CN114668019B - 一种除草剂增效助剂 - Google Patents
一种除草剂增效助剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于植物保护技术领域，提供了一种除草剂增效助剂，将氧化石墨烯作为除草剂增效助剂应用，所述除草剂选自磺酰脲类除草剂和有机膦类除草剂，如，甲基二磺隆、氟唑磺隆，草甘膦。氧化石墨烯可与除草剂桶混或与除草剂制备成制剂使用。本发明将氧化石墨烯作为除草剂的增效助剂，制作成本低；且氧化石墨烯在具体使用过程中的使用浓度非常低，能够有效降低除草剂的用量、提高药效。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于植物保护技术领域，具体涉及一种除草剂增效助剂及其在防除杂草中的应用。
背景技术
我国田园杂草有1400多种，严重危害的130余种，恶性杂草37种。农田杂草严重威胁作物产量，造成巨大的经济损失。据统计，2017年我国杂草发生面积9246.7万公顷。我国每年投入200余亿元用于杂草防除的前提下，每年主粮作物仍有近300万吨产量损失，造成近1000亿元的损失。化学除草剂的发现和大规模应用，对于减轻杂草危害、释放农业劳动力、促进农业现代化进程起到了重要作用。迄今，化学除草剂已经是使用量最大的农药类别，仅仅草甘膦的使用量就已占据近20%的全球农药市场，年销售超过20亿美元。
农田杂草严重威胁作物产量，造成的经济损失巨大。据统计，我国有1400多种杂草，列入名录的农田杂草有704种，属87科366属，对农业生产造成危害的重要农田杂草有60多种，其中恶性杂草包括野燕麦(Avena fatua)、看麦娘(Alopecuro aequalis)、马唐(Digitariasa sanguinalis)、狗尾草(Setaria vuindis)、牛筋草(Eleusine zndica)、柳叶蓼(Polygonum bugeanum)、反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)、香附子(Cyperus rotundus)、白茅(Impevata cylindrica)、稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)、异型莎草(Cyperus difformis)、鸭舌草(Monochoria vaginalis)、眼子菜(Potamogoton distinctus)、扁秆藨草(Scirpus planiculmis)等。化学除草剂仍是目前最有效的杂草防除方法，但近些年来，随着除草剂的持续广泛使用，抗性杂草种群密度和发生面积逐步增加。抗性杂草的存在使得相应除草剂的防治效果降低，而抗药性的出现也会促使除草剂的加量使用，这不仅造成作物产量的损失，也易造成农作物药害风险和环境污染。
因此，需要开发除草剂增效助剂以提高药剂对抗性杂草的防效。氧化石墨烯对多种杀虫剂具有良好的增效作用，氧化石墨烯尖锐的片层结构可机械的损伤昆虫的体壁，造成昆虫迅速失水；损伤的体壁为农药对昆虫体壁的穿透提供新的通道，提高了农药的利用率。氧化石墨烯对杀菌剂有一定的增效作用，可以破坏菌丝体，破坏细胞完整性。可以通过电子传递破坏细胞膜上的谷胱甘肽，从而削弱真菌细胞的活性。然而，不同于杀虫和杀菌的作用机制，氧化石墨烯对植物的萌发和生长有显著地促进作用，氧化石墨烯对杂草植株生长具有促进作用，氧化石墨烯并不能作为除草机助剂广泛使用，不经筛选验证作为助剂添加甚至可能起到相反的作用。
发明内容
针对现有技术中化学农药大量使用带来的诸多问题，本发明提供一种将氧化石墨烯作为除草剂增效助剂及其在防除杂草中的应用，助剂在使用过程中的使用浓度非常低，而且可有效减少除草剂的用量。
为实现上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案。
氧化石墨烯作为除草剂增效助剂的应用。
所述除草剂选自磺酰脲类除草剂和有机膦类除草剂，如，甲基二磺隆、氟唑磺隆，草甘膦。
所述氧化石墨烯可与除草剂桶混或与除草剂制备成制剂使用。
所述氧化石墨烯的使用浓度为60-120 mg/L。
本发明具有以下优点：
本发明将氧化石墨烯作为除草剂的增效助剂，制作成本低；且氧化石墨烯在具体使用过程中的使用浓度非常低，能够有效降低除草剂的用量、提高药效。
附图说明
图1是不同浓度甲基二磺隆对节节麦的防效变化；
图2是不同浓度氟唑磺隆对雀麦的防效变化。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明做进一步说明，但本发明不受下述实施例的限制。
实施例1 不同浓度氧化石墨烯对甲基二磺隆活性的影响
在人工气候室条件下，采用盆栽试验方法，种植节节麦。研究添加不同浓度氧化石墨烯后除草剂茎叶处理对节节麦的生物活性，具体方法如下：
1. 将节节麦种子播于上口直径为9 cm的塑料盆中，覆土2 cm（以盖住杂草种子为准）后放入装有水的搪瓷盘中，采用底部渗灌的方式浇水，转移入人工气候室培养。试验用土为地表20cm壤土与培养基质，按照3:1混合成培养土；
2. 在人工气候室中进行杂草的培养。出苗前设定温度15 ℃，出苗后昼夜温度设定温度分别为25 ℃和20 ℃；
3. 在室内采用ASS-4型自动控制喷洒系统进行药剂喷雾，扇形喷头，结合喷头压力、流量等，按实际喷药面积（1.1 m2）喷洒50 mL药液（折合亩用水量30 L），调试好运行速度，将待处理的塑料盆均匀排列在喷雾台上，均匀喷雾处理。喷雾压力0.35 MPa，扇形喷头流量800 mL/min。由低量至高量依次喷施。每处理均重复3次。喷药后晾晒一天，放置于人工气候室中，定期浇水保持土壤湿润；
4. 对照为甲基二磺隆单用，处理组为除草剂添加氧化石墨烯；
5. 甲基二磺隆药液使用浓度为：10g/公顷；氧化石墨烯在药液中的浓度采用梯度稀释法配制为30、60、120mg/L；
6. 施药后详细记录杂草的受害症状（如生长抑制、失绿、畸形等）。21天后称量各处理杂草地上部分鲜重，计算鲜重抑制率：
鲜重抑制率= (对照平均鲜重-处理平均鲜重)/对照平均鲜重×100%。
表1 不同氧化石墨烯添加量下甲基二磺隆的防效
表1结果表明，添加氧化石墨烯作为助剂，可增加甲基二磺隆对节节麦的防效，氧化石墨烯的使用浓度为60-120 mg/L。同时，所使用的浓度过低时，作用相反，可能起到促进植株生长的作用。
实施例2 氧化石墨烯对不同除草剂防治杂草活性的影响
在人工气候室条件下，采用盆栽试验方法，种植不同杂草。研究添加氧化石墨烯后除草剂茎叶处理对各杂草的生物活性，具体方法如下：
1. 将杂草种子播于上口直径为9 cm的塑料盆中，覆土1-2 cm（以盖住杂草种子为准）后放入装有水的搪瓷盘中，采用底部渗灌的方式浇水，转移入人工气候室培养。试验用土为地表20cm壤土与培养基质，按照3:1混合成培养土；
2. 在人工气候室中进行杂草的培养。其中冬季杂草，出苗前设定温度15 ℃，出苗后昼夜温度设定温度分别为25 ℃和20 ℃。夏季杂草，出苗前温度设为22 ℃，出苗后昼夜温度设定温度分别为30 ℃和25 ℃；
3. 在室内采用ASS-4型自动控制喷洒系统进行药剂喷雾，扇形喷头，结合喷头压力、流量等，按实际喷药面积（1.1 m2）喷洒50 mL药液（折合亩用水量30 L），调试好运行速度，将待处理的塑料盆均匀排列在喷雾台上，均匀喷雾处理。喷雾压力0.35 MPa，扇形喷头流量800 mL/min。由低量至高量依次喷施。每处理均重复3次。喷药后晾晒一天，放置于人工气候室中，定期浇水保持土壤湿润；
4. 对照为除草剂单用，处理组为除草剂添加氧化石墨烯，氧化石墨烯在药液中的浓度为120 mg/L；
5. 采用梯度稀释法配制药液，具体的：甲基二磺隆：6.7、10、15、22.5、33.8 g/公顷，氟唑磺隆：8.9、13.3、20、30、45、67.5g/公顷，2甲4氯：266.7、400、600、900、1350g/公顷，氯氟吡氧乙酸：6.7、10、15、22.5、33.8g/公顷；
6. 施药后详细记录杂草的受害症状（如生长抑制、失绿、畸形等）。21天后称量各处理杂草地上部分鲜重，计算鲜重抑制率和致死率：
鲜重抑制率= (对照平均鲜重-处理平均鲜重)/对照平均鲜重×100%。
表2 不同除草剂的鲜重抑制率和致死率
表2结果表明，添加氧化石墨烯作为助剂，可增加磺酰脲类除草剂甲基二磺隆和氟唑磺隆对节节麦或雀麦的鲜重抑制率和致死率；而对激素类除草剂2甲4氯和氯氟吡氧乙酸对猪秧秧和播娘蒿的防效或没有增效作用或有减效作用。
上述结果说明，氧化石墨烯作为助剂对于除草剂并不具备统一增效作用,与防控杂草对象及相应除草剂特性密切相关。
图1和图2分别为不同浓度甲基二磺隆和氟唑磺隆对节节麦或雀麦的防效变化。由图1可知，甲基二磺隆添加氧化石墨烯作为助剂组（图下方处理）防控节节麦的效果远好于添加自身助剂组（图上方处理）；由图2可知，氟唑磺隆添加氧化石墨烯作为助剂组（图下方处理）防控远好于单独药剂组（图上方处理）。
实施例3 氧化石墨烯对草甘膦防治杂草活性的影响
按照实施例2的方法，将草甘膦梯度稀释为44.6、66.7、1000、1500、2250、3375 g/公顷的药液，测定其对苘麻的鲜重抑制率和致死率。
表3 氧化石墨烯对草甘膦防治苎麻的鲜重抑制率和致死率
表3结果表明，添加氧化石墨烯作为助剂，可增加草甘膦对苘麻的防效。
Claims (2)
1.氧化石墨烯作为除草剂增效助剂的应用，其特征在于，所述除草剂选自甲基二磺隆、氟唑磺隆或草甘膦；
除草剂的防治对象为节节麦、雀麦或苘麻；
所述氧化石墨烯的使用浓度为60-120 mg/L。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用，其特征在于，氧化石墨烯与除草剂桶混或与除草剂制备成制剂使用。
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