CN114635707B - Hydraulic fracturing-based rapid and continuous hard rock roadway or tunnel tunneling method - Google Patents
Hydraulic fracturing-based rapid and continuous hard rock roadway or tunnel tunneling method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114635707B CN114635707B CN202210419215.1A CN202210419215A CN114635707B CN 114635707 B CN114635707 B CN 114635707B CN 202210419215 A CN202210419215 A CN 202210419215A CN 114635707 B CN114635707 B CN 114635707B
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 65
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 claims description 14
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- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 abstract description 22
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 18
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- 208000010392 Bone Fractures Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 206010017076 Fracture Diseases 0.000 description 5
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- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 4
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/10—Making by using boring or cutting machines
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
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- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
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Abstract
The invention discloses a hydraulic fracturing-based hard rock roadway or tunnel rapid and continuous tunneling method, and relates to the technical field of hard rock roadway (tunnel) tunneling. The intensity of the rock mass in the hard rock roadway (tunnel) can be effectively reduced, the rapid continuous tunneling of the tunneling machine is realized on the premise of not using blasting tunneling, the service life of cutting teeth of the tunneling machine is prolonged due to the reduction of the intensity of the rock mass, the tunneling efficiency and the tunneling quality are improved, and the guarantee is provided for the underground safe working environment. The method comprises the following steps; s1, determining the length and the arrangement mode of hydraulic fracturing drill holes; s2, drilling an ore body; s3, performing hydraulic fracturing; and S4, mechanically cutting and tunneling the hard rock roadway or the tunnel by using a tunneling machine. The hard rock roadway (tunnel) can be tunneled quickly and continuously by using the tunneling method; the high cost of the shield machine can be saved, and the tunneling cost is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of hard rock roadway (tunnel) tunneling, in particular to a method for rapidly and continuously tunneling a hard rock roadway (tunnel) by hydraulic fracturing.
Background
The efficient and safe tunneling work is an important guarantee for the overall level and efficiency of mine tunneling or tunnel excavation. At present, the main construction means of mine excavation engineering include rock drilling and blasting, excavation and ventilation, rock loading and transportation, support and the like, and the excavation of the tunnel is mainly carried out by a shield machine and matched equipment thereof. The blasting tunneling method has the defects of multiple working procedures, low safety, low tunneling efficiency and the like, and equipment such as a shield machine and the like is high in price and large in size and is difficult to move, so that the cost of tunnel excavation is increased. A large amount of blasting smoke dust and sand dust can be generated on a tunneling working face in the underground blasting tunneling process of the mine, and the tunneling working face is not smooth in ventilation, so that the smoke dust and the sand dust are easy to accumulate, the working face environment is polluted, and safety and health problems are caused to underground workers; on the other hand, when the heading machine is used for heading a hard rock roadway (tunnel), the high-strength hard rock roadway (tunnel) can accelerate the abrasion of mechanical equipment, and the economic benefit is influenced.
Therefore, whether the drilling and blasting method is adopted for tunneling or the tunneling machine is adopted for tunneling, certain problems exist, the drilling and blasting type tunneling method is high in tunneling cost and has certain potential safety hazards, the ventilation time of a tunneling working face is long, and the tunneling progress is influenced; the heading machine is used for heading a hard rock roadway (tunnel) which is difficult to break and has high strength, and cutting teeth of the heading machine are large in loss. The existing roadway (tunnel) tunneling method is used for roadway tunneling or tunnel excavation engineering and has certain limitation.
In particular, in the prior art, a common cantilever longitudinal shaft type heading machine is widely applied to underground roadway construction due to simple structure and flexible work. However, the rock breaking performance of the cutting part of the cantilever longitudinal shaft type tunneling machine is influenced by the rock mass strength of the roadway (tunnel), the rock breaking efficiency and quality of the cutting part directly influence the working efficiency and the rock breaking specific energy consumption of the tunneling machine, the higher the rock mass strength in the roadway (tunnel), the lower the working efficiency of the tunneling machine, and the cutting part is easily damaged, so that the tunneling machine is not reliable when the cantilever longitudinal shaft type tunneling machine is directly used for tunneling.
Generally, if the existing tunneling method is adopted to tunnel a hard rock roadway (tunnel), the following problems are caused: 1) The blasting type tunneling mode has the advantages that the amount of smoke dust and sand dust on a tunneling working face is large, harmful gas generated by blasting harms the health of workers, long-time ventilation influences the tunneling efficiency, the harmful gas is not easy to be completely discharged, and the residual harmful gas can still generate adverse effects on the health of the workers; 2) The occurrence of blasting generates strong disturbance to the stress environment of a roadway (tunnel), and disasters such as deformation of the peripheral roadway, surface collapse and the like are easily caused to the peripheral roadway and the surface; 3) In the process of driving the hard rock roadway (tunnel) by the tunneling machine, cutting teeth of a cutting part of the tunneling machine are easy to damage, the service life is short, the tunneling speed is reduced due to the influence of the strength of rock masses, and the tunneling efficiency is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a method for rapidly and continuously tunneling a hard rock tunnel or tunnel based on hydraulic fracturing, which can effectively reduce the strength of rock mass in the hard rock tunnel (tunnel), realize rapid and continuous tunneling of a tunneling machine on the premise of not using blasting tunneling, prolong the service life of cutting teeth of the tunneling machine due to the reduction of the strength of the rock mass, improve the tunneling efficiency and quality and provide guarantee for the underground safe working environment.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, determining the length and the arrangement mode of hydraulic fracturing drill holes;
s1.1, determining the depth of a drilled hole according to the RQD value of a rock body to be tunneled and a preset tunneling depth; RQD is more than or equal to 75 percent, and the drilling depth is 70 to 80 percent of the preset tunneling depth; 75% is larger than RQD which is larger than or equal to 50%, and the drilling depth is 60% -70% of the preset tunneling depth; when the ratio of the drilling depth to the tunneling depth is more than 50 percent, the RQD is more than or equal to 25 percent, and the drilling depth is 55 to 60 percent of the preset tunneling depth; when the drilling depth is more than 25% and more than or equal to 0, the RQD is more than or equal to 0, and the drilling depth is 50-55% of the preset tunneling depth.
S1.2, determining an arrangement mode of the drill holes according to the minimum ground stress direction and the joint fracture development condition of the working surface of the hard rock roadway or the tunnel;
measuring and calculating the minimum ground stress direction of the working surface of the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel, and if the included angle between the minimum ground stress direction of the working surface and the trend of the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel is small, namely the included angle is 0-30 degrees, and the rock mass joint crack of the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel is well developed, namely the RQD of the rock mass is more than 50 percent, arranging four drill holes in the direction vertical to the working surface; two of the drill holes are positioned at the upper part and the lower part of the vertical center line of the working surface, and the other two drill holes are positioned at two sides of the middle part of the vertical center line of the working surface;
wherein, two drill holes are positioned at the vertical center line of the working face, and one drill hole is drilled near the top plate and the bottom plate respectively; arranging a drill hole at each end of the working face (as shown in figures 1, 2 and 3); the horizontal drilling is easy to construct, can effectively shorten the tunneling pre-hydraulic fracturing time, and is suitable for a rock roadway with the minimum ground stress parallel to the heading of the roadway (tunnel) and well-developed joint cracks.
If the included angle of the minimum ground stress direction of the working surface in the trend of the hard rock roadway or the tunnel is smaller, namely the included angle is 0-30 degrees, but the joint crack is not developed or is poor in development, namely the RQD of the rock mass is less than or equal to 50 percent; or the minimum ground stress direction forms a larger included angle with the trend of the hard rock roadway or the tunnel, namely the included angle is 30-90 degrees; two inclined drill holes are respectively arranged at the upper part and the lower part of the vertical central line of the working surface, and two horizontal drill holes are arranged at two sides of the middle part of the vertical central line of the working surface; the two inclined drill holes form an included angle of 0-90 degrees with the working surface, and the two inclined drill holes are intersected;
the drilling length is prolonged by drilling an inclined drilling hole on a top plate and a bottom plate of the working face respectively, wherein the drilling hole at the top plate is inclined downwards, and the drilling hole at the bottom plate is inclined upwards (shown in figures 4 and 5); the height difference of the top and bottom plates at two ends of the working face is small, and the working face is not suitable for inclined drilling, so that two drill holes parallel to the trend of a roadway (tunnel) are respectively arranged at two ends of the working face.
S2, drilling the ore body according to the depth and the arrangement mode of the hydraulic fracturing drill holes determined in the step S1;
s3, determining the density and the number of hydraulic fracturing points according to the RQD value of the rock mass of the hard rock roadway or the tunnel, and performing hydraulic fracturing; when the RQD is more than or equal to 75 percent, the interval of hydraulic fracturing points in the drill hole is 2-2.5m; when the ratio of the water pressure to the pressure is more than 75% and more than or equal to 50%, the interval of hydraulic fracturing points in the drill hole is 2.5-3m; more than 50% and not less than 25% of RQD, and the interval of hydraulic fracturing points in the drill hole is 3-3.5m; when the water pressure is more than 25 percent and more than or equal to 0 RQD, the interval of hydraulic fracturing points in the drill hole is 3.5-4m.
S4, determining the hydraulic fracturing effect of the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel, determining the expansion condition of the rock mass crack in the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel, measuring after hydraulic fracturing, analyzing the excavation feasibility of the excavator after the expansion of the rock mass crack is obvious, and performing mechanical cutting excavation on the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel by using the excavator after determining that the strength of the rock mass is lower than the cutting strength of cutting teeth of the excavator. The tunneling method is also suitable for the tunneling process of coal mines, non-coal mines and tunnel excavation with large underground rock hardness.
Performing hydraulic fracturing in step S3 by using a hydraulic fracturing system, where the hydraulic fracturing system includes a high-pressure water pump 1, a pressure gauge 2, a hydraulic pressure monitor 3, a water injection pipe 5, and a hole packer 6, it should be noted that, because there are many hole packers in the prior art, as shown in the chinese utility model patent with the application number "202021101787.8" and the name "a novel hydraulic fracturing hole packer", the internal structure of the hole packer is not described in detail in this case;
a water inlet of the high-pressure water pump 1 is connected with a water source, and a water outlet of the high-pressure water pump 1 is connected with a hole packer 6 through a water injection pipe 5; the water pressure monitor 3 is installed at the water outlet of the high-pressure water pump 1 and used for monitoring the water pressure of the water outlet of the high-pressure water pump 1; the pressure gauge 2 is installed on the high-pressure water pump 1 and used for monitoring the pressure inside the high-pressure water pump 1. A series of reticular cracks are generated inside the hard rock tunnel through a hydraulic fracturing technology, so that the strength of the cracks is reduced.
The heading machine in the step S4 comprises a frame 18, a walking part 17, a cutting part 15 and a water supply system 19, wherein the walking part 17 is connected to the lower part of the frame 18, and the heading machine is driven to reciprocate by the walking part 17;
the cutting part 15 is connected at the head of frame 18, cutting part 17 includes pick, pick actuating mechanism and cooling dust removal nozzle, the pick passes through the pick actuating mechanism and connects the head at frame 18, the cooling dust removal nozzle is connected with water supply system 19, the cooling dust removal nozzle is established in one side of pick to set up towards the pick.
And S4, when the hard rock roadway or the tunnel machine is cut and tunneled by the tunneling machine, cutting teeth cut along cutting paths, wherein the cutting paths comprise a plurality of horizontal cutting paths and a plurality of vertical cutting paths, and the vertical cutting paths are located between the adjacent horizontal cutting paths.
Particularly, the cutting teeth of the cutting part of the heading machine feed from one end of the bottom of the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel to horizontally cut, and after the cutting teeth cut to the other end of the horizontal direction of the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel, the cutting teeth cut upwards for a certain distance along the direction perpendicular to the bottom plate and then continue to horizontally cut, so that the whole heading face is circularly operated until the heading machine reaches the heading depth, the heading machine continues to heading for the next section, and the effect of continuous heading is achieved.
The hydraulic fracturing technology is mainly applied to the field of coal mines or shale oil exploitation, and is mainly used for roof cutting and pressure relief of coal mine roofs, permeability increase of high-gas coal seams, roadway slope expansion, rock roadway tunneling by replacing an explosive blasting technology and the like in coal mines. By drilling holes in the hard rock mass and injecting high-pressure water, after the stress around the drilled holes reaches the cracking condition of the rock mass, a crack network is formed in the hard top plate, so that the effects of destroying the integrity of the hard top plate and reducing the strength of the hard top plate are achieved, and the strength of the hard rock mass can be effectively reduced by the hydraulic fracturing technology, so that the hard rock mass reaches the degree that a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) or a heading machine can perform mechanical cutting. The defects of two tunneling modes, namely a blasting tunneling method and a heading machine tunneling method, are combined and considered, the hydraulic fracturing technology is introduced, the problems of the two tunneling modes can be effectively solved, and the possibility is provided for the rapid and continuous tunneling of the hard rock roadway (tunnel).
Therefore, the hydraulic fracturing technology is introduced, the strength of the rock body of the roadway (tunnel) is reduced through the hydraulic fracturing technology, the rock body is changed from hard rock to soft rock, and the method is a reliable and effective roadway (tunnel) tunneling mode.
The invention combines the effectiveness of the hydraulic fracturing technology on the softening of the hard rock roadway (tunnel) and the defects of a drilling and blasting method and a tunneling method, and provides a rapid and continuous tunneling method for the hard rock roadway (tunnel) by adopting hydraulic fracturing.
The efficiency and the quality of tunneling can be effectively improved by combining a hydraulic fracturing technology and applying the cantilever longitudinal shaft type tunneling machine to rapidly and continuously tunnel, and the aim of controlling the cost is fulfilled. Compared with the traditional blasting or tunneling method of the tunneling machine, the method for rapidly tunneling the hard rock roadway (tunnel) by adopting hydraulic fracturing has the main advantages that after the hard rock roadway (tunnel) is subjected to hydraulic fracturing, a large number of cracks are generated in the internal rock mass, the strength of the internal rock mass is reduced due to the existence of the cracks, so that cutting teeth of the tunneling machine cannot be seriously damaged in the tunneling process of the hard rock roadway (tunnel), and the tunneling machine can continuously tunnel for a long time. And the new method greatly improves the mechanization degree of underground tunneling, improves the quality and efficiency of tunneling work, and continuously improves the mechanical efficiency so as to reduce the dependence degree on labor force in the tunneling process, thereby effectively reducing the working intensity of labor personnel. And because the tunneling is not carried out in a blasting mode, the generation of blasting smoke dust on the tunneling working face is avoided, the generation of sand dust can be reduced by matching the tunneling machine with a water curtain technology, and the underground green tunneling is guaranteed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1) The traditional blasting tunneling method is abandoned, a tunneling machine is adopted for non-blasting continuous mining, and a water curtain technology is combined, so that a smokeless (blasting smoke) and less-dusty (sand dust generated by rock blasting) working environment is provided for a tunneling working face, and a certain guarantee is provided for the health of underground workers;
2) The tunneling efficiency of the hard rock roadway (tunnel) is improved, and after early hydraulic fracturing work is done, the hard rock roadway (tunnel) can be rapidly and continuously tunneled by using the tunneling method;
3) The mechanical level of a driving face is improved, and the labor intensity of workers is reduced; in the method provided by the invention, equipment such as hydraulic fracturing and the like is cheaper than explosive and other articles in blasting tunneling, and the method provided by the invention can reduce the high cost of using a shield machine and reduce the tunneling cost in tunnel excavation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a hydraulic fracturing apparatus and a cross-sectional view of a horizontal borehole arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a horizontal drilling arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a plan view of a horizontal drilling arrangement of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an angled hole arrangement in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an angled hole arrangement in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic working diagram of the heading machine according to the embodiment of the invention;
fig. 7 is a heading route map of the heading face according to the embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure: 1-high pressure water pump; 2-a pressure gauge; 3-water pressure monitor; 5, a water injection pipe; 6, hole packer; 7-first horizontal drilling; 8-second horizontal drilling; 9-third horizontal drilling; 10-fourth horizontal drilling; 11 — first inclined bore; 12-fifth horizontal drilling; 13-sixth horizontal drilling; 14-second angled drilling; 15-cutting part; 16-a loading section; 17-a running part; 18-a frame; 19-a water supply system; 20-a console; 21-the electrical system; 22-conveying mechanism.
Detailed Description
In order to clearly explain the technical features of the present patent, the following detailed description of the present patent is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The technology included in the invention comprises hydraulic fracturing technology and heading machine excavation technology. The hydraulic fracturing system comprises a high-pressure pump, a hydraulic pressure monitor, a pressure gauge, a water injection pipe, a hole packer and the like; the invention adopts a cantilever longitudinal shaft type tunneling machine, and in practical application, proper tunneling equipment can be selected according to the actual strength of a roadway (tunnel) rock mass.
There are 2 necessary conditions for realizing non-explosive continuous tunneling of hard rock roadways (tunnels): firstly, high-efficiency tunneling equipment and secondly, the developed rock mass joint cracks and other structures exist. In the process of using the heading machine to heading hard rocks, a large amount of dust can be generated, the loss of the cutting teeth is large, and the main reason of the abrasion of the cutting teeth is that the hardness of the cutting rock mass is too large, and the great heading constraint force causes the great abrasion of the cutting teeth. The high-efficiency excavating equipment can be replaced by equipment such as a cantilever longitudinal shaft type heading machine and the like, or the heading machine is improved and provided with cutting teeth with higher strength; the developed rock mass joint can adopt the hydraulic fracturing technology to improve the joint development degree of the rock mass in the roadway (tunnel), so that the rock mass in the tunneling working face can reach the condition of continuous feeding of the tunneling machine. The non-explosive continuous tunneling of the hard rock roadway (tunnel) can be realized by combining the hydraulic fracturing and mechanical cutting technology.
Firstly, determining the length and the arrangement mode of hydraulic fracturing drill holes according to the geometric dimension, occurrence conditions, mechanical properties and the like of a hard rock tunnel, wherein the drill holes are distributed in a mode that the drill holes are parallel to the direction of the tunnel and intersect with the direction of the tunnel at a certain angle. After the arrangement mode of the drill holes is determined, the density and the number of hydraulic fracturing points are determined according to the attribute of the roadway (tunnel) rock mass, the high-strength roadway (tunnel) rock mass is required to be fractured in the drill holes for more times, a hole packer is required to be moved for multiple times to fracture, and a single fracturing point is required to be fractured for multiple times and the fracturing time is prolonged. Drilling a hole at a designed position according to a drilling design scheme, pushing a hole packer into the drilled hole by using a water injection pipe, pressurizing and fixing the hole packer for hole sealing, pressurizing and injecting water into the drilled hole to enable an ore body to generate a pressure crack after the hole sealing is successful, wherein the single-hole fracturing times and the fracturing time are determined according to the strength of a roadway (tunnel) rock mass, rearranging the hole packer after the single-hole fracturing is completed, moving the hole packer at the original position to a new fracturing point, and repeating the operation until the fracturing is completed in the whole length of the drilled hole. And after the rock mass with a certain depth in the working face of the roadway (tunnel) is completely fractured, determining the hydraulic fracturing effect, determining the expansion condition of the rock mass fracture in the roadway (tunnel), and after the expansion of the rock mass fracture in the roadway (tunnel) is obvious, mechanically cutting and tunneling the roadway (tunnel) by using a tunneling machine.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps: firstly, determining the range, the arrangement form, the length of the drill holes and the number and the density of fracturing points of the hydraulic fracturing according to the geometrical parameters, the mechanical properties, the joint development condition, the minimum ground stress direction of a tunneling working face and the like of a hard rock roadway (tunnel). When the joint crack of the roadway (tunnel) rock mass is well developed and the minimum ground stress is parallel to the heading direction of the roadway (tunnel) or the included angle is small, the arrangement mode of the drill holes can be selected to arrange the drill holes perpendicular to the heading face direction, as shown in fig. 1, fig. 2 and fig. 3. A horizontal drilling hole is respectively arranged near a top plate and a bottom plate of the center line of the section of the tunneling working face and extends towards the inner rock mass to form a first horizontal drilling hole 7 and a second horizontal drilling hole 8, a horizontal drilling hole is respectively arranged near the middle height of two ends of the center line and extends towards the inner part of the rock mass to form a third horizontal drilling hole 9 and a fourth horizontal drilling hole 10. The drilling arrangement mode is simple and is suitable for the roadway (tunnel) rock mass under the conditions.
When the joint crack of the roadway (tunnel) rock mass is poor in development or does not develop, the strength of the internal rock mass is extremely high, or the minimum ground stress and the trend of the roadway (tunnel) are in a large included angle, the arrangement mode of combining inclination and horizontal drilling is selected for drilling, as shown in fig. 4 and 5, an inclined drilling hole is respectively arranged at the top bottom plate of the section central line, the inclined drilling hole at the top plate of the section central line inclines towards the bottom plate of the rock mass inside the tunneling working face to form a first inclined drilling hole 11, the drilling hole at the bottom plate of the section central line inclines towards the top plate of the internal rock mass to form a second inclined drilling hole 14, and due to the fact that the height difference at two ends of the section central line is small, the significance of arranging the inclined drilling holes at two ends of the central line is small, the horizontal drilling holes are drilled, and a fifth horizontal drilling hole 12 and a sixth horizontal drilling hole 13 can be arranged. The drilling arrangement mode can expand the cracks of the rock mass in the whole tunneling range to the maximum extent, the drilling length is long, the times and the density of fracturing points are increased, the rock mass in the tunneling working face of the hard rock tunnel (tunnel) can be damaged to the maximum extent, and the method is suitable for the tunnel (tunnel) rock mass with high rock mass strength.
The method provided by the invention comprises but is not limited to the arrangement mode of the drilling holes drawn by the attached drawings in the embodiment, and the number, the density, the inclination angle and the like of the horizontal and inclined drilling holes are determined according to the rock mass properties of the roadway (tunnel), so that the number, the density and the like of the drilling holes can be increased and decreased properly.
The method provided by the invention comprises one technology of hydraulic fracturing technology, and the composition of a hydraulic fracturing system is shown in figure 1. In the figure, a hole packer 6 is arranged at a certain hydraulic fracturing point of a single drilled hole, the hole packer needs to be pushed to the hydraulic fracturing point by using a steel pipe or a pile feeding rod, then the hole packer 6 is continuously pressurized by using a high-pressure water pump 1, in the continuous pressurizing process, after the water pressure reaches the fracture initiation condition of an ore body, a series of net-shaped cracks are generated inside the ore body, the water pressure monitored by a water pressure monitor 3 at the moment can suddenly drop, the water pressure of the hole packer is reduced as high-pressure water in the middle of the hole packer seeps into the holes of the rock body, high-pressure water is continuously injected into the hole packer by using the high-pressure water pump, the effect that the water loss and the pressure are unchanged is achieved, and the effect of water injection and pressure maintaining is achieved. And continuously pressurizing to keep the water pressure stable, so that cracks are continuously generated in the ore body, the fracturing time is determined according to the scale of the fractured ore body and the strength of the rock mass and is generally not less than 30min, and pressurized water is stopped when water flows out from the drilling or driving working surface.
A plurality of hydraulic fracturing points are arranged in a single drilling hole according to the strength of the rock body and the size of a lane (tunnel), the single drilling hole is fractured once again every 2-4m in the same drilling hole for 10-15 times, after the single fracturing point is fractured, the position is replaced again to continue fracturing, the operation is circulated until the drilling holes are fractured completely, and the inside of the rock body in the whole tunneling range is full of the reticular cracks.
The cantilever type tunneling machine is divided into a longitudinal shaft type tunneling machine and a transverse shaft type tunneling machine, due to the fact that the transverse shaft type tunneling machine generates underexcavation on the side wall of the cross section after rough cutting is completed, the cross section of the cantilever longitudinal shaft type tunneling machine after rough cutting is smooth, the application range of the longitudinal shaft type tunneling machine is wider, and the cantilever longitudinal shaft type tunneling machine is selected for tunneling. The longitudinal shaft type heading machine mainly comprises a cutting part 15, a loading part 16, a walking part 17, a frame 18, a water supply system 19, a control platform 20, an electrical system 21, a conveying mechanism 22 and the like. The most important is the cutting part of the longitudinal shaft type heading machine, the advantages and disadvantages of cutting performance and the working efficiency directly influence the heading efficiency, if a cutting tooth is damaged in the heading process, the heading process can be directly interrupted, and the selection of the high-quality and proper cutting part is an important guarantee for effective heading. Include the nozzle in the cutterhead, provide pressure water by water supply system and form the spraying in cutterhead department, for the cutterhead cooling, the life of extension pick on the one hand, on the other hand can produce the dust removal effect, and the cutterhead can generate a large amount of respirable dust under the direct contact with the rock mass in the tunnelling engineering, leads to the easy silicosis of personnel in the pit, seriously harms personnel health, and the spraying of nozzle can reduce dust content, and the guarantee is healthy of personnel in the pit.
After hydraulic fracturing is completely finished on rock masses inside a hard rock roadway (tunnel), tunneling is carried out on a cantilever longitudinal shaft type tunneling machine under the condition of good fracturing effect, the tunneling route of the tunneling machine is that a cutting part of the tunneling machine feeds from one end of the bottom of the roadway (tunnel) to carry out horizontal cutting, a cutting tooth cuts to the other end of the roadway (tunnel) in the horizontal direction, then the cutting tooth cuts upwards for a certain distance along the direction perpendicular to a bottom plate and then continues to carry out horizontal cutting, as shown in figure 7, the operation is continuously and circularly finished at the cutting depth until the complete cutting depth is tunneled, and after the tunneling is finished, the next section of cutting is continued to be tunneled until the boundary of the hydraulic fracturing range is tunneled, so that rapid and continuous tunneling is achieved. And after the tunneling is finished, the hydraulic fracturing operation is repeatedly carried out, the tunneling work of the next section of roadway (tunnel) is continued, and the cycle is repeated until the whole roadway (tunnel) is completely tunneled.
While the invention has been described in terms of its preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (4)
1. A method for rapidly and continuously tunneling a hard rock roadway or a tunnel based on hydraulic fracturing is characterized by comprising the following steps;
s1, determining the length and the arrangement mode of hydraulic fracturing drill holes;
s1.1, determining the depth of a drilled hole according to the RQD value of a rock body to be tunneled and a preset tunneling depth;
s1.2, determining the arrangement mode of the drill holes according to the minimum ground stress direction of the hard rock roadway or the tunnel working surface and the development condition of the joint cracks;
measuring and calculating the minimum ground stress direction of the working surface of the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel, and if the included angle between the minimum ground stress direction of the working surface and the trend of the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel is small and the rock mass joint crack of the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel is well developed, arranging four drill holes in the direction vertical to the working surface; two of the drill holes are positioned at the upper part and the lower part of the vertical center line of the working surface, and the other two drill holes are positioned at two sides of the middle part of the vertical center line of the working surface;
if the included angle of the minimum ground stress direction of the working surface in the trend of the hard rock roadway or the tunnel is smaller, but the joint crack does not develop or develops badly; or the minimum ground stress direction forms a larger included angle with the trend of the hard rock roadway or the tunnel; two inclined drill holes are respectively arranged at the upper part and the lower part of the vertical central line of the working surface, and two horizontal drill holes are arranged at two sides of the middle part of the vertical central line of the working surface; the two inclined drill holes form an included angle of 0-90 degrees with the working surface, and the two inclined drill holes are intersected;
s2, drilling the ore body according to the depth and arrangement mode of the hydraulic fracturing drill holes determined in the step S1;
s3, determining the density and the number of hydraulic fracturing points according to the RQD value of the rock mass of the hard rock roadway or the tunnel, and performing hydraulic fracturing;
s4, determining a hydraulic fracturing effect of the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel, determining the expansion condition of the rock mass crack in the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel, performing tunneling feasibility analysis on the tunneling machine after the internal rock mass crack is obviously expanded, and performing mechanical cutting tunneling on the hard rock tunnel or the tunnel by using the tunneling machine after the strength of the internal rock mass is determined to be lower than the cutting strength of cutting teeth of the tunneling machine;
in step S1.1, the depth of the borehole is determined as follows:
RQD is more than or equal to 75 percent, and the drilling depth is 70 to 80 percent of the preset tunneling depth; when the ratio of the drilling depth to the drilling depth is more than 75% and more than or equal to 50% of RQD, the drilling depth is 60% -70% of the preset tunneling depth; when the ratio of the drilling depth to the tunneling depth is more than 50 percent, the RQD is more than or equal to 25 percent, and the drilling depth is 55 to 60 percent of the preset tunneling depth; when the ratio is more than 25 percent, the RQD is more than or equal to 0, and the drilling depth is 50-55 percent of the preset tunneling depth;
in step S3, the number and density of hydraulic fracturing points are determined by the following method:
when RQD is more than or equal to 75 percent, the interval of hydraulic fracturing points in the drill hole is 2-2.5m; when the ratio of the water pressure to the pressure is more than 75% and more than or equal to 50%, the interval of hydraulic fracturing points in the drill hole is 2.5-3m; when the ratio of 50% to RQD is more than or equal to 25%, the interval of hydraulic fracturing points in the drill hole is 3-3.5m; the ratio of 25% to RQD is more than or equal to 0, and the interval of hydraulic fracturing points in the drill hole is 3.5-4m.
2. A method for rapid and continuous excavation of a hard rock roadway or tunnel based on hydraulic fracturing according to claim 1, characterized in that hydraulic fracturing is performed in step S3 by means of a hydraulic fracturing system comprising a high pressure water pump (1), a pressure gauge (2), a hydraulic pressure monitor (3), a water injection pipe (5) and a hole packer (6);
a water inlet of the high-pressure water pump (1) is connected with a water source, and a water outlet of the high-pressure water pump (1) is connected with a hole packer (6) through a water injection pipe (5); the water pressure monitor (3) is arranged at the water outlet of the high-pressure water pump (1) and is used for monitoring the water pressure of the water outlet of the high-pressure water pump (1); the pressure gauge (2) is arranged on the high-pressure water pump (1) and used for monitoring the pressure inside the high-pressure water pump (1).
3. The method for rapidly and continuously tunneling a hard rock roadway or tunnel based on hydraulic fracturing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tunneling machine in the step S4 comprises a frame (18), a walking part (17), a cutting part (15) and a water supply system (19), wherein the walking part (17) is connected to the lower part of the frame (18), and the tunneling machine is driven to reciprocate by the walking part (17);
the head in frame (18) is connected in cutting unit (15), cutting unit (15) are including pick, pick actuating mechanism and cooling dust removal nozzle, the pick passes through the pick actuating mechanism and connects the head in frame (18), cooling dust removal nozzle is connected with water supply system (19), cooling dust removal nozzle establishes the one side at the pick to set up towards the pick.
4. A method of hydraulic fracturing based rapid continuous excavation of a hard rock roadway or tunnel according to claim 3, wherein in the step S4 of cutting excavation of the hard rock roadway or tunnel machine by means of the excavating machine, the cutting picks cut along cutting paths comprising a plurality of horizontal cutting paths and a plurality of vertical cutting paths, the vertical cutting paths being located between adjacent horizontal cutting paths.
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