CN114636784A - Method and equipment for testing and evaluating combustion performance of down feather - Google Patents
Method and equipment for testing and evaluating combustion performance of down feather Download PDFInfo
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- CN114636784A CN114636784A CN202210221506.XA CN202210221506A CN114636784A CN 114636784 A CN114636784 A CN 114636784A CN 202210221506 A CN202210221506 A CN 202210221506A CN 114636784 A CN114636784 A CN 114636784A
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
- G01N31/12—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods using combustion
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01G—WEIGHING
- G01G17/00—Apparatus for or methods of weighing material of special form or property
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method and equipment for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of down, which comprises a maximum diameter test of a damaged bottom ring, a combustion damage depth test and a smoke yield test, and forms an index system for testing and evaluating the flame retardant performance of the down, wherein the index system specifically comprises the maximum diameter of the damaged bottom ring, the combustion damage depth and the smoke yield; through the automatic weighing device, quantitative down feather can be quickly and accurately weighed and limited, and the down feather for testing is slowly pushed into the down feather burner, so that the fluffy three-dimensional characteristic of the down feather for testing is ensured, and the actual condition of a flame retardancy testing index system is ensured to be met as much as possible. The nut sleeve is characterized in that an arc groove is formed in the outer wall of the nut sleeve, the lower end of the arc guide rail is fixedly connected with the base, the arc groove is matched with the arc guide rail in a sliding mode, and the limiting guide structure is compact.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of testing the flame retardance of loose fiber materials, and particularly relates to a method and equipment for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of down feather.
Background
The down feather has rich resources and wide application, and can be used as down jackets, down quilts, down home textiles and the like; the fabric is popular in the market due to the characteristics of light weight, heat preservation, environmental protection and the like.
Due to functional requirements, the market puts higher demands on the flame retardant property of the down feather at present, the down feather with the flame retardant property prepared by adopting methods such as after-finishing, chemical modification and the like becomes an industry development trend, but at present, no appropriate detection and evaluation method and matched equipment are provided for the flame retardant property of the down feather.
The oxygen limiting index meter can test the flame retardant property of loose fibers such as down feather, but the fact that the down feather has fluffy three-dimensional characteristics is not considered, and the test result cannot truly reflect the flame retardant property of down feather aggregates.
The vertical combustion tester is only suitable for testing the flame retardant property of the planar material, and is not suitable for testing and evaluating the flame retardant property of loose fibers such as down and the like.
In conclusion, based on various demands of market and technology, the invention of a method for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of down feather and matched experimental equipment is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method and equipment for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of down feather, which are used for solving the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a method for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of down feather comprises the steps of testing the maximum diameter of a damaged bottom ring, testing the combustion damage depth and testing the smoke yield;
the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step S1: the down feather for testing is put into an automatic weighing device for weighing, and then quantitative down feather for testing is weighed;
step S2: connecting the end part of an automatic weighing device for weighing the quantitative down feather for testing with a down feather burner, pushing the quantitative down feather for testing in the automatic weighing device into the down feather burner, and then taking down the automatic weighing device;
step S3: hanging the down combustor on an automatic rotating bracket;
step S4: igniting a wick of the test alcohol burner, and enabling the wick to be positioned under the down feather burner;
step S5: electrically adjusting the height of the down burner to enable the lower end of the down burner to be positioned above the lamp wick flame of the test alcohol lamp, stopping the contact position of the down burner and the outer flame of the lamp wick flame, and staying for a time T;
step S6: taking down the down combustor from the automatic rotating bracket;
step S7: measuring the maximum diameter of a damaged bottom ring of the test down in the down combustor after the test down is combusted;
step S8: and measuring the burning damage depth of the test down in the down combustor after the test down is burnt.
Preferably, the filling amount of the down feather for test in the step S1 is 5g/dm3The down feather for quantitative test was weighed to be 1 g.
Preferably, the volume of the inner cavity of the down burner in the step S2 is 10cm × 10cm × 2 cm.
Preferably, the stay time T in the step S5 is 12S.
Preferably, in the step S5, a smoke detector for detecting the smoke amount in the combustion process of the down feather is placed at a position 5cm above the ignition point of the down feather for testing in the down feather burner.
The equipment for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of the down comprises a down combustor, an automatic rotating bracket and an automatic weighing device, wherein the down combustor is connected with the automatic rotating bracket;
the eiderdown combustor comprises a combustor main body, a square wire netting and a side cover plate, wherein a rotating shaft is arranged at the rear end of the square wire netting, the square wire netting is hinged with the combustor main body through the rotating shaft, an arc-shaped cylindrical buckle is arranged at the front end of the square wire netting, and the square wire netting is clamped with the combustor main body through the arc-shaped cylindrical buckle; sliding grooves are symmetrically formed in the hollowed-out positions of the two sides of the burner main body, and the side cover plates are connected with the sliding grooves in a sliding mode; the rear end of the burner main body is provided with a square hanging groove;
the automatic rotating support comprises a base, a support motor, a lifting screw, a nut sleeve, an arc guide rail and a hanging rack, wherein the support motor is fixedly connected with the inside of the base, the lifting screw is rotatably connected with the base, the lower end of the lifting screw is connected with the end part of an output shaft of the support motor through a coupler, the nut sleeve is connected with the lifting screw through a spiral pair, an arc groove is formed in the outer wall of the nut sleeve, the lower end of the arc guide rail is fixedly connected with the base, the arc groove is matched with the arc guide rail in a sliding connection, and the hanging rack is fixedly connected with the nut sleeve;
the automatic weighing device comprises a weighing box, a pushing motor, a pushing screw rod, a pushing plate and a blocking plate, wherein the pushing motor is fixedly connected with the end part of the weighing box, the end part of an output shaft of the pushing motor is connected with the end part of the pushing screw rod through a coupler, the pushing plate is slidably connected with the inner wall of the weighing box and is fixedly connected with the middle of the pushing screw rod, a slot is formed in the front end of the weighing box, the blocking plate is inserted into the slot to seal the front end of the weighing box, and positioning sliders are symmetrically arranged at the front end of the weighing box.
The beneficial effect of adopting above technical scheme is:
1. the method for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of the down feather forms an index system for testing and evaluating the flame retardant performance of the down feather, and specifically comprises the maximum diameter of a damaged bottom ring, the combustion damage depth and the smoke yield.
2. The filling amount of the down feather for the test in the step S1 is 5g/dm3The quantitative down feather for testing is weighed to be 1g, so that the filling amount of the down feather for testing is equivalent to that of the most common down jackets in the market.
The volume of the cavity of the down feather burner in the step S2 is 10cm multiplied by 2cm, so that the self fluffy three-dimensional characteristic of the down feather to be tested is ensured, and the flame retardance test index system is ensured to be in line with the actual situation as much as possible.
The residence time T in the step S5 is 12S, so as to ensure the consistency of the contact flame.
In the time period of the stay time T in the step S5, a smoke detector for detecting the smoke amount in the combustion process of the down feather is arranged at a position 5cm above the ignition point of the down feather for testing of the down feather burner, so that the consistency of the contact flame and the consistency of the detection smoke position are ensured.
3. The equipment for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of the down feather comprises the following specific using processes: putting a certain amount of down feather for testing into an automatic weighing device for weighing, inserting a blocking plate into an inserting slot, and weighing the down feather for testing quantitatively; and subtracting the weight of the automatic weighing device from the obtained weight to obtain the weight of the down feather for testing.
The method comprises the steps of closing a square wire mesh, enabling an arc-shaped cylindrical buckle to fasten a combustor main body, pushing a side cover plate into a right reserved position along a sliding groove, then pushing a positioning sliding block of an automatic weighing device into the side cover plate along the sliding groove, then pulling a blocking plate out of a slot, then remotely starting a pushing motor, driving a pushing screw rod by the pushing motor to enable the pushing plate to push down feather for testing into a down feather combustor, then pushing the automatic weighing device out along the sliding groove, closing hollow-out positions of two sides of the combustor main body along the sliding groove with the side cover plate, and then hanging a square hanging groove into a hanging frame of an automatic rotating support.
According to the height of the alcohol burner or the experiment requirement, a support motor is started in a remote control mode, the support motor drives a lifting screw to enable a nut sleeve to move up and down under the limiting guide of the circular arc guide rail along with a hanging frame, the height of the down combustor is adjusted to be proper, and the experiment begins.
The equipment for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of the down feather not only can quickly and accurately weigh quantitative down feather for limiting through the automatic weighing device, but also can slowly push the down feather to be tested into the down feather combustor, thereby ensuring the self fluffy three-dimensional characteristic of the down feather to be tested and ensuring that a flame retardancy test index system conforms to the actual situation as far as possible. The nut sleeve is characterized in that an arc groove is formed in the outer wall of the nut sleeve, the lower end of the arc guide rail is fixedly connected with the base, the arc groove is matched with the arc guide rail in a sliding mode, and the limiting guide structure is compact.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a damaged bottom ring diameter and its evaluation system;
FIG. 2 is a combustion damage depth ratio and its evaluation system;
FIG. 3 is a combustion smoke yield and an evaluation system thereof;
FIG. 4 is an assembly drawing of the apparatus for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of down feather in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an assembly view of the down burner;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the structure of the burner body;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a chute structure on the burner body;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a square wire mesh structure;
FIG. 9 is an assembly view of the automatic rotating stand;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a carriage motor configuration;
FIG. 11 is an assembled perspective view of the automatic scale;
FIG. 12 is a state after test down is filled in the down burner;
FIG. 13 is a diameter view of a base ring without flame retardant properties;
FIG. 14 is a diameter view of a base ring with poor flame retardancy;
FIG. 15 is a view showing the diameter of a base ring excellent in flame retardancy;
FIG. 16 is a view showing the diameter of a base ring excellent in flame retardancy;
wherein:
1. a down burner; 2. automatically rotating the bracket; 3. an automatic weighing device;
10. a burner body; 10-1, a chute; 10-2, square hanging grooves; 11. a square wire mesh; 11-1, a rotating shaft; 11-2, an arc-shaped cylindrical buckle; 12. a side cover plate;
20. a base; 21. a support motor; 22. a lifting screw; 23. a nut sleeve; 23-1, arc grooves; 24. a circular arc guide rail; 25. a hanger;
30. a weighing box; 30-1, a slot; 30-2, positioning a sliding block; 31. a pushing motor; 32. pushing the screw rod; 33. a push plate; 34. a barrier plate.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention will be given with reference to the accompanying drawings for a purpose of helping those skilled in the art to more fully, accurately and deeply understand the concept and technical solution of the present invention and to facilitate its implementation.
As shown in fig. 1 to 16, the present invention is a method and apparatus for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of down, which forms an index system for testing and evaluating the flame retardant performance of down, specifically including maximum diameter of damaged base ring, combustion damage depth and smoke yield; through the automatic weighing device, quantitative down feather can be quickly and accurately weighed and limited, and the down feather for testing is slowly pushed into the down feather burner, so that the fluffy three-dimensional characteristic of the down feather for testing is ensured, and the actual condition of a flame retardancy testing index system is ensured to be met as much as possible. The nut sleeve is characterized in that an arc groove is formed in the outer wall of the nut sleeve, the lower end of the arc guide rail is fixedly connected with the base, the arc groove is matched with the arc guide rail in a sliding mode, and the limiting guide structure is compact.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 1 to 16, a method for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of down feather comprises a maximum diameter test of a damaged bottom ring, a combustion damage depth test and a smoke yield test;
the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step S1: the down feather for testing is put into an automatic weighing device 3 for weighing, and then quantitative down feather for testing is weighed;
step S2: connecting the end part of an automatic weighing device 3 for weighing the quantitative down feather for testing with the down feather burner 1, pushing the quantitative down feather for testing in the automatic weighing device 3 into the down feather burner 1, and then taking down the automatic weighing device 3;
step S3: hanging the down combustor 1 on the automatic rotating bracket 2;
step S4: igniting a wick of the test alcohol burner, and enabling the wick to be positioned under the down feather burner 1;
step S5: electrically adjusting the height of the down burner 1 to enable the lower end of the down burner to be positioned above the wick flame of the test alcohol lamp, stopping the contact position of the down burner and the outer flame of the wick flame, and staying for a time T;
step S6: removing the down burner 1 from the automatic rotating frame 2;
step S7: measuring the maximum diameter of a damaged bottom ring of the tested down in the down combustor 1 after the test down is combusted;
step S8: the burning damage depth of the test down in the down burner 1 after burning was measured.
The filling amount of the down feather for the test in the step S1 is 5g/dm3The down feather for quantitative test was weighed to 1 g.
The volume of the inner cavity of the down burner 1 in the step S2 is 10cm × 10cm × 2 cm.
The stay time T in the step S5 is 12S.
In the retention time T in the step S5, a smoke detector for detecting the amount of smoke generated during the combustion of the test down is placed 5cm above the ignition point of the test down in the down burner 1.
The equipment for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of the down feather comprises a down feather burner 1, an automatic rotating support 2 and an automatic weighing device 3, wherein the down feather burner 1 is connected with the automatic rotating support 2.
The eiderdown burner 1 comprises a burner main body 10, a square wire netting 11 and a side cover plate 12, wherein a rotating shaft 11-1 is arranged at the rear end of the square wire netting 11, the square wire netting 11 is hinged with the burner main body 10 through the rotating shaft 11-1, an arc-shaped cylindrical buckle 11-2 is arranged at the front end of the square wire netting 11, and the square wire netting 11 is clamped with the burner main body 10 through the arc-shaped cylindrical buckle 11-2; chutes 10-1 are symmetrically arranged at hollow parts at two sides of the burner main body 10, and the side cover plates 12 are connected with the chutes 10-1 in a sliding manner; the rear end of the burner body 10 is provided with a square hanging groove 10-2.
The automatic rotating support 2 comprises a base 20, a support motor 21, a lifting screw 22, a nut sleeve 23, an arc guide rail 24 and a hanging rack 25, the support motor 21 is fixedly connected with the inside of the base 20, the lifting screw 22 is rotatably connected with the base 20, the lower end of the output shaft of the support motor 21 is connected with the end portion of the output shaft of the support motor 21 through a coupler, the nut sleeve 23 is connected with the lifting screw 22 through a spiral pair, an arc groove 23-1 is formed in the outer wall of the nut sleeve 23, the lower end of the arc guide rail 24 is fixedly connected with the base 20, the arc groove 23-1 is matched with the arc guide rail 24 in a sliding mode, and the hanging rack 25 is fixedly connected with the nut sleeve 23.
The automatic weighing device 3 comprises a weighing box 30, a pushing motor 31, a pushing screw rod 32, a pushing plate 33 and a blocking plate 34, the pushing motor 31 is fixedly connected with the end portion of the weighing box 30, the end portion of an output shaft of the pushing motor 31 is connected with the end portion of the pushing screw rod 32 through a coupler, the pushing plate 33 is slidably connected with the inner wall of the weighing box 30 and is fixedly connected with the middle of the pushing screw rod 32, a slot 30-1 is formed in the front end of the weighing box 30, the blocking plate 34 is inserted into the slot 30-1 to seal the front end of the weighing box 30, and a positioning sliding block 30-2 is symmetrically arranged on the front end of the weighing box 30.
The following specific working modes are illustrated by specific examples:
example 1:
the method for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of the down feather forms an index system for testing and evaluating the flame retardant performance of the down feather, and specifically comprises the maximum diameter of a damaged bottom ring, the combustion damage depth and the smoke yield.
The filling amount of the down feather for the test in the step S1 is 5g/dm3And weighing down feather for quantitative test to be 1g, so that the filling amount of the down feather for test is equal to that of the most common down jackets in the market.
The volume of the inner cavity of the down combustor 1 in the step S2 is 10cm multiplied by 2cm, so that the fluffy three-dimensional characteristic of the down to be tested is ensured, and the actual condition of a flame-retardant test index system is ensured to be met as much as possible.
The residence time T in step S5 is 12S, so as to ensure the consistency of the contact flame.
In the time period T of the stay time in the step S5, a smoke detector for detecting the amount of smoke generated during the combustion of the down feather is placed 5cm above the ignition point of the down feather for testing of the down feather burner 1, so as to ensure the consistency of the contact flame and the consistency of the detection smoke position.
Example 2:
the equipment for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of the down feather comprises the following specific using processes: a certain amount of down feather for testing is put into the automatic weighing device 3 for weighing, then the blocking plate 34 is inserted into the slot 30-1, and then the down feather for testing is weighed; the weight of the down feather for testing is obtained by subtracting the weight of the automatic weighing machine 3.
Closing the square wire netting 11, enabling the arc-shaped cylindrical buckle 11-2 to fasten the burner main body 10, pushing the side cover plate 12 into a reserved right position along the chute 10-1, then pushing the positioning slider 30-2 of the automatic weighing device 3 into the chute 10-1, then pulling the blocking plate 34 out of the slot 30-1, then remotely starting the pushing motor 31, driving the pushing screw 32 by the pushing motor 31 to enable the pushing screw 33 to push the test down into the down burner 1, then pushing the automatic weighing device 3 out along the chute 10-1, closing the hollow parts at two sides of the burner main body 10 along the chute 10-1 by the side cover plate 12, and then hanging the square hanging groove 10-2 into the hanging rack 25 of the automatic rotating support 2.
According to the height of the alcohol burner or the experiment requirement, the support motor 21 is started in a remote control mode, the support motor 21 drives the lifting screw rod 22 to enable the nut sleeve 23 to drive the hanging rack 25 to move up and down under the limiting guide of the arc guide rail 24, the height of the down feather burner is adjusted to be proper, and the experiment begins.
According to the equipment for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of the down feather, the quantitative down feather can be quickly and accurately weighed and limited by the automatic weighing device 3, and the down feather to be tested is slowly pushed into the down feather combustor 1, so that the self fluffy three-dimensional characteristic of the down feather to be tested is ensured, and the flame retardance test index system is ensured to be in accordance with the actual situation as far as possible. The outer wall of the nut sleeve 23 is provided with an arc groove 23-1, the lower end of the arc guide rail 24 is fixedly connected with the base 20, the arc groove 23-1 is matched with the arc guide rail 24 in a sliding connection, and the limiting and guiding structure is compact.
The present invention has been described in connection with the accompanying drawings, and it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, but is intended to cover various insubstantial modifications of the invention based on the principles and technical solutions of the invention; the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and can be modified in various ways.
Claims (6)
1. A method for testing and evaluating the combustion performance of down feather is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the steps of testing the maximum diameter of a damaged bottom ring, testing the combustion damage depth and testing the smoke yield;
the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step S1: the down feather for testing is put into an automatic weighing device (3) for weighing, and then quantitative down feather for testing is weighed;
step S2: connecting the end part of an automatic weighing device (3) for weighing down feather for quantitative test with a down feather burner (1), pushing the down feather for quantitative test in the automatic weighing device (3) into the down feather burner (1), and then taking down the automatic weighing device (3);
step S3: hanging the down combustor (1) on an automatic rotating bracket (2);
step S4: igniting a wick of the test alcohol burner, and enabling the wick to be positioned under the down feather burner (1);
step S5: electrically adjusting the height of the down burner (1) to enable the lower end of the down burner to be positioned above the lamp wick flame of the test alcohol lamp, stopping the contact position of the down burner and the outer flame of the lamp wick flame, and staying for a time T;
step S6: taking down the down burner (1) from the automatic rotating bracket (2);
step S7: measuring the maximum diameter of a damaged bottom ring of the tested down in the down combustor (1) after the test down is combusted;
step S8: and measuring the burning damage depth of the test down in the down combustor (1) after the test down is burnt.
2. The method for testing and evaluating the burning performance of the down feather as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the filling amount of the down feather for the test in the step S1 is 5g/dm3The down feather for quantitative test was weighed to 1 g.
3. The method for testing and evaluating the burning performance of the down feather as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the volume of the inner cavity of the down burner (1) in the step S2 is 10cm multiplied by 2 cm.
4. The method for testing and evaluating the burning performance of the down feather as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the stay time T in the step S5 is 12S.
5. The method for testing and evaluating the burning performance of the down feather as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the time period of the stay time T in the step S5, a smoke detector for detecting the smoke amount in the combustion process of the down feather is arranged at a position 5cm above the ignition point of the down feather for testing of the down feather burner (1).
6. The apparatus for testing and evaluating the burning performance of down feather according to claim 1, wherein: the down feather weighing machine comprises a down feather burner (1), an automatic rotating bracket (2) and an automatic weighing device (3), wherein the down feather burner (1) is connected with the automatic rotating bracket (2);
the eiderdown burner (1) comprises a burner main body (10), a square wire netting (11) and a side cover plate (12), wherein a rotating shaft (11-1) is arranged at the rear end of the square wire netting (11), the square wire netting (11) is hinged with the burner main body (10) through the rotating shaft (11-1), an arc-shaped cylindrical buckle (11-2) is arranged at the front end of the square wire netting (11), and the square wire netting (11) is clamped with the burner main body (10) through the arc-shaped cylindrical buckle (11-2); sliding chutes (10-1) are symmetrically arranged at hollow positions on two sides of the burner main body (10), and the side cover plate (12) is in sliding connection with the sliding chutes (10-1); a square hanging groove (10-2) is formed in the rear end of the burner main body (10);
the automatic rotating support (2) comprises a base (20), a support motor (21), a lifting screw (22), a nut sleeve (23), an arc guide rail (24) and a hanging rack (25), the support motor (21) is fixedly connected with the inside of the base (20), the lifting screw (22) is rotatably connected with the base (20), the lower end of the lifting screw is connected with the end part of an output shaft of the support motor (21) through a coupler, the nut sleeve (23) is connected with the lifting screw (22) through a spiral pair, an arc groove (23-1) is formed in the outer wall of the nut sleeve (23), the lower end of the arc guide rail (24) is fixedly connected with the base (20), the arc groove (23-1) is matched and slidably connected with the arc guide rail (24), and the hanging rack (25) is fixedly connected with the nut sleeve (23);
the automatic weighing device (3) comprises a weighing box (30), a pushing motor (31), a pushing screw rod (32), a pushing plate (33) and a blocking plate (34), the pushing motor (31) is fixedly connected with the end of the weighing box (30), the end of an output shaft of the pushing motor (31) is connected with the end of the pushing screw rod (32) through a coupler, the pushing plate (33) is slidably connected with the inner wall of the weighing box (30) and is fixedly connected with the middle of the pushing screw rod (32), a slot (30-1) is formed in the front end of the weighing box (30), the blocking plate (34) is inserted into the slot (30-1) to seal the front end of the weighing box (30), and a positioning sliding block (30-2) is symmetrically arranged on the front end of the weighing box (30).
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| CN202210221506.XA CN114636784B (en) | 2022-03-09 | 2022-03-09 | Method and equipment for testing and evaluating combustion performance of down feather |
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| CN202210221506.XA CN114636784B (en) | 2022-03-09 | 2022-03-09 | Method and equipment for testing and evaluating combustion performance of down feather |
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