CN114675233A - Acoustic emission source positioning method based on enhanced guided wave phased array technology - Google Patents
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Abstract
The application discloses an acoustic emission source positioning method based on an enhanced guided wave phased array technology, which sequentially comprises the following steps: s1, sticking PZT sensors forming a cross phased array at the center of a test piece to be detected, and supplementing a far-end PZT sensor at the periphery of the cross phased array; s2, simulating a primary acoustic emission event on a test to be detected by using a lead breaking test, and receiving a sensing signal by using guided wave experimental equipment; s3, the speed and angle information of the sound emission source is solved by iteration by using the sensing signals received by the PZT sensor on the cross-shaped phased array, and the like. The enhanced guided wave phased array method provided by the invention can realize real-time and self-adaptive solving of the wave velocity through a wave velocity-angle iterative solving method, and can improve the positioning precision of an acoustic emission source.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of monitoring, in particular to an acoustic emission source positioning method based on an enhanced guided wave phased array technology.
Background
The aircraft structure inevitably receives complex fatigue loads, accidental impact loads and the like in the long-term service process, so that an acoustic emission phenomenon is generated. For the thin-wall structure, the piezoelectric sensor adhered to the surface of the structure to be detected can acquire acoustic emission signals generated in the structure in real time. The reliability and the safety of the aircraft can be effectively ensured by monitoring and receiving the structural response in real time and determining the damage position. Therefore, the acoustic emission positioning method has important significance for positioning the damage of the thin-wall structure.
The phased array monitoring technology is derived from a phased array radar technology for transmitting electromagnetic waves, and is a new technology which is rapidly developed in the field of nondestructive monitoring. The ultrasonic guided wave phased array is a longitudinal array which is formed by arranging a plurality of piezoelectric sensors, and sequentially uses an excitation signal containing time delay, so that the sensor array generates a directional beam and focuses the beam at a specific focal point. The omnidirectional scanning and damage positioning of the structure are realized by carrying out beam focusing operation on each angle in the space. The traditional guided wave phased array method adopts an active excitation mode, and can generate reflection echoes through a damaged part to carry out all-dimensional scanning on a structure to be detected. However, real-time monitoring of crack extension and impulse response is difficult to achieve by using the active phased array method, and the application range of the method is limited to a certain extent.
Some scholars apply the guided wave phased array to the field of acoustic emission source positioning. And translating the sensing signals in a time sequence by calculating time delays corresponding to different focusing angles, superposing the translated sensing signals, and comparing amplitudes of the superposed signals in all directions to determine the direction of the damage. McLaskey (G.Markus, J.Elena, Beamforming array technology for adaptive emission monitoring of large capacitor structures, Journal of Sound and Vibration 329(12) (2010)2384-2394.) and the like firstly apply the phased array beam focusing method to the field of acoustic emission source positioning, and verify the feasibility of applying the method to the acoustic emission source positioning in the actual bridge structure. However, the method can only determine the information of the angle of the acoustic emission source, and the beam width and frequency range of the acoustic emission signal in the bridge structure can limit the accuracy of the angular positioning of the beam focusing method. He (t.he, d.xiao, q.pan, x.liu, y.shan, Analysis on acquisition improvement of rotor-stator positioning based on optical estimation method, ultrasounds 54(1) (2014)318 and 329) etc. provide an acoustic emission source positioning method based on linear guided wave phased array near field assumption, which can better identify the acoustic emission position of the near field region. But as the distance from the acoustic emission source gradually increases, its accuracy of lesion localization gradually decreases. In addition, for linear phased arrays, it is difficult to remove artifacts in a full field scan, which can greatly affect the lesion imaging results in practical applications. Xiao (D.Xiao, T.He, Q.Pan, X.Liu, J.Wang, Y.Shan, A novel acoustical emission modeling method with two non-uniform linear arrays on-plate structures, Ultrasonics 54(2) (2014 (737)) and the like propose phased array configurations using two mutually perpendicular linear arrays to position acoustic emission sources at different positions. The method utilizes the sensor arrays in different directions to respectively determine different coordinate components, and the result shows that the method also has a better positioning result only in a near field area. In addition, because the method utilizes the arrays in different directions to sequentially solve the corresponding coordinate components, certain sensing information can be ignored in the positioning process, and the positioning error can be increased.
It can be seen that the existing method for positioning the acoustic emission source based on the guided wave phased array still has some defects. Firstly, the above mentioned method for locating damage is mostly based on the assumption of near field algorithm, and when the acoustic emission source is in the far field region, the method is no longer applicable. Secondly, the guided wave propagation speed changes under the action of various environments and temperature loads during the service period of the aircraft, but most of the existing phased array methods adopt a given speed to carry out damage positioning, so that errors are introduced in the initial parameter setting stage. Thirdly, most of the existing phased array configurations based on acoustic emission positioning are linear configurations, which can generate artifacts at the positions corresponding to the damage, thus being not beneficial to the wide application of the method in the actual engineering structures.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an acoustic emission source positioning method based on an enhanced guided wave phased array technology. And meanwhile, the enhanced guided wave phased array can realize high-precision far-field sound emission source positioning without artifacts.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions.
The embodiment of the application discloses an acoustic emission source positioning method based on an enhanced guided wave phased array technology, which sequentially comprises the following steps:
s1, sticking PZT sensors forming a cross phased array at the center of a test piece to be detected, and supplementing a far-end PZT sensor at the periphery of the cross phased array;
s2, simulating a primary acoustic emission event on a test to be detected by using a lead breaking test, and receiving a sensing signal by using guided wave experimental equipment;
s3, the speed and angle information of the sound emission source is solved by iteration by using the sensing signals received by the PZT sensors on the cross phased array, and the specific flow is as follows:
i1 setting the theoretical speed as the initial speed value c0，c(1)＝0，c(2)＝c0；
i2 calculating by using a phased array method and a speed solving method;
i3 when the calculation of velocity and angle satisfies the convergence criterion: c. C(i+1)-c(i)Epsilon or theta(i+1)-θ(i)Stopping iterative calculation when the element is equal to or less than the element, and outputting a speed result c(i+1)And angle result theta(i+1)(ii) a Otherwise, the iterative computation of i-i +1 returns to step i2,
the phased array method in step i2 is as follows: calculating different angles using equation (1)
The time delay of the next (c) is,
the angle is 0-360 degrees, the sensing signals are translated and overlapped according to corresponding time delay, the direction of the maximum value of the overlapped signals under different angles is the direction of the sound emission source, and the focusing angle of the wave beam is 
Then, the time delay corresponding to the mth sensor is:
in the formula: m is 1,2, …, M, d is the distance between two adjacent sensors, M is the number of sensors in a single linear array,
is the beam focusing direction, c is the wave velocity,
the velocity solving method in step i2 is as follows: solving the wave velocity corresponding to the acoustic emission source by using the formula (2),
in the formula: at is the difference in arrival time between sensor 1 and sensor M in array 2, theta is the direction of the acoustic emission source,
s4 based on the angle theta of the acoustic source determined in step S3, the area in which the acoustic source is located can be determined, and the remote sensor S within the area is usediAccurately positioning the acoustic emission source, driving (3) the speed and angle information of the acoustic emission source obtained in the step S3, solving the position of the acoustic emission source, and using a sensor S0(0, 0) and sensor Si(xi,yi) Received sensor signals i ═ 1,2,3,4, where S0Sensor corresponding to the center of the phased array, SiA distal sensor corresponding to an area where the acoustic emission source is present,
in the formula: deltaiIs a sensor S0And a sensor SiThe difference in arrival time between, theta is the direction of the acoustic emission source,
s5 determining the position of the sound emission source according to the angle of the sound emission source determined in the step S3 and the distance between the sound emission source and the coordinate origin determined in the step S4;
S6, imaging the positioning result under a Cartesian coordinate system, and displaying the positioning result in an enhanced manner by adopting the image enhancement method described in the formula (4):
in the formula: s is the amplitude of the superimposed signal before the image enhancement operation is not performed, and S' is the amplitude of the superimposed signal after the signal enhancement operation is performed.
Preferably, in the above method for positioning an acoustic emission source based on the enhanced guided wave phased array technique, the distance between two adjacent PZT sensors in the cross PZT sensor is 8 mm.
Preferably, in the above method for positioning an acoustic emission source based on the enhanced guided wave phased array technology, the same row/column contains 7 PZT sensors.
Preferably, in the above method for positioning an acoustic emission source based on the enhanced guided wave phased array technique, the PZT sensor has a size Φ 6.5mm and a thickness of 0.3 mm.
Preferably, in the above-described acoustic emission source positioning method based on the enhanced guided wave phased array technique, in step S6, k is 5.
Compared with the prior art, the enhanced guided wave phased array method provided by the invention can realize real-time and self-adaptive solving of the wave velocity through a wave velocity-angle iterative solving method, and can improve the positioning precision of an acoustic emission source.
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In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments described in the present application, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an enhanced sensor array in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating iteratively solving for wave velocity and acoustic emission source angles in step S3 according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a thin-walled structure to be tested and a bonded PZT piezoelectric patch array in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating the positioning result of the acoustic emission source in a cartesian coordinate system according to an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element being referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
In the following, we take specific parameters as examples, and it should be noted that the following is only a specific example, and the scope of the technical solution of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, the following examples.
The positioning method of the present invention is further described in detail with reference to fig. 1-4 by taking an aluminum alloy (6061) test piece with a size of 500mm × 500mm × 3mm as an example, wherein fig. 1-2 are general examples of the present invention, and fig. 3-4 are specific examples as follows.
S1: referring to the attached drawing 3, the PZT piezoelectric ceramic plates are arranged and adhered to the thin-wall aluminum plate structure to be measured according to the shown array, the distance between two adjacent piezoelectric ceramic plates in the phased array is 8mm, and each of the array 1 and the array 2 includes 7 PZT sensors. The size of PZT is phi 6.5mm, the thickness is 0.3mm, and the model is P51.
S2: lead breaking experiments were performed at the position (162mm,45 °) shown in fig. 3, and the sensing data was recorded using NI PXIe-1082 experimental equipment and a signal acquisition card NI PXIe-5105.
S3: the initial value of the given speed is c 5386m/s, and the speed and angle tolerance are respectively epsilon 1 × 10-6And epsilon is 0.5. According to the flow shown in fig. 2, in the first iteration step, the beam focusing angle is first solved, and the beam focusing angle determined at the wave velocity of 5386m/s is 43.7 °; in the second iteration step, the corresponding wave speed is 5395.5m/s by utilizing the focusing angle of the wave beam obtained in the previous step to be 43.7 degrees, and then the phased array algorithm is applied again to determine that the wave speed focusing angle is 43.3 degrees. By contrast, the angular difference delta theta between the two iteration steps meets the convergence criterion theta (t +1) -theta (t) is less than or equal to 0.5, so the iteration process is terminated. The calculation result is that the propagation speed of the acoustic emission signal is 5395.5m/s, and the angle of the acoustic emission source is 43.3 degrees. The specific phased array calculation process and speed solution method are described as follows:
The phased array calculation process: calculating different angles using equation (5)
Time delay of the lower, will senseThe signals are translated and superposed according to corresponding time delay, and the direction of the maximum value of the superposed signals at different angles is the existing direction of the sound emission source. At a beam focusing angle of
The time delay for the M (M ═ 1,2, …, M) th sensor is:
in the formula: d is the distance between two adjacent sensors, M is the number of sensors in a single linear array,
as the beam focusing direction, c is the wave velocity
The speed solving method comprises the following steps: and (5) solving the wave velocity corresponding to the acoustic emission source by using the formula (6).
In the formula: Δ l is the difference in arrival time between PZT8 and PZT14 in array 2, and θ is the direction of the acoustic emission source.
S4: driving in (7) the sound emission source speed 5395.5m/S and the angle positioning result 43.3 degrees obtained by iterative solution in the step S3, determining that the sound emission source is positioned in the region 1 according to the angle positioning result, and selecting S1The sensor accurately resolves the acoustic emission source location. Using sensors S0(0, 0) and sensor S1(230 ) the received sensing signal, wherein S0Sensor, S, corresponding to the center of the phased array1Is the remote sensor in zone 1. And solving to obtain that the distance between the acoustic emission source and the origin of coordinates is 168.1 mm.
In the formula: delta. for the preparation of a coating1Is a sensor S0And a sensor S1The difference in arrival time between, θ, the direction in which the acoustic emission source is located.
S5: from the acoustic emission source angle of 43.3 ° determined in step S3 and the acoustic emission source distance from the origin of coordinates of 168.1mm determined in step S4, the acoustic emission source position is determined to be (168.1mm,43.3 °), and the acoustic emission source actual position is determined to be (162mm,45 °). The angle error between the positioning result and the actual acoustic emission source position is 1.7 degrees, the actual distance error is 7.8mm, and the absolute error is 2.21 percent.
S6: to better illustrate the localization result, the localization result is imaged in a cartesian coordinate system, and the image enhancement method illustrated in equation (8) is used, where k is 5. The positioning results are shown in fig. 4.
In the formula: s is the amplitude of the superposed signal before the image enhancement operation is not carried out, and S' is the amplitude of the superposed signal after the signal enhancement operation is carried out.
It is noted that, herein, relational terms such as first and second, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
The foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present application and it is noted that numerous modifications and adaptations may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principles of the present application and are intended to be within the scope of the present application.
Claims (5)
1. An acoustic emission source positioning method based on an enhanced guided wave phased array technology is characterized by sequentially comprising the following steps:
s1, sticking PZT sensors forming a cross phased array at the center of a test piece to be detected, and supplementing a far-end PZT sensor at the periphery of the cross phased array;
s2, simulating a primary acoustic emission event on a test to be detected by using a lead breaking test, and receiving a sensing signal by using guided wave experimental equipment;
s3, the speed and angle information of the sound emission source is solved by iteration by using the sensing signals received by the PZT sensors on the cross phased array, and the specific flow is as follows:
i1 setting the theoretical speed as the initial speed value c0，c(1)＝0，c(2)＝c0；
i2 calculating by using a phased array method and a speed solving method;
i3 when the calculation of velocity and angle satisfies the convergence criterion: c. C(i+1)-c(i)Epsilon or theta(i+1)-θ(i)Stopping iterative calculation when the element is equal to or less than the element, and outputting a speed result c(i+1)And angle result theta(i+1)(ii) a Otherwise, the iterative computation of i-i +1 returns to step i2,
The phased array method in step i2 is as follows: calculating different angles using equation (1)
The time delay of (a) to (b),
the angle is 0-360 degrees, the sensing signals are translated and overlapped according to corresponding time delay, the direction of the maximum value of the overlapped signals under different angles is the direction of the sound emission source, and the focusing angle of the wave beam is
Then, the time delay corresponding to the mth sensor is:
in the formula: m is 1,2, …, M, d is the distance between two adjacent sensors, M is the number of sensors in a single linear array,
is the beam focusing direction, c is the wave velocity,
the velocity solving method in step i2 is as follows: solving the wave velocity corresponding to the acoustic emission source by using the formula (2),
in the formula: at is the difference in arrival time between sensor 1 and sensor M in array 2, theta is the direction of the acoustic emission source,
s4 based on the angle theta of the acoustic source determined in step S3, the area in which the acoustic source is located can be determined, and the remote sensor S within the area is usediAccurately positioning the acoustic emission source, driving (3) the speed and angle information of the acoustic emission source obtained in the step S3, solving the position of the acoustic emission source, and using a sensor S0(0, 0) and sensor Si(xi,yi) Received sensor signals i ═ 1,2,3,4, where S0Sensor corresponding to the center of the phased array, S iA distal sensor corresponding to an area where the acoustic emission source is present,
in the formula: deltaiIs a sensor S0And a sensor SiThe difference in arrival time between, theta is the direction of the acoustic emission source,
s5 determining the position of the sound emission source according to the angle of the sound emission source determined in the step S3 and the distance between the sound emission source and the coordinate origin determined in the step S4;
s6, imaging the positioning result under a Cartesian coordinate system, and displaying the positioning result in an enhanced mode by adopting the image enhancement method described in the formula (4):
in the formula: s is the amplitude of the superposed signal before the image enhancement operation is not carried out, and S' is the amplitude of the superposed signal after the signal enhancement operation is carried out.
2. The method for positioning the acoustic emission source based on the enhanced guided wave phased array technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein the distance between two adjacent PZT sensors in the cross PZT sensor is 8 mm.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein each row/column contains 7 PZT sensors.
4. The method for positioning the acoustic emission source based on the enhanced guided wave phased array technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein the size of the PZT sensor is Φ 6.5mm, and the thickness is 0.3 mm.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein k is 5 in step S6.
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