3) The anode and the end face cathode of the invention adopt independent water cooling loops, which can achieve better cooling effect on two key parts easy to ablate, and have better protection effect, and the installation, the replacement and the leakage detection are more convenient, other parts and the anode share one water cooling and air supply loop, and the external water path and the air path interface can be reduced, and the external pipeline arrangement can be greatly reduced.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a composite cathode high-power plasma generator according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an intermediate part of a composite cathode high power plasma generator according to the present invention.
The reference numbers in the figures mean: 1. an end face cathode; 2. a cathode ring; 3. an arc striking electrode; 4. an inter-electrode plug-in; 5. an anode; 6. a cathode support cooling unit; 7. an air inlet; 8. a hold down bar; 9. an air inlet ring; 10. a metal ring electrode; 11. an insulating ring; 31. a high-voltage wiring terminal; 51. a main water inlet; 52. a main water outlet; 53. a main water inlet hole; 54. a main water outlet hole; 61. a cathode nut; 62. a cathode cooling water inlet; 63. a cathode cooling water outlet; 71. a gas path hole; 81. compressing the rod hole.
Detailed Description
In order to make those skilled in the art better understand the present invention, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. It should be apparent that the embodiments described below are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of them. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the described embodiments of the invention without inventive step, are within the scope of the invention.
The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention is provided in conjunction with the appended drawings:
as shown in figure 1, the composite cathode high-power plasma generator of the invention comprises a composite cathode, an arc-striking electrode 3, an inter-electrode plug-in 4 and an anode 5, wherein the composite cathode is composed of an end-face cathode 1 and a ring target cathode, the ring target cathode is composed of a cathode ring 2 and an internal target working medium, the end-face cathode 1 is positioned at the uppermost end and fixed by a cathode support cooling unit 6, the arc-striking electrode 3 is connected with the cathode ring 2, then the plurality of inter-electrode plug-ins 4 are sequentially connected downwards one by one, and finally the anode 5 is connected, the end-face cathode 1, the cathode ring 2, the arc-striking electrode 3, the inter-electrode plug-in 4 and the outer ring of the anode 5 are fixed by independent insulating rings 11 to form a modular structure, the cathode ring 2, the arc-striking electrode 3, the inter-electrode plug-in 4 and the anode 5 are coaxially and closely insulated by compression rods 8 distributed in the circumferential direction, an arc channel is formed between the cathode ring 2, the arc-striking electrode 3, the inter-electrode plug-in 4 and the anode 5, an air inlet ring 9 capable of generating vortex gas is arranged between the insulating rings 11.
The cathode supporting and cooling unit 6 is provided with an independent cooling channel for cooling the end face cathode 1, and a cathode cooling water inlet 62 and a cathode cooling water outlet 63 are arranged on the cathode supporting and cooling unit; the cathode ring 2, the arc striking electrode 3, the inter-electrode plug-in 4 and the outer wall of the anode 5 are all water-cooled and are cooled in a series connection mode, a main cooling water channel is shared, and a main water inlet 51 and a main water outlet 52 are arranged on the anode 5.
The end face cathode 1 is flat and cylindrical, the main body of the end face cathode is red copper or chromium zirconium copper, a circle of water cooling groove is formed in the upper end face, the lower end face of the end face is a tungsten rod or a zirconium rod with an inlaid flat conical surface, the whole end face is fixed on the cathode support cooling unit 6 through a cathode nut 61, and the end face cathode 1 is replaceable.
The cathode ring 2 is a cylindrical red copper ring or a chromium zirconium copper ring, the upper end of the cathode ring is in conductive contact connection with the end face cathode 1, and the lower end face of the cathode ring is a convex conical surface and is connected with the arc striking electrode 3.
An air inlet 7 is formed in the insulating ring 11 of the outer ring of the cathode ring 2 and used for providing discharge gas, target working media inside the cathode ring 2 are discharge gas or plasma generated by discharge, and a ring target cathode is formed by compounding a ring, a target and gas.
The discharge gas is one of N2, Ar, He, H2, CO, CO2 and air, or the mixed gas of the discharge gases.
The arc striking electrode 3 is a cylindrical red copper ring or a chromium zirconium copper ring, the upper end face of the arc striking electrode is concave, the lower end face of the arc striking electrode is a convex conical surface, and a high-voltage wiring terminal 31 is arranged on the outer ring insulating ring and used for being connected with an arc striking power supply cabinet to obtain the instantaneous high voltage of arc striking.
The high-voltage terminal 31 passes through the insulating ring 11 and is in electrically conductive contact with the ignition electrode 3 for feeding in a high voltage, forming a discharge arc between the ignition electrode 3 and the cathode ring 2, and then forming a stable discharge arc throughout the channel between the end face electrode 1 and the anode 5.
And a plurality of inter-electrode inserts 4 are sequentially connected behind the arc ignition electrode 3, the number of the inter-electrode inserts is increased, the power of the plasma generator is correspondingly improved, and the inter-electrode inserts 4 are cylindrical red copper rings or chromium zirconium copper rings.
The anode 5 is a cylindrical red copper ring or chromium zirconium copper, is positioned at the tail end of the arc channel and is connected with the last electrode plug-in unit 4, and the anode 5 is replaceable.
The compaction rods 8 are metal rods or insulating material rods with certain strength, preferably insulating material rods, 3-4 in number and uniformly distributed in the circumferential direction, and tightly connect all the component modules.
The insulating ring 11 is made of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, high-strength ceramic and the like, has certain strength and is made of an insulating material, as shown in fig. 2, a main water inlet 53, a main water outlet 54, air passage holes 71 and a corresponding number of pressing rod holes 81 are arranged on the cross section of the insulating ring, a metal ring electrode 10 is arranged in the middle of the insulating ring, the main water inlet 53 and the main water outlet 54 establish a channel with the metal ring electrode 10 so that cold water can pass through the outer wall of the metal ring electrode 10, and a complete cooling water channel and an air supply air passage are formed after the insulating rings 11 are tightly connected.
And the joints of the water paths and the air paths between the insulating rings 11 are sealed by O-shaped sealing rings, so that water and air are prevented from leaking.
The composite cathode high-power plasma generator adopts a modular structure and a special cooling mode, and overcomes the difficulties of manufacturing, mounting, leakage detection and the like of the high-power plasma generator realized by the insertion section between electrodes; the cathode adopts a dual compounding mode, wherein the end face cathode is compounded with the ring target cathode, and the ring target cathode is compounded by a ring, a target and gas, so that stable arcing and stable continuous discharge are realized, the ablation of the cathode is slowed down, and the service life of high power is prolonged.
One embodiment of the invention is:
the power of the 500kW plasma generator designed and manufactured according to the invention has the following main technical parameters: the maximum power is 500kW, the working voltage is 700-1200V, the working current is 200-600A, the working gas is nitrogen, the outlet temperature of the plasma generator can reach 6000-8000 k, the thermal efficiency is about 80%, the service life can reach about 1000 hours, and the high-power plasma generator can be better applied to the industrial field.
The invention also provides an arc striking method of the 500kW composite cathode high-power plasma generator, which comprises the following steps of:
1) opening and adjusting a cooling water valve, and checking the tightness of a cooling water path;
2) opening and adjusting the air supply valve to ensure that no water exists at the outlet of the arc channel of the plasma generator;
3) switching on a power supply to enable the end face cathode (1) to be in electrified contact with the cathode ring (2);
4) the arc starting cabinet applies a voltage of 0-2 mus to the arc ignition electrode (3) and 20kV at most through the high-voltage wiring terminal (31), and gap discharge is formed between the arc ignition electrode (3) and the cathode ring (2);
5) simultaneously, the end face cathode (1) and the cathode ring (2) are together or the end face cathode (1) and the cathode ring (2) are disconnected in circuit and the anode (5) are applied with a maximum voltage of 1200V of 0.1-3 s, through secondary arc striking, the end face cathode (1) and the anode (5) are connected through electric arcs, and a stable discharge arc channel is formed under the action of air flow.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention, and that any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (14)
1. The utility model provides a compound high-power plasma generator of negative pole, includes a compound negative pole, striking electrode (3), interelectrode plug-in components (4) and positive pole (5), its characterized in that:
the composite cathode is composed of an end face cathode (1) and a ring target cathode, the ring target cathode is composed of a cathode ring (2) and an internal target working medium, the end face cathode (1) is located at the uppermost end and is fixed by a cathode supporting and cooling unit (6), an arc striking electrode (3) is connected with the cathode ring (2), then a plurality of inter-electrode plug-ins (4) are sequentially connected downwards one by one, and finally an anode (5) is connected; the outer rings of the end face cathode (1), the cathode ring (2), the arc striking electrode (3), the inter-electrode plug-in (4) and the anode (5) are all fixed by independent insulating rings (11) to form a modular structure and are coaxially, tightly and insulatively connected through compression rods (8) distributed in the circumferential direction; an electric arc channel is formed among the cathode ring (2), the arc ignition electrode (3), the inter-electrode plug-in piece (4) and the anode (5), and an air inlet ring (9) capable of generating vortex gas is arranged between the insulating rings (11);
the cathode supporting and cooling unit (6) is provided with an independent cooling channel for cooling the end face cathode (1), and a cathode cooling water inlet (62) and a cathode cooling water outlet (63) are arranged on the cathode supporting and cooling unit; the cathode ring (2), the arc striking electrode (3), the inter-electrode plug-in (4) and the anode (5) are all water-cooled, are cooled in a series connection mode, share a main cooling water channel, and a main water inlet (51) and a main water outlet (52) are arranged on the anode (5).
2. The composite cathode high power plasma generator according to claim 1, wherein: the end face cathode (1) is in a flat cylinder shape, the main body of the end face cathode is red copper or chromium zirconium copper, a circle of water cooling groove is formed in the upper end face, the lower end face of the end face is a tungsten rod or a zirconium rod of an embedded flat conical surface, the whole end face is fixed on the cathode supporting and cooling unit (6) through a cathode nut (61), and the end face cathode (1) is replaceable.
3. A composite cathode high power plasma generator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the cathode ring (2) is a cylindrical red copper ring or a chromium zirconium copper ring, the upper end of the cathode ring is in conductive contact with the end face cathode (1), and the lower end face of the cathode ring is a convex conical surface and is connected with the arc striking electrode (3).
4. A composite cathode high power plasma generator according to claim 1 or 3, wherein: an air inlet (7) is formed in the insulating ring (11) of the outer ring of the cathode ring (2) and used for providing discharge gas, and target working media in the cathode ring (2) are discharge gas or plasma generated by discharge.
5. The composite cathode high power plasma generator according to claim 4, wherein: the discharge gas is N2，Ar，He，H2CO, CO2, air, or a mixture of the above discharge gases.
6. A composite cathode high power plasma generator according to claim 1 or 3, wherein: the arc striking electrode (3) is a cylindrical red copper ring or a chromium zirconium copper ring, the upper end face of the arc striking electrode is concave, the lower end face of the arc striking electrode is a convex conical surface, and a high-voltage wiring terminal (31) is installed on the insulating ring (11) of the outer ring.
7. The composite cathode high power plasma generator according to claim 6, wherein: the high-voltage binding post (31) penetrates through the insulating ring (11), is in conductive contact with the arc ignition electrode (3) and is used for feeding high voltage, forming a discharge arc between the arc ignition electrode (3) and the cathode ring (2) and then forming a stable discharge arc in the whole arc channel between the end surface electrode (1) and the anode (5).
8. The composite cathode high power plasma generator according to claim 1, wherein: and a plurality of electrode inserts (4) are sequentially connected behind the arc ignition electrode (3), the number of the electrode inserts is increased, the power of the plasma generator is correspondingly increased, and the electrode inserts (4) are cylindrical red copper rings or chromium zirconium copper rings.
9. The composite cathode high power plasma generator according to claim 1, wherein: the anode (5) is a cylindrical red copper ring or chromium zirconium copper, is positioned at the tail end of the electric arc channel and is connected with the last electrode plug-in unit (4), and the anode (5) is replaceable.
10. A composite cathode high power plasma generator according to claim 1, wherein: the pressing rods (8) are metal rods, 3-4 in number and evenly distributed in the circumferential direction, and all the component modules are tightly connected.
11. The composite cathode high power plasma generator according to claim 1, wherein: the material of insulating ring (11) is polytetrafluoroethylene, polyimide or high-strength ceramic, and main inlet opening (53), main apopore (54), gas circuit hole (71) and the pressure bar hole (81) of corresponding quantity have been arranged in the cross-section, and the centre is becket electrode (10), forms complete cooling water route and air feed gas circuit behind each insulating ring (11) zonulae occludens.
12. A composite cathode high power plasma generator according to claim 1 or 11, wherein: and the joint of the cooling water path and the air supply path between the insulating rings (11) is sealed by an O-shaped sealing ring.
13. The composite cathode high power plasma generator according to claim 1, wherein: the pressing rod (8) is an insulating material rod with certain strength.
14. A method of striking an arc in a composite cathode high power plasma generator according to any one of claims 1 to 13, comprising the steps of:
1) opening and adjusting a cooling water valve, and checking the tightness of a cooling water path;
2) opening and adjusting the gas supply valve to ensure that no water exists at the outlet of the arc channel of the plasma generator;
3) switching on a power supply to enable the end face cathode (1) to be in electrified contact with the cathode ring (2);
4) the arc starting cabinet applies a voltage of 0-2 mus and maximum 20kV to the arc ignition electrode (3) through the high-voltage wiring terminal (31), and gap discharge is formed between the arc ignition electrode (3) and the cathode ring (2);
5) simultaneously, the end face cathode (1) and the cathode ring (2) are together or the end face cathode (1) and the cathode ring (2) are disconnected in circuit and the anode (5) are applied with a maximum voltage of 1200V for 0.1-3 s, and through secondary arc striking, the end face cathode (1) and the anode (5) are connected through electric arcs, and a stable discharge arc channel is formed under the action of air flow.
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| CN202210313091.9A CN114710870A (en) | 2022-03-28 | 2022-03-28 | Composite cathode high-power plasma generator and arc striking method |
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| CN202210313091.9A CN114710870A (en) | 2022-03-28 | 2022-03-28 | Composite cathode high-power plasma generator and arc striking method |
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