CN114659619B - 一种全软体的自驱动振动传感器及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种全软体的自驱动振动传感器及其制备方法,该方法主要通过激光碳化技术制备含折纸结构的二维多孔碳电极,再通过模具转印法将二维多孔碳电极转移到三维PDMS空腔上,最后通过激光刻蚀技术为多孔碳电极和PDMS薄膜表面雕刻微结构。本发明中传感器由PDMS薄膜、液态金属液滴、多孔碳电极和PDMS空腔从上到下依次紧密组装。传感器的工作基于摩擦纳米发电机原理。当传感器受到振动激励时,液态金属液滴与PDMS薄膜摩擦起电,使得PDMS薄膜表面带有稳定的负电荷,从而使液态金属液滴的运动可以通过静电感应输出电流。本方法不需要复杂的物理、化学合成工艺,通过灵活控制激光扫描参数,使得液态金属液滴不与接触表面黏附,提供稳定的电信号输出。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于柔性传感器技术领域,涉及一种全软体的自驱动振动传感器及其制备方法,具体是基于液态金属与PDMS摩擦起电的全软体自驱动振动传感器。
背景技术
机械振动是广泛存在于工程装备、桥梁建筑以及生物体中的运动表现形式。捕获振动中包含的机械能,有望为周围的分布式电子设备可持续地供给能量,从而减少对电池的需求。另一方面,振动信号也能反映物体的运行状态,例如碰撞时的峰值加速度、齿轮传动系统的模态特性。因此,通过振动传感器来采集振动信号,同时利用振动机械能为该传感器供电,有望实现高性能、自驱动的传感系统。
近年来,基于摩擦纳米发电机原理(TENG)的自驱动传感器被广泛地研究。得益于摩擦起电和静电感应的联合效应,周而复始的机械运动可产生反映其特征的电流信号。通过将摩擦纳米发电机的运动部件设计为对外部振动响应的媒介,研究人员已经设计出几种典型的TENG型自驱动振动传感器。
然而,已有的TENG型自驱动振动传感器大多基于弹簧谐振系统。其主要缺点包括:(1)传感器的频率响应受限于弹簧谐振系统的固有频率特性,谐振频率由弹簧和负载共同决定,远离谐振频率的振动难以产生输出信号;(2)构成材料多为不可延展的刚性材料,限制了传感器在不规则曲面上的安装以及穿戴舒适性;(3)频繁振动下,固相起电材料的反复摩擦易导致材料表面的磨损,影响传感器的寿命。液态金属是一类具有高表面张力、高饱和蒸气压且本征柔软的金属材料,同时具有较好的失电子能力。相比于剧毒的汞单质,无毒的镓基合金是更适合应用的液态金属材料。本发明利用镓基合金液滴在振动激励下的随动特性设计一种全软体自驱动的振动传感器,为解决已有自驱动振动传感器固有问题提供一种新思路,有望提升自驱动振动传感器的有效量程和长期工作稳定性。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对现有技术的不足,提供一种以液态金属液滴为振动媒介的全软体自驱动振动传感器及其制备方法,该传感器具有更宽的有效量程,且性能稳定。
本发明所采用的技术方案为:
根据本发明的一种具体实施例,本发明一种全软体的自驱动振动传感器主要由PDMS薄膜、液态金属液滴、三维多孔碳电极和PDMS空腔自上到下依次紧密组装构成。
本发明的传感功能通过单电极式摩擦纳米发电机原理实现,包含摩擦起电和静电感应两部分。在振动过程中,液态金属液滴与PDMS薄膜表面摩擦起电,使得PDMS薄膜表面带有稳定的负电荷,液态金属液滴表面带有等量正电荷。由于静电感应现象,液态金属液滴远离PDMS薄膜时,正电荷通过电路负载流向多孔碳电极;当液态金属液滴靠近PDMS薄膜时正电荷从多孔碳电极流向负载。因此,反复的振动可在多孔碳电极端产生周期性的感应电流。
根据本发明的一种具体实施例,本发明的制备方法基于激光加工工艺,实现了可延展的三维多孔碳电极以及微米级别的表面结构,确保了液态金属液滴的稳定运动,具体包含:利用CO2激光的热效应对聚酰亚胺薄膜碳化,形成包含折纸结构的二维多孔碳电极;随后通过模具转移法将二维的多孔碳电极转移到三维的PDMS空腔上;利用UV脉冲激光的雕刻能力对多孔碳电极表面和PDMS薄膜表面雕刻微结构,调控液态金属液滴与界面的润湿性,使得这些表面与液态金属液滴不黏附。
本发明提出的一种全软体的自驱动振动传感器,基于激光辅助制造的三维多孔碳电极、PDMS空腔和PDMS薄膜共同构成了传感器的主体,可以实现液态金属液滴在传感器内部的往复运动。所提出的全软体自驱动振动传感器可广泛应用于可穿戴电子设备、人机智能交互等领域。
为实现该目的,根据本发明的一种具体实施例,本发明的方法通过以下步骤完成:
1.利用CO2激光器对聚酰亚胺基底进行碳化,生成预定义的二维多孔碳电极图案,并用该激光沿图案边缘将其切下。
2.将聚酰亚胺连同二维多孔碳电极图案贴附在与传感器腔体互补的模具上,并向模具内注满待固化的PDMS溶液(预聚体:固化剂质量比15:1)。
3.将上述样品置于真空釜中抽气5分钟,使PDMS流入多孔碳的孔隙中。随后置于80℃的环境中加热1小时,使PDMS充分固化。
4.取出模具中的PDMS固体,撕下聚酰亚胺,使多孔碳电极与之分离,完成多孔碳电极到三维PDMS表面的转移。
5.通过UV脉冲激光对三维多孔碳电极以及一片PDMS薄膜进行纹理雕刻,使得雕刻过的表面不与液态金属液滴粘附。
6.向三维多孔碳电极构成的空腔中注入一滴0.15g的液态金属液滴,并用雕刻过的PDMS薄膜将其封口,雕刻面朝向内测。
本发明中的液态金属液滴可以为任意的液态金属的液滴,优选为镓基合金液滴。
本发明的方案具有以下优点:
(1)频率响应范围比弹簧型振动传感器更宽,高频和低频的振动下均能有效输出;(2)以柔软的硅胶为腔体兼电负性摩擦材料,且作为电正性摩擦材料的金属为液态,因此传感器由全软体材料组成,便于安装,提高穿戴舒适性;(3)电正性与电负性摩擦材料之间为固-液接触,几乎没有磨损引起的寿命问题。
附图说明
图1是本发明全软体自驱动振动传感器的一种具体结构示意图。
图2是本发明全软体自驱动振动传感器的一种加工流程图。
图3是本发明全软体自驱动振动传感器在相同幅度、不同频率的正弦振动下输出的电流信号。
图4是本发明全软体自驱动振动传感器经历的正弦振动的峰值加速度与输出电流峰峰值之间的关系。
图5是本发明全软体自驱动振动传感器在连续1700次振动时的输出电流稳定性结果。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明技术方案做进一步说明:
如图1所示,本发明自上到下分别由PDMS薄膜1,液态金属液滴(以共晶镓铟液滴为例)2,三维多孔碳电极3和PDMS空腔4紧密组装而成。PDMS薄膜1的内表面以及三维多孔碳电极3的表面均通过UV脉冲激光雕刻了微结构。
如图2所示,自上而下分别是三维多孔碳电极3的加工与PDMS薄膜1的加工流程示意图。三维多孔碳电极3的加工分为三步:首先,通过CO2激光的热效应来碳化聚酰亚胺基底,形成具有折纸结构的二维多孔碳电极;随后,将该电极贴附到模具中部的梯形台状结构表面,其间电极折起形成三维结构,并向模具内部注入待固化的PDMS,使液态的PDMS渗入多孔碳电极的微孔;最后,从模具中揭起固化的PDMS空腔4,三维多孔碳电极3已被转移到PDMS空腔4的表面,通过UV脉冲激光雕刻三维多孔碳电极3使其表面具有微结构。PDMS薄膜1的加工分为两步:首先,通过模具法制作一片固定尺寸的PDMS薄膜1;随后通过UV脉冲激光雕刻使得PDMS薄膜1表面具有微结构。
具体实施的全软体自驱动振动传感器,其三维多孔碳电极3在转移到PDMS空腔4的表面后,两种材料已经完全嵌合,因此三维多孔碳电极3受应变产生的裂纹会因PDMS空腔4的回弹而愈合。
实施例1
本发明的电流输出测试的试验条件为,将全软体自驱动传感器放置在铝制屏蔽盒中,并通过一根同轴线缆将三维多孔碳电极3与静电计的输入端连接。将传感器连同屏蔽盒固定在振动试验台上,运行正弦振动模式,振幅为1mm,频率以Hz为单位按以下序列遍历:41.6、40、38.6、37、35.6、34.2、32.6、31、29.4、27.6、25.7、23.6、21.3、18.9、15.9、12.4。任一频率的振动持续10s,相邻频率之间间隔5s。上述频率的振动下的峰值加速度以m/s2为单位依次为68.5、63.3、58.8、54.0、50.1、46.1、41.9、37.9、34.1、30.0、26.1、22.1、17.9、14.0、10.0、6.0。
实验过程中的电流信号波形如图3所示。可以见到,当振动频率超过19Hz以后,电流信号明显增大,且与振动频率呈正相关。
实验过程中,振动频率与电流信号峰峰值之间的关系如图4所示。最后三个实验频率点的峰值加速度各为6、10、14m/s2。当峰值加速度小于或接近重力加速度时,共晶镓铟液滴2难以完全地与多孔碳电极3分离,从而无法与PDMS薄膜1摩擦起电。因此,最后三个实验频率点作用时,传感器无明显电流信号输出。其余频率点下,频率与电流峰峰值呈线明显的正相关关系,量程最大接近42Hz,对应峰值加速度为70m/s2。
由此可以说明,本发明可以有效地输出反映物体振动状态的电流信号。
实施例2
本发明的稳定性测试的试验条件为,将全软体自驱动传感器放置在铝制屏蔽盒中,并通过一根同轴线缆将三维多孔碳电极3与静电计的输入端连接。将传感器连同屏蔽盒固定在振动试验台上,运行正弦振动模式,振幅为1mm,频率为29Hz,振动持续1700余次。
如图5所示,传感器输出电流的峰峰值,在实验初始与结尾无明显差异,波形的形状也高度相似。
由此可以说明,本发明可以在多次振动后保持稳定的工作性能。
Claims (5)
1.一种全软体的自驱动振动传感器的制备方法,其特征在于,所述传感器包括PDMS薄膜(1),液态金属液滴 (2),三维多孔碳电极(3)和PDMS空腔(4),其中三维多孔碳电极(3)设于PDMS空腔(4)表面,PDMS薄膜(1)盖于PDMS空腔(4)上二者紧密组装形成腔体,液态金属液滴(2)设于所述腔体内;具体采用如下方法制得:
1)形成含折纸结构的二维多孔碳电极:利用CO2激光按照预设计的图案碳化聚酰亚胺基底,生成预定义的二维多孔碳电极图案,按图案边缘将其切下;
2)将聚酰亚胺连同二维多孔碳电极图案贴附在与传感器腔体互补的模具上,并向模具内注满待固化的PDMS溶液;
3)将上述样品置于真空釜中抽气,使PDMS溶液流入多孔碳的孔隙中;之后取出样品加热使PDMS充分固化;
4)形成三维多孔碳电极:取出模具中的PDMS固体, 撕下聚酰亚胺使其与多孔碳电极分离,完成多孔碳电极到PDMS空腔三维表面的转移;
5) 利用UV脉冲激光对三维多孔碳电极表面和PDMS薄膜表面雕刻微结构,将液态金属液滴注入PDMS空腔并将PDMS薄膜雕刻面朝下盖于所述PDMS空腔上封口。
2.根据权利要求1所述的全软体的自驱动振动传感器的制备方法,其特征在于,在PDMS薄膜(1)的下表面以及三维多孔碳电极(3)的表面均形成有微结构。
3.根据权利要求1所述的全软体的自驱动振动传感器的制备方法,其特征在于,所述液态金属液滴(2)为共晶镓铟液滴。
4.如权利要求1-3任一项所述制备方法制得的传感器,其特征在于,所述传感器在振动过程中,通过液态金属液滴与PDMS薄膜表面摩擦起电,通过液态金属液滴不断靠近或远离PDMS薄膜在多孔碳电极端产生周期性的感应电流。
5.根据权利要求4所述的传感器,其特征在于,液态金属液滴与PDMS薄膜表面摩擦起电后,PDMS薄膜表面带有负电荷,液态金属液滴表面带有等量正电荷,液态金属液滴远离PDMS薄膜时,正电荷通过电路负载流向多孔碳电极;当液态金属液滴靠近PDMS薄膜时正电荷从多孔碳电极流向负载。
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