CN114634382A - Continuous heat and fertilizer production system and method for cellulose biomass and toilet urine - Google Patents
Continuous heat and fertilizer production system and method for cellulose biomass and toilet urine Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/20—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/70—Controlling the treatment in response to process parameters
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
- C05F3/04—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure from human faecal masses
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
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Abstract
The invention provides a system and a method for continuously producing heat and fertilizer by cellulose biomass and toilet urine. Comprises uniformly mixing cellulose biomass, microbial agent and nitrogen source conditioner, placing in a fermentation tank, performing degradation fermentation by intermittent forced ventilation, and taking out part of fermented material after a period of time to obtain organic fertilizer; supplementing cellulose substances and a nitrogen source conditioner at regular intervals in the fermentation process, keeping the water content of the mixed material and the material in the fermentation process to be 60-70% and the carbon-nitrogen content ratio to be 25-30, and continuously degrading and fermenting to produce heat and fertilizer; the fermentation tank is connected with the waste heat recovery equipment, and is conveyed to the heat exchanger to collect heat generated in the fermentation process. The invention can improve the resource utilization rate of agricultural rural wastes such as cellulose biomass, urine and the like, relieve energy and resource crisis, reduce environmental pollution, realize the self-circulation of substances and energy of rural households and families, promote the improvement of the living environment of the rural areas and improve the ecological environment of the rural areas.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of resource utilization of biomass and rural waste, and particularly relates to a system and a method for continuously producing heat and fertilizer by cellulose biomass and toilet urine.
Background
With the rapid increase of global energy demand and the serious challenges of environmental protection and sustainable development, biomass resources are receiving more and more attention as a substitute for traditional fossil-based energy and materials due to their renewability and low pollution. The biomass resources are rich and various, and mainly comprise agricultural wastes, forest wastes, industrial wastes and the like. China has abundant biomass resources, the biomass resources are about 50 hundred million tons in theory every year, wherein lignocellulose biomass such as crop straws, forestry residues and the like accounts for more than half of the biomass resources, the annual output of the crop straws in China is estimated to be about 7 hundred million tons, and the felling and processing residues provided by the forestry production are also 1000 million tons. These cellulosic biomass contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon nutrients, and may also provide significant amounts of organic nutrients such as trace elements, amino acids, and the like. In a natural state, cellulose biomass is a complex high molecular polymer consisting of a complex network structure formed by crosslinking cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and the like, and degradation thereof is very difficult. In general, the research and development of renewable biomass resources in China have a big gap with foreign countries in both breadth and depth. Therefore, the development of a new technical approach for recycling cellulose biomass is an important measure for accelerating and promoting the agricultural sustainable development strategy in China.
The production amount of excrement in rural toilets is large, the excrement is generally regarded as harmful waste, human excrement which is not subjected to harmless treatment is a main medium for spreading intestinal infectious diseases and parasitic diseases, and is also a main habitat for breeding infectious disease entomogenous agents such as mosquitoes, flies and the like, and the nitrate content in underground water exceeds the standard after the human excrement and urine is excessively applied to farmlands. The rural environment pollution of China is serious, only 9% of administrative villages carry out domestic sewage treatment, the nitrogen emission amount generated by excrement in rural areas is obviously higher than that in urban areas, and about 50% of rural water sources are polluted. The urine and the excrement of the toilet contain rich nutrients and are important organic fertilizer sources in agricultural production. Urine represents only 1% of human waste, but contributes 80% and 60% of the total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the waste. 75% to 90% of the nitrogen in the initial urine is present in the form of urea. The method realizes the resource utilization of the excrement and urine in the toilet, is favorable for preventing and controlling agricultural non-point source pollution, promotes the improvement of the living environment of the village, and improves the ecological environment of the village.
The existing cellulose biomass and toilet urine resource utilization technology has low efficiency, the secondary generated waste is difficult to be completely utilized, and meanwhile, a system and a method for continuously producing heat and fertilizer by cellulose biomass and toilet urine are lacked. Therefore, based on the degradation and fermentation characteristics of cellulose biomass and urine and the structural change of microbial communities, the physical, chemical and microbiological principles are combined, toilet urine is used as a nitrogen conditioner, and the environment-friendly and efficient fermentation system and method for continuously producing heat and fertilizer by cellulose substances are developed, so that the resource utilization rate of agricultural rural wastes and biomass is improved, the substance and energy self-circulation of rural household families is realized, and the circular ecological and sustainable development of agricultural rural areas is realized.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a continuous heat-production fertilizer-production fermentation method for cellulose substances and toilet urine, which aims to realize the efficient resource utilization of the cellulose substances and the toilet urine at the same time.
The method provided by the invention is to mix cellulose biomass, microbial inoculum and nitrogen source conditioner taking urine as raw materials and then carry out degradation fermentation to continuously generate heat and organic fertilizer, and comprises the following steps:
1) uniformly mixing cellulose biomass, a microbial agent and a nitrogen source conditioner;
2) placing the mixture in a fermentation tank, performing degradation fermentation by adopting intermittent forced ventilation, and taking out part of fermented materials after a period of time to obtain an organic fertilizer;
3) cellulose substances and a nitrogen source conditioner are supplemented at regular intervals to ensure that the carbon-nitrogen ratio and the moisture of degradation fermentation are in a certain range so as to continuously ferment to generate heat and produce fertilizer;
4) the fermentation tank is connected with the waste heat recovery equipment, and is conveyed to the heat exchanger to collect heat generated in the fermentation process.
The cellulose biomass comprises one or more organic substances with higher lignocellulose content, such as crop straws, felling and processing residues provided by forestry production, cow dung and the like.
The cellulosic biomass may have a particle size/length of 1-10 cm.
The microbial agent is a mixed microbial agent of Phanerochete chrysosporium (Phanerochete chrysosporium) and Chaetomium thermophilum, and the mixture ratio of the microbial agent to the Chaetomium thermophilum is 50-60: 40-50, specifically 55: 45, a first step of;
wherein the viable bacteria count per g of microbial agent is 1 × 108The above.
The nitrogen source conditioner is toilet urine, the nitrogen content of the urine is 7.5-10 g/L, so that nitrogen required by cellulose biomass in the degradation and fermentation process is supplemented, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of materials is ensured to be in a proper range, and the efficiency of fermentation microorganisms is improved.
The water content and the carbon and nitrogen content of a single material of the cellulose biomass are measured firstly, and then the water content and the carbon and nitrogen content of a mixed material are adjusted by using the nitrogen source conditioner and adding water;
the water content of the cellulose biomass can be 3-20%.
The mass ratio of total carbon to total nitrogen (carbon-nitrogen ratio for short) of the mixture and the materials in the degradation and fermentation process is 25-30: 1, and specifically can be 30: 1. Research shows that when the carbon-nitrogen ratio is too high, the fermentation microorganisms must oxidize excessive carbon through multiple life cycles to reduce the degradation speed, and when the carbon-nitrogen ratio is too low, nitrogen volatilizes and loses in the form of ammonia gas to emit odor, so that the proper carbon-nitrogen ratio is set to ensure the degradation efficiency of the fermentation microorganisms;
the water content of the mixture and the material in the degradation fermentation process can be 60-70%. The existing research shows that when the water content is too low, the activity of microorganisms is influenced, the cellulose substances are degraded slowly, when the water content is too high, the ventilation is influenced, the fermentation is converted from aerobic to anaerobic, and the degradation effect is influenced;
the addition amount of the microbial inoculum is 5-15 per mill of cellulose biomass dry matter;
in the present invention, the dry matter amount refers to a dry matter amount when moisture in a wet solid is expressed based on a unit mass of an anhydrous solid, which is well known in the art;
the process of degradation fermentation adopts an intelligent control system to regulate and control ventilation aeration, perforation aeration is arranged at the bottom of the fermentation reactor, a blower is controlled to perform blast aeration according to preset conditions, and the oxygen concentration range is kept between 5 and 10 percent;
wherein the preset conditions are that the blast aeration is performed once every 60min in a heating period (0-40 ℃), and the blast aeration is performed once every 30min in a high-temperature period (>40 ℃);
the ventilation time can be 3-6 min, and the ventilation quantity can be 0.1-0.3 m3·min-1·m-3。
When the degradation fermentation is carried out for 15-20 days, supplementing a primary nitrogen source conditioner, and regulating the carbon-nitrogen content ratio of the fermentation material to be 25-30;
after the degradation fermentation is continuously carried out for 40-60 days, 80-90% of the fermentation materials can be taken out to obtain an organic fertilizer, and a proper amount of cellulose substances and nitrogen source conditioners are supplemented,
after the cellulose substances and the nitrogen source conditioner are supplemented, the carbon-nitrogen content ratio of the fermentation materials still needs to be kept between 25 and 30:1, the water content still needs to be maintained at 60-70 percent, and the continuous degradation fermentation is ensured.
The temperature of the materials is continuously kept between 40 and 55 ℃ in the continuous degradation and fermentation process;
the waste heat recovery equipment and the heat exchanger are common equipment sold in the market.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention realizes the energy and resource utilization of cellulose biomass and toilet urine for producing heat and fertilizer simultaneously, improves the resource utilization efficiency of agricultural rural waste, and realizes the self-circulation of material and energy of rural household families.
2. The invention adds a waste heat recovery system in the degradation fermentation system, realizes the collection and utilization of heat energy, reduces the heat energy loss, saves the energy and is beneficial to relieving the energy and resource crisis.
3. The organic fertilizer prepared by the method contains a large amount of organic substances, potassium and phosphorus elements, and can be used for improving soil and improving soil fertility and the quality of crops.
4. The invention adopts the crop straws, the felling and processing residues provided by the forestry production, the cellulose biomass such as cow dung and the like as the raw materials to carry out continuous degradation and fermentation to produce heat and fertilizer, has wide sources and full resource utilization of agricultural wastes, has simple and convenient preparation process, low production cost and short period, is easy for large-scale and industrialized application, and has important practical significance.
The invention aims at the key technical bottleneck problems that the existing cellulose biomass and toilet urine resource utilization technology is low in efficiency, the secondarily generated waste is difficult to be completely utilized, and meanwhile, a system and a method for continuously producing heat and fertilizer by cellulose biomass and toilet urine are lack, and the like, based on the degradation and fermentation characteristics of cellulose biomass and urine and the structural change of microbial communities, and the physical, chemical and microbiological principles, the toilet urine is used as a nitrogen conditioner, so that an environment-friendly and efficient fermentation system and a method for continuously producing heat and fertilizer by cellulose substances are developed, the resource utilization rate of agricultural rural waste and biomass is improved, energy and resource crises are relieved, environmental pollution is reduced, the self-circulation of the substances and energy of rural households is realized, and the ecological development of agricultural circulation and the sustainable development of human and nature are realized.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a technical route diagram of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows the temperature changes during the degradation and fermentation processes of control CK1, CK2, CK3, CK4, CK5 and CK6 in the examples of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The method of the present invention is illustrated by the following specific examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and any modification, equivalent replacement, and improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included within the scope of the present invention.
The experimental procedures used in the following examples are all conventional procedures unless otherwise specified.
Materials, reagents and the like used in the following examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
In the quantitative tests in the following examples, three replicates were set up and the results averaged.
Examples
Crushing corn straws (measured by carbon-nitrogen content ratio of 55.5 and water content of 6.71 percent) to a crushing degree of 1-5 cm, adding 8 thousandth of microbial agent of corn straw dry matter, collecting human urine in a toilet as a nitrogen conditioner, uniformly mixing, adjusting the water content of the mixed material to 67.5 percent and the carbon-nitrogen content ratio to 27.5, piling the mixed material in a fermentation tank which can adjust and control aeration quantity and is connected with a waste heat recovery device, and heating up (temperature rise period) ((<At 40 ℃, blowing and aerating once every 60min, and at a high temperature period of (C)>Blowing and aerating once every 30min at 40 ℃, wherein the blowing time is 5min, and the ventilation rate is 0.15m3·min-1·m-3Supplementing and adding human urine when degrading and fermenting for 20 days, and adjusting the carbon-nitrogen content ratio of the fermented material to be 28 and the water content to be 65%; on the 40 th day of degradation fermentation, 85% of the fermented material is taken out, corn straw and human urine are supplemented, the carbon-nitrogen content ratio of the fermented material is adjusted to be 27, and the water content is adjusted to be 65.5%; on the 55 th day of degradation and fermentation, human urine is supplemented and added, the carbon-nitrogen content ratio of the fermented material is adjusted to be 27, and the water content is 67.8%; on 80 days of degradation and fermentation, taking out 90% of fermented materials, supplementing and adding corn straws and human urine, and adjusting the carbon-nitrogen content ratio of the fermented materials to be 27.5 and the water content to be 67%; supplementing human urine when degrading and fermenting for 100 days, and adjusting the carbon-nitrogen content ratio of the fermented material to be 27 and the water content to be 66.5%; and (4) no nitrogen source conditioner is added when the degradation fermentation is carried out for 120 days, and the temperature is reduced to about 30 ℃ to finish the continuous fermentation. In the fermentation process, the waste heat recovery device is used for continuously collecting heat generated by fermentation, and the heat is effectively utilized through the heat exchanger.
In the fermentation process, after the corn straws are replenished every time, the temperature of the material is maintained above 50 ℃ for more than 7 days (figure 1), and temperature sensors are respectively inserted into the upper, middle and lower parts in the fermented material to realize the real-time measurement and control of the online temperature. And respectively detecting indexes such as pH, conductivity, seed germination index, water content, organic matter content and the like of fermentation samples fermented on the 40 th day, the 80 th day and the 120 th day of degradation and fermentation.
Comparative example 1
The fermentation method and detection indexes are the same as those of the embodiment by taking the straw and urine mixed material without the microbial agent as the reference 1(CK 1).
Comparative example 2
The mixed material of the straw without urine and the microbial agent is used as a control 2(CK2), the water content of the mixed material is regulated and controlled by adding deionized water, and the fermentation method and the detection index are the same as those of the embodiment.
Comparative example 3
The water content of the mixed material was adjusted to 43% as a control 3(CK3), and the fermentation method and the detection index were the same as those of the example.
Comparative example 4
The water content of the mixed material was adjusted to 82% as control 4(CK4), and the fermentation method and detection index were the same as those of the example.
Comparative example 5
The fermentation method and the detection index were the same as those in example, with the carbon-nitrogen content ratio of 15 as control 5(CK 5).
Comparative example 6
The fermentation method and the detection index were the same as those in example, with the carbon-nitrogen content ratio of 40 as control 6(CK 6).
As can be seen from FIG. 2, the example treatment carried out by the method of the present invention can achieve a high temperature during the fermentation process, which is maintained at a temperature of above 50 ℃ for a total period of more than 7 days after the corn stalks are replenished again for most of the time, which is above 40 ℃ and up to 57.9 ℃, and the fermented material reaches the harmless requirement. The CK1 is treated by contrast of the straw and urine mixed material without adding the microbial agent, the temperature in the fermentation process is relatively low, the highest temperature is only 46.0 ℃, and the fermentation material does not reach the harmless requirement. And the contrast treatment of the mixed material of the straw and the microbial agent without adding the urine is to CK2, because the carbon-nitrogen content of the material is higher, the aerobic fermentation of the microorganisms is not completely started, the temperature in the fermentation process is lower, and the highest temperature is only 25.6 ℃. The control treatment (CK3) was carried out by adjusting the water content of the mixture to 43%, and the maximum temperature during the fermentation was only 35.2 ℃ due to the low water content. The water content of the mixed material is adjusted to 82 percent as a control treatment (CK4), and the highest temperature in the fermentation process is only 20.8 ℃ due to overhigh water content. The highest temperature during the fermentation was only 41.9 ℃ with a control treatment (CK5) with a carbon-nitrogen content ratio of 15. The highest temperature of the fermentation process was only 45.6 ℃ with a control treatment (CK6) with a carbon-nitrogen content ratio of 40.
The physicochemical properties of the fermentation products taken out at 40, 80 and 120 days of degradation and fermentation in each treatment are shown in Table 1. According to the embodiment treatment carried out by the method, the water content of the fermentation product is smaller than that of the fermentation raw material, the pH value, the organic matters and the total nutrients all meet the requirements of various indexes in organic fertilizer (NY525-2021), the humification degree of the fermentation product is higher, the fermentation product can be applied as an organic fertilizer, the germination index of seeds all reaches more than 90 percent, and the fermentation product does not generate toxicity to the growth of plants and is beneficial to the growth of the plants. Indexes such as pH, organic matters, seed germination indexes and the like of the contrast treated fermentation product do not meet relevant standard requirements, and the contrast treated fermentation product cannot be applied as an organic fertilizer.
TABLE 1 fermentation product Properties of the respective treatments
Claims (8)
1. A method for continuously producing heat and fertilizer by cellulose biomass and toilet urine comprises the following steps:
1) uniformly mixing cellulose biomass, a microbial agent and a nitrogen source conditioner;
2) placing the mixture in a fermentation tank, performing degradation fermentation by adopting intermittent forced ventilation, and taking out part of fermented materials after a period of time to obtain an organic fertilizer;
3) cellulose substances and a nitrogen source conditioner are supplemented at regular intervals to ensure that the carbon-nitrogen ratio and molecules for degrading and fermenting are in a certain range so as to continuously ferment to generate heat and produce fertilizer;
4) the fermentation tank is connected with the waste heat recovery equipment, and is conveyed to the heat exchanger to collect heat generated in the fermentation process.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the steps 2) and 3), when the degradation fermentation is carried out for 15-20 days, a primary nitrogen source conditioner is supplemented, and the carbon-nitrogen content ratio of the fermentation material is regulated to be 25-30;
after the degradation fermentation is continuously carried out for 40-60 days, 80% -90% of the fermentation materials are taken out to obtain organic fertilizer, and a proper amount of cellulose substances and nitrogen source conditioner are supplemented,
after the cellulose substances and the nitrogen source conditioner are supplemented, the carbon-nitrogen content ratio of the fermentation materials is kept between 25 and 30:1, the water content is still maintained at 60-70 percent.
3. The method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the temperature of the material during the continuous degradation fermentation is maintained between 40-55 ℃.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the cellulose biomass in the step 1) comprises one or more of crop straws, felling and processing residues provided by forestry production and organic substances with higher content of cow dung lignocellulose;
the particle size/length of the cellulosic biomass is 1-10 cm;
the water content of the cellulose biomass is 3-20%.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein: the microbial agent is a mixed microbial agent of phanerochaete chrysosporium (Phanerochete chrysosporium) and Chaetomium thermophilum (Chaetomium thermophilum), and the mixture ratio is 50-60: 40-50;
wherein the viable bacteria count per g of microbial agent is 1 × 108As described above.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the nitrogen source conditioner is toilet urine, and the nitrogen content of the urine is 7.5-10 g/L.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the carbon-nitrogen content ratio of the mixture to the materials in the degradation and fermentation process is 25-30: 1;
the water content of the mixture and the material in the degradation fermentation process is 60-70%;
the addition amount of the microbial agent is 5-15 per mill of cellulose biomass dry matter.
8. The method according to the claim 1-3, characterized in that the degradation fermentation process adopts an intelligent control system to regulate and control ventilation aeration, the bottom of the fermentation tank is provided with perforation aeration, and a blower is controlled to carry out the ventilation aeration according to preset conditions, so as to keep the oxygen concentration within the range of 5% -10%;
wherein the preset conditions are that the blast aeration is performed once every 60min in the heating period, and the blast aeration is performed once every 30min in the high-temperature period;
the ventilation time is 3-6 min, and the ventilation rate is 0.1-0.3 m3·min-1·m-3。
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