CN114631155B - 金属纳米线网络至导电聚合物中的集成 - Google Patents
金属纳米线网络至导电聚合物中的集成 Download PDFInfo
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- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
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Abstract
制造金属纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料。通过在金属纳米线层上留下有机配体残留物的方法形成金属纳米线层。在支撑基底上形成导电聚合物膜。将金属纳米线层与导电聚合物膜集成以形成金属纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料。用包含金属离子源、至少一种酸和溶剂的反应溶液润湿所述金属纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料一段时间,该时间足以从金属纳米线层中去除所述有机配体残留物并且足以由所述金属离子源生长金属纳米粒子以在金属纳米线层中的两根或更多根纳米线彼此接触的接点处产生金属互连。纳米粒子生长后,从反应溶液中取出纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料并干燥。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及由金属纳米线和导电聚合物组成的柔性透明导电电极,并且,更具体地,涉及用于增强复合电极的导电性和耐久性的方法。
背景
在包括显示器、太阳能电池和LED的很多种电气器件中都需要透明导电电极。传统上,氧化铟锡(ITO)在这些应用中被用作透明导电电极。然而,该材料的铟含量使得ITO的成本高。此外,ITO一般通过相对昂贵的气相沉积技术沉积,并且是可以容易地破裂的脆性材料。因此,研究已致力于寻找具有合适导电性和透明度的替代材料。
包括金、银、铜等的基于金属纳米线的电极,由于突出的机械柔性、高透明度和优异的导电性的优点,已经作为用于不同应用诸如加热器、智能窗、太阳能电池、发光二极管的有前景的候选物出现。
然而,金属纳米线一般具有非常粗糙的表面,这限制了它们在器件中用作下电极。为了解决表面粗糙度问题,可以将金属纳米线掺入到聚合物基底中。尽管将纳米线并入到聚合物基底基质中产生光滑的表面,但是在该复合结构中只有非常小部分的纳米线可以被暴露。这导致用于器件应用的电荷载流子注入/提取的路径受限。最近,通过将杂化金属纳米线并入到导电聚合物中,该受限的路径得到改进,这导致具有大的导电路径表面覆盖率的光滑电极表面[1]。
尽管纳米线有前景用于电极,但由于纳米线之间的不良连接导致的大接触电阻是关键问题。通过在纳米线网络内将纳米线彼此焊接来改善连接在纳米线/聚合物复合材料中不能通过作为焊接方法的使用高温、高压或高光强照明的高能处理来进行[2-4]。换言之,这样的高能处理局限于金属纳米线膜,而不用于组合金属纳米线和其他导电材料诸如导电聚合物的电极结构。
除了需要改善纳米线连接外,用于形成纳米线本身的方法经常留下一种或多种限制导电性的残留物。例如,可能将封端配体诸如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)附着到金属线表面。作为绝缘材料,PVP既限制导电性,又抑制纳米线之间形成连接的能力。当金属纳米线并入到具有相邻导电材料诸如导电聚合物的复合结构中时,该问题加剧。因此,残留物的存在是获得高度耐用和导电的电极的挑战。因此,本领域中存在改善金属-纳米线/导电聚合物复合材料的导电性的需要。这样的改善导电性的复合材料可以用于替代很多种电气器件中的氧化铟锡电极。
发明概述
本发明提供一种改善的金属纳米线/导电聚合物复合材料和一种制造金属纳米线/导电聚合物复合材料的方法。所述方法包括通过在金属纳米线层上留下有机配体残留物的方法形成金属纳米线层。另外,金属纳米线层包括多个接点,在所述接点处两根或更多根纳米线彼此接触。
在支撑基底上形成导电聚合物膜。将金属纳米线层与导电聚合物膜结合以形成金属纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料。将纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料用包含金属离子源、至少一种酸和溶剂的反应溶液润湿一段时间,该时间足以从金属纳米线层去除有机配体残留物并足以从金属离子源中生长金属纳米粒子以在金属纳米线层中的两根或更多根纳米线彼此接触的接点处产生金属互连。
在纳米粒子生长之后,将纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料从反应溶液中取出并干燥。
附图简述
图1a详述了硝酸银和抗坏血酸的化学试剂混合物中的化学反应;
图1b详述了硝酸银、抗坏血酸和乙酸的化学试剂混合物中的化学反应;
图2a是未经本发明的化学处理的与导电聚合物膜集成的Ag纳米线的SEM图像,其显示纳米线之间缺乏互连;
图2b是经本发明的化学处理的与导电聚合物膜集成的Ag纳米线的SEM图像,其显示纳米线之间的互连增加;
图2c是未经本发明的化学处理的Ag纳米线膜的TEM图像,其显示纳米线上的PVP残留物;(关于PVP去除)
图2d是经本发明的化学处理的Ag纳米线薄膜的TEM图像,其显示PVP残留物已被去除;
图2e是未经本发明的化学处理的具有导电聚合物膜的Ag纳米线结构的AFM图像,其显示存在PSS
图2f是经本发明的化学处理的具有导电聚合物膜的Ag纳米线的AFM图像,其显示关于PSS的去除;
图3描述根据本发明制备的材料的各种电极的测量的光学(漫射)透射性质和相应的薄层电阻。
详述
详细参照附图,图2a描绘常规银纳米线结构的显微照片。这种纳米线结构可以通过多种技术形成。为了调节纳米线的生长,可以将表面活性剂添加到溶液中。表面活性剂包括有机封端配体,该配体在线形成期间围绕线以控制生长并且还防止与相邻纳米线或粒子的聚结。封端配体的实例是聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)。PVP残留物的存在既降低纳米线结构的导电性,它还阻止相邻接触的纳米线之间的金属与金属接触。
在一种技术中,利用多元醇在合适的封端剂存在下的温度依赖性还原能力,将多元醇合成用于制备具有良好控制的形状的金属纳米结构(例如纳米粒子、纳米棒、纳米线等)(描述于J.Mater.Chem.,2008,18,437-441,Adv.Mater.2011,23,3052-3056,其公开内容通过引用并入本文)。在Ag纳米线的制备过程中,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)在通过化学吸附稳定多重孪晶Ag粒子的{100}晶面中发挥着重要作用,使得生长只发生在Ag纳米线的边缘,优先在[110]生长。
如图2a中所示,纳米线在不同的接点处彼此重叠,但在这些接点处不互连,限制纳米线网络中的导电性。如图2a中所示,金属纳米线由于不同的线取向产生粗糙的三维结构,这使得它难以在常规电极中使用。
各种金属可以用于形成金属纳米线结构,包括但不限于银、金、铂、铝或钯。任何易于形成纳米线结构的导电金属均可以用于本发明的复合材料中。
期望的是将图2a的结构集成到导电聚合物基体中。复合金属纳米线/导电聚合物复合材料表现出比单独使用的任一材料改善的导电性,其仍保持足够的透明度以用作透明电极。各种导电聚合物可以用作聚合物基体。在示例性实施方案中,导电聚合物是导电的本征导电聚合物。这些聚合物包括(聚(3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩)聚苯乙烯磺酸盐)(PEDOT:PSS)、聚[2,6-(4,4-双-钾丁基磺酸酯-4H-环戊二烯-[2,1-b;3,4-b’]-二噻吩)-交替-4,7-(2,1,3-苯并噻二唑)](CPE-K)或聚[2,6-(4,4-双-钠丁基磺酸酯-4H-环戊二烯-[2,1-b;3,4-b’]-二噻吩)-交替-4,7-(苯)](CPEPh-Na)。然而,可以使用其他导电聚合物,其表现出类似的导电性质并具有足够的机械完整性,以在它们所掺入到的电气器件的操作温度下用作电极。
根据本发明,可以在基底上形成导电聚合物的层。可以通过在聚合物层制造中使用的许多已知技术沉积导电聚合物。例如,待沉积的聚合物可以在溶液中形成,并且可以通过旋涂、滴铸、喷涂、Mayer棒技术或刮刀技术将溶液沉积到基底上。基底可以包括能够在其表面上支撑薄膜并允许去除所形成的聚合物材料的任何材料。这些材料包括玻璃、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)或聚酰亚胺(PI)。
为了将金属纳米线结构并入到导电聚合物的层中以产生纳米线:聚合物复合材料,金属纳米线可以被制成悬浮液体中的悬浮体。可以通过旋涂、滴铸、喷涂、Mayer棒技术或刮刀技术将载液中的金属纳米线层沉积在导电聚合物层上。可以使用其他技术,只要它们能够将金属纳米线形成为导电聚合物上的层。金属纳米线至少部分地集成到导电聚合物层中,使得导电聚合物层可以与金属纳米线相互作用以促进电子通过复合结构的传导。
为了增强金属纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料的导电性,期望的是从金属纳米线结构中去除非导电封端配体。进一步期望的是在相邻线彼此接触的点处的纳米线之间形成互连的接点。本发明通过与包括金属离子源、至少一种酸和溶剂的液体接触,在单一化学处理方法中实现这两个目的。通过使封端配体附着的纳米线与处理溶液接触,封端配体被去除并且将金属粒子添加到纳米线接点以在纳米线之间产生金属接点。这在图2b中描绘,其中与图2a的未处理且未连接的纳米线相比,可以清楚地看到纳米线之间的互连。
一方面,处理溶液可以包含作为金属离子源的金属盐。适用于处理溶液的金属盐的实例包括硝酸银、乙酸银、托伦斯试剂(Tollens'reagent)、氟化银、氯铂酸、四氯钯酸钠、四氯钯酸钾、氯化钯或氯化金水合物中的一种或者两种或更多种的组合。所述酸可以选自乙酸或抗坏血酸,尽管可以使用其他酸。可以使用各种溶剂,包括水、乙醇、甲醇、异丙醇、乙二醇、甘油或其混合物。任选地,可以将还原剂添加到处理溶液中。还原剂可以是柠檬酸钠、柠檬酸、乙醛或葡萄糖。
用处理溶液将复合材料润湿。润湿可以通过滴铸、蘸或浸泡进行。溶液与金属纳米线保持接触足够长的时间段以移去配体残留物并允许金属离子沿线的接点积累。处理时间在几分钟的范围内,时间长度根据溶液的浓度和期望的金属在金属纳米线上的生长进行调整。经处理的金属纳米线包括在金属纳米线层的至少75%的接点上选择性生长的金属纳米粒子。
用溶液处理还可以去除导电聚合物的组分并增加导电聚合物的导电性。例如,当PEDOT:PSS用作导电聚合物时,通过处理溶液的接触从聚合物中选择性地去除PSS。PSS的去除与由此产生的材料的导电性增加多达50%相关。处理时间可以是几分钟的量级。一方面,处理时间为约1-5分钟。
在处理之后,去除处理溶液并且将金属纳米线:导电聚合物结构干燥,例如,通过氮气喷射或空气干燥。
在以下实施例中进一步详细阐述本发明:
实施例1:
本发明的实施方案涉及作为交替导电聚合物的集成的无配体Ag纳米网络和聚(3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩)(聚苯乙烯磺酸盐)(PEDOT:PSS)。通过本发明的化学方法获得集成电极,在沿Ag纳米线表面去除聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)封端配体的同时焊接Ag纳米线交叉接点;并从PEDOT:PSS中除去酸性聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PSS),以构建Ag纳米线的侵蚀保护。
对于化学试剂混合溶液,通过在作为银盐的硝酸银(0.1-1mM)和作为还原剂的抗坏血酸(10mM)的混合物溶液中策略性地添加乙酸(以获得稳态3-4pH值),可以控制并形成在试剂混合物溶液中组装的超细Ag纳米粒子簇。如图1a中所示,硝酸银和抗坏血酸的混合物导致银粒子快速生长;一旦当成分混合在一起时,该生长太快以致形成大粒子。这些大粒子不能有效地在只有纳米量级的非常窄的间隙的两条纳米线的交叉接点处形成连接。因此,将该方法转换为图1b中所描绘的条件,其中使用了乙酸、硝酸银、抗坏血酸和水。使用该处理,Ag纳米粒子簇得到了很好的控制,如图1b中所示,通过在室温下形成的含有超细Ag纳米粒子簇的非常清澈的溶液可以看出。
在化学处理过程中,用试剂混合物溶液润湿集成电极1-3分钟,然后通过各种方法诸如旋转或吹离以从表面去除混合物溶液,同时在毛细作用力下控制接点处捕获的纳米尺度的反应性纳米液滴。
在化学反应过程中,通过化学处理获得了杂化膜的改善的接触电阻。图2b是扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显微照片,并且图2d是透射电子显微镜(TEM)图像,以及图2f是原子力显微镜(AFM)图像;这些图像分别显示在交叉接点处选择性焊接和去除不连贯的电阻性PVP配体以及从PEDOT:PSS中去除酸性PSS的结果。将这些结果与未经化学处理的相应对照样品进行了比较,分别如图2a、c和e所示。
在集成电极上进行化学处理后,各种优化电极的测量的光学(漫射)透射性质和相应的薄层电阻示出于图3中。值得注意的是,新提出的化学Ag纳米线方法不受各种电极的限制,涵盖(但不限于)从裸Ag纳米线电极到Ag纳米线与具有不同种类的主链诸如亚乙二氧基噻吩、环戊二烯并二噻吩、苯并噻二唑等的导电聚合物的复合材料的各种电极。本实施例的PEDOT:PSS不限制可以通过本发明的方法处理的材料的类型。
优点:
在本发明中,形成了金属纳米线和导电聚合物的高度耐用和导电的电极。本发明的优点包括:
1.简单的化学溶液方法:对与导电聚合物集成的金属纳米线进行简单的基于醇-水的化学处理,其成本非常低,并且涉及丰富的材料诸如金属盐、还原剂和酸性水溶液。
2.导电性:通过同时实现纳米线交叉接点的焊接、从纳米线的表面去除绝缘封端配体以及从导电聚合物中去除酸性组分,大大降低了集成电极的薄层电阻。
3.重负荷:增强对连续外部电偏压和柔性基底(例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、无色聚酰亚胺(cPI)等)上的多次弯曲测试的稳定性。
4.对各种电极的限制-解除方法:所述化学处理对不同种类的电极是限制-解除的,包括金属纳米线膜及其金属纳米线与不同种类导电聚合物的复合膜。
5.透明度:可以通过从金属纳米线表面去除电阻性封端配体增强经处理的电极的光学性质。
6.绿色方法:常温、常压和无毒方法。
7.有利于大面积加工:易于获得分散良好、润湿良好的电极膜。在一定的反应持续时间后,通过旋涂机或氮气枪简单地将反应后的化学溶液从膜上吹离。
8.低成本和低能耗:非常简单的设备(吹风机:旋涂机或氮气枪),一般的材料(低浓度(~10mM)的金属盐、还原剂和酸性水溶液)。
鉴于这些教导,本领域技术人员将理解,可以在不背离如所附权利要求中阐述的本发明的精神或范围的情况下实施替代实施方案。本发明仅受以下权利要求的限制,其中包括当结合上述说明书和附图来看时的所有这种实施方案和修改。
参考文献:
以下参考文献通过引用以其整体并入本文:
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Claims (12)
1.一种将无配体金属纳米线网络和导电聚合物集成的方法,所述方法包括:
通过在金属纳米线层上留下有机配体残留物的方法形成金属纳米线层,所述金属纳米线层包括两个或更多个纳米线彼此接触的多个结点;
在支撑基底上形成导电聚合物膜;
将所述金属纳米线层与所述导电聚合物膜集成以形成金属纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料;
用包含金属离子源和至少一种酸的反应溶液润湿所述金属纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料持续足以从所述金属纳米线层去除所述有机配体残留物并且足以由所述金属离子源生长金属纳米粒子以在所述金属纳米线层中的所述两个或更多个纳米线彼此接触的结点处产生金属互连的时间段;
从所述反应溶液中取出所述纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料;
干燥所述纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料;
其中,所述导电聚合物为(聚(3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩)聚苯乙烯磺酸盐)(PEDOT:PSS);
所述金属纳米线层包括银纳米线,并且其中所述金属纳米粒子为银纳米粒子;
所述反应溶液是包含溶解在水中的硝酸银、抗坏血酸和乙酸的水溶液;
所述金属纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料通过与反应溶液的接触而从导电聚合物中选择性地去除PSS。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述支撑基底是能够支持将所述导电聚合物膜保持在其表面上的材料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,所述支撑基底为玻璃、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)或聚酰亚胺(PI)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述反应溶液还包含至少一种还原剂。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中,所述还原剂为柠檬酸钠、柠檬酸、乙醛或葡萄糖。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述配体是聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述在所述支撑基底上形成所述导电聚合物膜包括:
将所述导电聚合物形成溶液;
通过旋涂、滴铸、喷涂、Mayer棒技术或刮刀技术沉积所述溶液。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在所述导电聚合物膜上形成所述金属纳米线层包括:
将所述金属纳米线形成溶液或分散体;
通过旋涂、滴铸、喷涂、Mayer棒技术或刮刀技术沉积所述溶液或分散体。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,用溶液润湿所述金属纳米线:导电聚合物包括:
形成浓度为10-3 M的反应溶液;
通过滴铸、蘸或浸泡,用所述反应溶液润湿所述纳米线:导电聚合物。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,足以去除所述有机配体残留物的时间为1-5分钟,从而能去除配体。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,干燥所述纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料的步骤包括吹离或旋转以在金属纳米线结点处产生水性溶剂的毛细作用力。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,经处理的纳米线:导电聚合物复合材料基本上不含有机配体残留物,并且包括在所述金属纳米线层的至少75%的结点上金属纳米粒子的选择性生长。
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