CN114650631A - Graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated at low pressure, preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated at low pressure, preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/145—Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/10—Coatings without pigments
- D21H19/14—Coatings without pigments applied in a form other than the aqueous solution defined in group D21H19/12
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
- D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
- D21H27/10—Packing paper
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
- H05B3/03—Electrodes
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- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of an electrothermal film, in particular to a graphene electrothermal film capable of being heated at a low pressure by rapid heating, a preparation method and application thereof. The graphene electrothermal film comprises a paper layer, a heating body layer, a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The paper layer is closely adhered to the heating body layer, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are closely connected to the edge of the heating body layer in parallel, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are fixedly connected with the lead through buckles respectively, and the external direct-current power supply is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode through leads. The heating element layer comprises 1-5 parts of graphene, 40-55 parts of water-based fluorocarbon resin, 15-20 parts of regulating oil, 15-30 parts of diluent, 1-3 parts of dispersing agent, 1-3 parts of anti-settling agent, 3-5 parts of defoaming agent, 2-3 parts of flatting agent and 2-3 parts of adhesion promoter. The preparation method is simple and easy to apply. And the use cost is low, the carrying is portable, and the portable multifunctional cup can be applied to the application fields of cups, take-out meal boxes, pizza and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of an electrothermal film, in particular to a graphene electrothermal film capable of being heated at a low pressure by rapid heating, a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Most of the existing lunch boxes for containing food have no heating function, so that inconvenience is brought to quick and convenient heating and heat preservation of food, and people often feel inconvenient especially when going out for travel or taking away for meal and the like. At present, some electric food heating appliances such as microwave ovens, electromagnetic ovens, electric cookers, electric water heaters and the like exist, and the electric food heating appliances are large in size and inconvenient to carry about.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated under low pressure, which comprises a paper layer, a heating body layer, a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The thickness of the film is 50-200 mu m, the size of the film is 145-300mm, the graphene electrothermal film can be quickly heated to 40-100 ℃ within 1-3min under the condition of 5-36V external power supply, the temperature stability is maintained, and the problem that the taste of food becomes cold and poor due to temperature cooling can be solved in the application fields of cups, take-away lunch boxes, pizza and the like.
The invention also aims to provide a preparation method of the graphene electrothermal film, which is simple to prepare, cost-saving, convenient to produce and easy to use.
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme.
In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a graphene electrothermal film capable of being heated at a low pressure by rapid temperature rise, where the graphene electrothermal film includes a paper layer, a heating element layer, a positive electrode, and a negative electrode. The paper layer is closely adhered to the heating body layer, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are closely connected to the edge of the heating body layer in parallel, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are fixedly connected with the lead through buckles respectively, and the external direct-current power supply is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode through leads. The heating body layer comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1-5 parts of graphene, 40-55 parts of water-based fluorocarbon resin, 15-20 parts of regulating oil, 15-30 parts of diluent, 1-3 parts of dispersing agent, 1-3 parts of anti-settling agent, 3-5 parts of defoaming agent, 2-3 parts of flatting agent and 2-3 parts of adhesion promoter. The higher the component content of the graphene is, the higher the power is, and the higher the highest temperature is.
Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, the conditioning oil is one of a resin solution, a resin aqueous solution, and a resin organic solvent solution, and the conditioning oil mainly serves as a liquid medium carrier and performs a uniform mixing function on other components.
Further, in some embodiments of the invention, the diluent is propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PMA).
Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, the dispersant is any one of polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyvinylpyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and nanocellulose.
Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, the anti-settling agent is an amino acid ester copolymer MT6650 anti-settling agent.
Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, the defoaming agent is a silicone-based defoaming agent.
Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, the leveling agent is an organic silicon leveling agent polydimethylsiloxane.
Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, the adhesion promoter is a resin-based adhesion promoter, di-high LTH adhesion promoter resin, which plays a role in assisting film formation.
Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, the paper layer is one of waterproof kraft paper, flame retardant paper, and fire resistant fiber paper.
Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, the heat-generating body layer is a graphene electrothermal film paste coating, and the thickness of the film is 50-200 μm.
Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, the positive and negative electrodes are rectangular with a width of 8mm and are arranged in parallel.
Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, the external power source is a 5V dc detachable power source.
Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, the graphene electrothermal film is one of a circular shape, a square shape and a rectangular shape.
Further, in some embodiments of the present invention, the size of the graphene electrothermal film is any size of 145-300 mm.
In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for preparing a graphene electrothermal film capable of being heated at a low pressure by rapid heating, including the following steps:
(a) taking the paper layer as a substrate for standby; (b) spraying graphene coating on one surface of the paper layer substrate, and drying to obtain a substrate with one graphene layer; (c) introducing positive and negative electrodes, respectively placing 1 copper foil or copper bar as the positive and negative electrodes on two opposite sides of the heating body layer, wherein the copper foils or copper bars are parallel to each other and symmetrically distributed with each other at a distance of 3-6mm from the edge of the insulating base material, and then carrying out hot pressing treatment. The end department at the electrode is respectively with the buckle with the ply, the heating element layer, electrode fixed connection together, the wire passes through the buckle is connected fixedly with positive electrode and negative electrode, and external power supply passes through the wire and supplies power for graphite alkene electric heat membrane.
Compared with the prior art, the embodiment of the invention has at least the following advantages or beneficial effects:
aiming at the first aspect, the graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated up at low pressure comprises a paper layer, a heating body layer, a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The paper layer is closely adhered to the heating body layer, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are closely connected to the edge of the heating body layer in parallel, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are fixedly connected with the lead through buckles respectively, and the external direct-current power supply is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode through leads. And the heat-generating body layer includes the following components: 1-5 parts of graphene, 40-55 parts of water-based fluorocarbon resin, 15-20 parts of regulating oil, 15-30 parts of diluent, 1-3 parts of dispersing agent, 1-3 parts of anti-settling agent, 3-5 parts of defoaming agent, 2-3 parts of flatting agent and 2-3 parts of adhesion promoter. Wherein the higher the component content of the graphene is, the higher the power is, and the higher the maximum temperature is. The thickness of the graphene electrothermal film is 50-200 mu m, the size of the film is 145-300mm, the graphene electrothermal film is externally connected with a detachable power supply such as an external portable power supply of a charger and the like, the temperature can be rapidly increased to 40-100 ℃ and kept stable within 1-3min under the condition of 5-36V, and the problem that the taste of food becomes cold due to temperature cooling can be solved in the application fields of cups, take-away lunch boxes, pizza and the like. And positive electrode and negative electrode are connected fixedly through buckle and wire respectively, and are firm stable, conveniently connect and dismantle, avoid using the adhesive, prevent that wire and heating element layer from producing the separation phenomenon after working for a period of time.
For the second aspect, the following preparation steps are provided: (a) taking the paper layer as a substrate for standby; (b) spraying graphene coating on one surface of the paper layer substrate, and drying to obtain a substrate with one graphene layer; (c) introducing positive and negative electrodes, respectively placing 1 copper foil or copper bar as the positive and negative electrodes on two opposite sides of the heating body layer, wherein the copper foils or copper bars are parallel to each other and symmetrically distributed with each other at a distance of 3-6mm from the edge of the insulating base material, and then carrying out hot pressing treatment. The end department at the electrode is respectively with the buckle with the ply, the heating element layer, electrode fixed connection together, the wire passes through the buckle is connected fixedly with positive electrode and negative electrode, and external power supply passes through the wire and supplies power for graphite alkene electric heat membrane. The preparation method has the advantages of simple preparation process, cost saving, convenient production and easy use.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a graphene electrothermal film heated at a low pressure by rapid heating according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an infrared imaging chart of embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a temperature test curve diagram of the electrothermal film in the embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 1, this embodiment 1 provides a graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated at a low pressure, which includes a paper layer, a heat-generating body layer, a positive electrode, and a negative electrode. The paper layer is closely adhered to the heating body layer, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are closely connected to the edge of the heating body layer in parallel, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are fixedly connected with the lead through buckles respectively, and the external direct-current power supply is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode through leads. And the heat-generating body layer includes the following components: 5 parts of graphene, 55 parts of water-based fluorocarbon resin, 20 parts of regulating oil, 30 parts of diluent, 1 part of dispersing agent, 1 part of anti-settling agent, 3 parts of defoaming agent, 2 parts of flatting agent and 2 parts of adhesion promoter.
The conditioned oil of this example 1 is a resin organic solvent.
The diluent used in this example 1 was PMA (propylene glycol methyl ether acetate).
The dispersant of this example 1 was N-methylpyrrolidone.
The anti-settling agent in this example 1 is amino acid ester copolymer MT 6650.
The defoaming agent of example 1 was a silicone-based defoaming agent.
The leveling agent in this example 1 was polydimethylsiloxane.
In this example 1, the adhesion promoter is digalth adhesion promoting resin.
In this example 1, the paper layer is waterproof kraft paper.
In this embodiment 1, the heating layer is a graphene electrothermal film slurry coating, and the thickness of the film is 100 μm.
In this example 1, positive and negative electrodes are rectangular with a width of 8mm, respectively, and are arranged in parallel.
The external power supply of the embodiment 1 is a 12V dc external power supply.
The graphene electrothermal film in the embodiment 1 is square.
The size of the graphene electrothermal film in the embodiment 1 is 145 mm.
Referring to fig. 2, the graphene electrothermal film of this embodiment 1 can be rapidly heated to 72.4 ℃ within 2min under 12V.
Referring to fig. 3 and table 1, for the temperature test curve diagram and the temperature test data of the graphene electrothermal film in embodiment 1, the maximum temperature reaches 82 ℃ and is maintained stable.
TABLE 1 temperature test data
Example 1 preparation method: (a) taking the paper layer as a substrate for standby; (b) spraying graphene coating on one surface of the paper layer substrate, and drying to obtain a substrate with one graphene layer; (c) introducing positive and negative electrodes, respectively placing 1 copper foil or copper bar as the positive and negative electrodes on two opposite sides of the heating body layer, wherein the copper foils or copper bars are 6mm away from the edge of the insulating base material, are parallel to each other, are symmetrically distributed, and then are subjected to hot pressing treatment. The end department at the electrode is respectively with the buckle with the ply, the heating element layer, electrode fixed connection together, the wire passes through the buckle is connected fixedly with positive electrode and negative electrode, and external power supply passes through the wire and supplies power for graphite alkene electric heat membrane.
Example 2
This embodiment 2 provides a graphite alkene electric heat membrane of rapid heating up heating under low pressure, including paper layer, heating element layer, positive electrode, negative electrode. The paper layer is closely adhered to the heating body layer, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are closely connected to the edge of the heating body layer in parallel, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are fixedly connected with the lead through buckles respectively, and the external direct-current power supply is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode through leads. And the heat-generating body layer includes the following components: 3 parts of graphene, 45 parts of water-based fluorocarbon resin, 15 parts of regulating oil, 15 parts of diluent, 1 part of dispersing agent, 1 part of anti-settling agent, 3 parts of defoaming agent, 2 parts of flatting agent and 2 parts of adhesion promoter.
The conditioned oil of example 2 is a resin organic solvent.
In this example 2, PMA (propylene glycol methyl ether acetate) was used as a diluent.
In example 2 the dispersant is N-methylpyrrolidone.
The anti-settling agent in this example 2 is an amino acid ester copolymer MT6650 anti-settling agent.
The defoaming agent of example 2 was a silicone-based defoaming agent.
The leveling agent of the embodiment 2 is polydimethylsiloxane.
In this example 2, the adhesion promoter is digalth adhesion promoting resin.
In this embodiment 2, the paper layer is waterproof kraft paper.
In this embodiment 2, the heating element layer is a graphene electrothermal film slurry coating, and the thickness of the film is 80 μm.
In this embodiment 2, positive and negative electrodes are rectangular with a width of 8mm and are arranged in parallel.
The external power supply of this embodiment 2 is the power supply of 5V direct current treasured that charges.
In the embodiment 2, the graphene electrothermal film is square.
The size of the graphene electrothermal film in the embodiment 2 is 225 mm.
Example 2 preparation method: (a) taking the paper layer as a substrate for standby; (b) spraying graphene coating on one surface of the paper layer substrate, and drying to obtain a substrate with a graphene layer on one surface; (c) introducing positive and negative electrodes, respectively placing 1 copper foil or copper bar as the positive and negative electrodes on two opposite sides of the heating body layer, wherein the copper foils or copper bars are parallel to each other and are symmetrically distributed with each other at a distance of 4mm from the edge of the insulating base material, and then carrying out hot pressing treatment. The end department at the electrode is respectively with the buckle with the ply, the heating element layer, electrode fixed connection together, the wire passes through the buckle is connected fixedly with positive electrode and negative electrode, and external power supply passes through the wire and supplies power for graphite alkene electric heat membrane.
Example 3
This embodiment 3 provides a graphite alkene electric heat membrane of rapid heating up heating under low pressure, including paper layer, heating element layer, positive electrode, negative electrode. The paper layer is closely adhered to the heating body layer, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are closely connected to the edge of the heating body layer in parallel, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are fixedly connected with the lead through buckles respectively, and the external direct-current power supply is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode through leads. And the heat-generating body layer includes the following components: 2 parts of graphene, 40 parts of water-based fluorocarbon resin, 18 parts of regulating oil, 20 parts of diluent, 1 part of dispersing agent, 1 part of anti-settling agent, 3 parts of defoaming agent, 2 parts of flatting agent and 2 parts of adhesion promoter.
The conditioned oil of example 3 is a resin organic solvent.
In this example 3, PMA (propylene glycol methyl ether acetate) was used as a diluent.
In example 3 the dispersant is N-methylpyrrolidone.
The anti-settling agent in this example 3 is an amino acid ester copolymer MT6650 anti-settling agent.
The defoaming agent of example 3 is a silicone-based defoaming agent.
The leveling agent in this example 3 is polydimethylsiloxane.
In this example 3, the adhesion promoter is digaLTH adhesion promoting resin.
In this embodiment 3, the paper layer is waterproof kraft paper.
In this embodiment 3, the heating element layer is a graphene electrothermal film slurry coating, and the thickness of the film is 80 μm.
In this example 3, positive and negative electrodes are rectangular with a width of 8mm, respectively, and are arranged in parallel.
The external power supply of the embodiment 3 is supplied by a 36V direct current external power supply.
The shape of the graphene electrothermal film in the embodiment 3 is square.
The size of the graphene electrothermal film in the embodiment 3 is 300 mm.
Example 3 preparation method: (a) taking the paper layer as a substrate for standby; (b) spraying graphene coating on one surface of the paper layer substrate, and drying to obtain a substrate with one graphene layer; (c) introducing positive and negative electrodes, respectively placing 1 copper foil or copper bar as the positive and negative electrodes on two opposite sides of the heating body layer, wherein the copper foils or copper bars are 5mm away from the edge of the insulating base material, are parallel to each other, are symmetrically distributed, and then are subjected to hot pressing treatment. The end department at the electrode is respectively with the buckle with the ply, the heating element layer, electrode fixed connection together, the wire passes through the buckle is connected fixedly with positive electrode and negative electrode, and external power supply passes through the wire and supplies power for graphite alkene electric heat membrane.
The graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated under low pressure provided by the invention has the thickness of 50-200 mu m, the size of the graphene electrothermal film is 145-300mm, the graphene electrothermal film can be rapidly heated to 40-100 ℃ and maintain the temperature stability after being externally connected with a detachable power supply such as an external portable power supply of a charger and the like for 1-3min under the condition of 5-36V, and the graphene electrothermal film is low in use cost, portable to carry and capable of solving the problem that the taste of food becomes cold and poor due to temperature cooling in the application fields of cups, take-away lunch boxes, pizza and the like. Simple preparation, cost saving, convenient production and easy use.
The embodiments described above are some, but not all embodiments of the invention. The detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated at low pressure comprises a paper layer, a heating body layer, a positive electrode and a negative electrode; the paper layer is tightly adhered to the heating body layer, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are tightly connected to the edge of the heating body layer in parallel, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are fixedly connected with the lead through buckles respectively, and the external direct current power supply is connected with the positive electrode and the negative electrode through the lead; the heat-generating body layer is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 1-5 parts of graphene, 40-55 parts of water-based fluorocarbon resin, 15-20 parts of regulating oil, 15-30 parts of diluent, 1-3 parts of dispersing agent, 1-3 parts of anti-settling agent, 3-5 parts of defoaming agent, 2-3 parts of flatting agent and 2-3 parts of adhesion promoter.
2. The graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated at a low pressure according to claim 1, wherein the conditioning oil is a liquid medium carrier and is one of a resin solution, a resin aqueous solution or a resin organic solvent solution.
3. The graphene electrothermal film capable of rapid heating under low pressure according to claim 1, wherein the diluent is propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PMA).
4. The graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated at a low pressure according to claim 1, wherein the dispersant is any one of polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyvinylpyrrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or nanocellulose.
5. The graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated at a low pressure according to claim 1, wherein the anti-settling agent is amino acid ester copolymer MT 6650.
6. The graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated at a low pressure by temperature rise according to claim 1, wherein the defoaming agent is a silicone defoaming agent.
7. The graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated at a low pressure according to claim 1, wherein the leveling agent is an organic silicon leveling agent polydimethylsiloxane.
8. The graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated at a low pressure according to claim 1, wherein the adhesion promoter is a resin-based adhesion promoter (DIH) high LTH adhesion promoting resin.
9. A preparation method of a graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated at low pressure is characterized by comprising the following steps: (a) taking a paper layer as a substrate; (b) spraying graphene coating on one surface of the paper layer substrate, and drying to obtain a substrate with a graphene layer on one surface; (c) introducing positive and negative electrodes, respectively placing copper foils or copper bars as the positive and negative electrodes on two opposite sides of the heating body layer, wherein the copper foils or copper bars are parallel to each other and are symmetrically distributed with each other, fixedly connecting the paper layer, the heating body layer and the electrodes together by using buckles at the ends of the electrodes respectively through hot-pressing treatment, connecting and fixing a lead with a positive electrode and a negative electrode through the buckles, and supplying power to the graphene electrothermal film through an external power supply through the lead;
the paper layer is one of waterproof kraft paper, flame-retardant paper and refractory fiber paper;
the heating body layer is a graphene electric heating film slurry coating, and the thickness of the film is 50-200 mu m.
10. The application of the graphene electrothermal film capable of being rapidly heated under low pressure as food heating is characterized in that the graphene electrothermal film is rapidly heated to 40-100 ℃ within 1-3min under the condition of 5-36V of an external power supply, and the temperature is kept stable.
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