CN114580316A - Small reservoir flood level forecasting method based on two-dimensional-zero-dimensional coupling model - Google Patents

Small reservoir flood level forecasting method based on two-dimensional-zero-dimensional coupling model Download PDF

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CN114580316A
CN114580316A CN202210207921.XA CN202210207921A CN114580316A CN 114580316 A CN114580316 A CN 114580316A CN 202210207921 A CN202210207921 A CN 202210207921A CN 114580316 A CN114580316 A CN 114580316A
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张大伟
孙东亚
王帆
王玮琦
冯新政
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China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research
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Abstract

The invention discloses a small reservoir flood level forecasting method based on a two-dimensional-zero-dimensional coupling model. Aiming at the current situation that hydrological data of a basin where a small-sized reservoir is located is deficient, the basin where the reservoir is located is divided into two parts by taking a water surface boundary corresponding to the limited water level of the reservoir in the flood season as a dividing line, wherein the upstream land part adopts a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to simulate the surface runoff process, the downstream reservoir part adopts a zero-dimensional water conservation model to calculate the reservoir water level, the flow of a coupling edge of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model is used as the condition of the zero-dimensional water conservation model, the newly calculated reservoir water level is used as a control boundary of the next time step of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, and the two models perform rolling calculation, so that the aim of reservoir water level forecasting is fulfilled. The method only needs to consider two parameters independent of historical hydrological data, and can provide a new technical solution for forecasting the reservoir water level of the small reservoir in the watershed where the historical hydrological data are deficient.

Description

Small reservoir flood level forecasting method based on two-dimensional-zero-dimensional coupling model
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of hydraulic engineering, and particularly relates to a small reservoir flood level forecasting method based on a two-dimensional-zero-dimensional coupling model.
Background
According to the first water conservancy general survey data of China, 9.8 thousands of reservoirs are built in China, and 95% of the reservoirs are small reservoirs. The small reservoirs are mostly built in the last 60-70 th century, the small reservoirs mostly belong to three-side engineering in special construction period, the small reservoirs have inherent defects, and the service life of the small reservoirs is nearly or even exceeds 50 years to reach the design service life and the risk problem is very prominent. In recent years, under the background of large climate change caused by frequent extreme heavy rainfall in local areas, the accident of dam break and crash of the small reservoir in China often happens. Serious economic loss can be brought to the downstream after the reservoir breaks the dam, and casualties can be caused seriously. Therefore, the method and the device for forecasting the reservoir water level of the small reservoir accurately so as to give out early warning in time have important engineering practice significance for guiding emergency evacuation work at the downstream of the small reservoir.
Compared with a large reservoir, the ownership of the small reservoir is generally owned by a local group, the management level and the informatization degree are low, and hydrological monitoring sites in the reservoir watershed are generally few, so that a large amount of historical measured hydrological data are generally needed to calibrate model parameters by some traditional hydrological model forecasting methods suitable for the large reservoir, the methods are not suitable for the small reservoir watershed, for example, the three-water-source Xin' anjiang model widely applied in China has the production confluence parameters of nearly 20, is conceptual, can be used after multi-field historical flood data calibration, and is difficult to apply to the watershed where the small reservoir with deficient hydrological data is located. Therefore, it is very meaningful to research the flood level prediction technology matched with the actual situation of the small reservoir aiming at the problem that the historical hydrological data of the basin where the small reservoir is located is deficient.
Disclosure of Invention
According to the flood level forecasting method for the small reservoir of the two-dimensional-zero-dimensional coupling model, the problem that reservoir level forecasting is difficult due to the fact that hydrological data of a basin where the small reservoir is located is deficient can be well solved.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following scheme:
a small reservoir flood level forecasting method based on a two-dimensional-zero-dimensional coupling model fully considers the current situation of hydrological data shortage of a basin where a small reservoir is located, the basin where the reservoir is located is divided into an upper part and a lower part by taking a water surface boundary corresponding to a limited water level of the reservoir in a flood season as a dividing line, wherein the upper land part adopts a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to simulate an earth surface runoff process, the lower reservoir area part adopts a zero-dimensional water conservation model to calculate the reservoir level, the newly calculated reservoir level is used as a control boundary of next time step calculation of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, and the two models perform rolling calculation to achieve the aim of reservoir level forecasting; the method comprises the following specific steps:
1) acquiring the basin where the reservoir is located and the basic data information of the reservoir: the method comprises the following steps of including topographic data, land utilization type data, soil type data of a watershed where a reservoir is located, and data information such as a water level storage capacity relation and a reservoir water level discharge relation of the reservoir;
2) partitioning the watershed where the reservoir is located: dividing a basin where the reservoir is located into an upstream land part and a downstream reservoir area part by taking a water surface boundary corresponding to the limited water level of the reservoir in the flood season as a dividing line; the upstream land part is dispersed by adopting a triangular non-structural grid, a unit directly connected with the reservoir area part after dispersion is called a coupling unit, and the edge of the coupling unit connected with the reservoir area is called a coupling edge;
3) model initialization and parameter assignment: for a small reservoir, before rainfall begins, the upstream land part of the reservoir is generally anhydrous, so the initial hydraulic element value of the grid unit is assigned to be 0; the initial water level of the downstream reservoir area part is generally the flood season limiting water level; assigning a value to an SCS model runoff generating parameter CN according to upstream land utilization type data and soil type data by combining the early rainfall condition of the drainage basin; assigning a convergence parameter roughness n according to the land use type data;
4) and (3) rainfall data processing: arranging the original point rainfall process data of the drainage basin into drainage basin surface rainfall process data in equal time period, and converting the drainage basin surface rainfall process data in equal time period into equal time period surface net rainfall process data by adopting an SCS model;
5) interpolating to obtain rainfall intensity P and clear rain intensity R of the drainage basin surface at the time t, and obtaining a calculation time step dt according to the CFL condition of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model;
6) calculating the surface runoff process of the upstream land part by adopting a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, taking the clear rain intensity R of the watershed at the time t as the input condition of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, and taking the water level Z of the downstream reservoir area at the time ttAnd calculating the numerical flux passing through each unit edge at the moment t by adopting the Roe format as the lower boundary condition of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, wherein the flow passing through each coupling edge is marked as Qi(ii) a The downstream reservoir area is calculated by adopting a zero-dimensional water conservation model, the rainfall intensity P of the river basin surface at the time t (the rainfall directly falling on the reservoir area does not consider loss) and the flow Q of each coupling edgeiObtaining the lower discharge Q of the reservoir at the time t according to the water level discharge relation of the reservoir as the inflow condition of a zero-dimensional water conservation modeloutThe outflow condition is used as a zero-dimensional water conservation model, and then the library capacity V of the library area at the t + dt moment is calculatedt+dt；
7) Solving the upstream land part, and updating and obtaining the hydraulic element value of each unit at the t + dt moment according to the numerical flux passing through each unit edge; partial solution is carried out on a downstream reservoir area, and the water level value Z of the reservoir area at the t + dt moment is obtained through linear interpolation according to the reservoir capacity relation of the reservoir water levelt+dt；
8) Let t be t + dt, repeat steps 5) -7) until the whole calculation process is finished.
Further, the control equation of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model adopted in the step 6) is a complete two-dimensional shallow water equation set, and is specifically expressed as follows:
Figure BDA0003529920290000031
wherein:
Figure BDA0003529920290000032
h is water depth, u and v are flow velocity components in x and y directions of the center of the grid unit respectively, t is time,
Figure BDA0003529920290000033
and
Figure BDA0003529920290000034
unit vectors in the x-direction and y-direction, respectively;
Figure BDA0003529920290000035
respectively, the slope in the x and y directions, ZbIs the ground elevation, g is the acceleration of gravity;
Figure BDA0003529920290000036
friction resistance terms in x and y directions are respectively, wherein n is a Manning roughness coefficient, and R is net rain strength;
and (3) dispersing the complete two-dimensional shallow water equation set by adopting a Roe format finite volume method to construct a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model.
Further, the flow Q passing through each coupling edge in the step 6)iThe expression of (a) is:
Qi＝(hiuinix+hiviniy)li (2)
wherein u isi，viThe flow velocity component h in the x and y directions of the center of the coupling unit corresponding to the ith coupling edgeiThe depth n of the coupling unit center corresponding to the ith coupling edgeixAnd niyUnit direction of the normal direction outside the ith coupling edgeComponent of the quantity in the x-and y-directions, liThe length of the ith coupling edge is the length of the edge.
Further, the control equation of the zero-dimensional water conservation model adopted in the step 6) is as follows:
Figure BDA0003529920290000037
Vt+dtreservoir volume at time t + dt, VtIs the storage capacity of the storage area at the time t, k is the number of the coupling edges, QiFor the flow through each coupled edge at time t, QoutThe discharge flow of the reservoir at the time t, P the rainfall intensity of the watershed surface at the time t, and A the surface area of the downstream reservoir area.
The invention has the advantages and beneficial effects that:
the invention fully considers the problem of the shortage of hydrological data of the watershed of the small reservoir, divides the watershed of the reservoir into an upstream land part and a downstream reservoir area part, the upstream land part adopts a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to calculate the watershed production convergence, the downstream part adopts a zero-dimensional mass conservation model to calculate the reservoir water level, only two parameters need to be considered in the whole set of method, namely a production flow parameter CN and a Manning roughness parameter n, and both the two parameters can be given out through land utilization type and soil type data, thereby getting rid of the dependence of the model on historical hydrological data and providing a new technical solution for reservoir water level prediction of the watershed of the historical hydrological data.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated by the following figures and examples.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart, or block or schematic diagram of an apparatus and method according to an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
The first embodiment is as follows:
the invention will be further described with reference to fig. 1 and the examples.
The invention relates to a flood level forecasting method for a small reservoir based on a two-dimensional-zero-dimensional coupling model, which fully considers the current situation that hydrological data of a basin where the small reservoir is located is deficient, and divides the basin where the reservoir is located into two parts by taking a water surface boundary corresponding to a limited water level of the reservoir in a flood season as a dividing line, wherein an upstream land part adopts a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to simulate a surface runoff process, a downstream reservoir area part adopts a zero-dimensional water conservation model to calculate the reservoir level, the newly calculated reservoir level is used as a control boundary of next time step calculation of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, and the two models roll to calculate, so that the aim of reservoir level forecasting can be realized; the method comprises the following specific steps:
1) acquiring the basin where the reservoir is located and the basic data information of the reservoir: the method comprises topographic data, land utilization type data, soil type data, water level storage capacity relation of the reservoir, water level discharge relation of the reservoir and other data of a watershed where the reservoir is located.
2) Partitioning the watershed where the reservoir is located: dividing a basin where a reservoir is located into an upstream land part and a downstream reservoir area part by taking a water surface boundary corresponding to the limited water level of the reservoir in the flood season as a dividing line; the upstream land part is dispersed by adopting a triangular non-structural grid, the unit directly connected with the reservoir area part after dispersion is called a coupling unit, and the edge of the coupling unit connected with the reservoir area is called a coupling edge. It is worth to be noted that, as the reservoir water level rises, the tail end of the upstream land part is submerged under the water surface, so that the influence of reservoir water level change on inflow of the upstream land part can be fully considered, the change process of the dynamic reservoir capacity of the reservoir is better reflected, and the calculation result is ensured to be more in line with the actual situation.
3) Model initialization and parameter assignment: for a small reservoir, before rainfall begins, the upstream land part of the reservoir is generally anhydrous, so the initial hydraulic element value of the grid unit is assigned to be 0; the initial water level of the downstream reservoir area part is generally the flood season limiting water level; assigning a value to an SCS model runoff generating parameter CN according to upstream land utilization type data and soil type data by combining the early rainfall condition of the drainage basin; and assigning a value to the convergence parameter roughness n according to the land use type data.
4) And (3) rainfall data processing: the method comprises the steps of arranging original point rainfall process data of a drainage basin into drainage basin surface rainfall process data in equal time periods, converting the equal time period rainfall process data into equal time period net rainfall process data by adopting an SCS (soil Conservation service) runoff generating model, wherein the SCS runoff generating model is provided by the U.S. department of agriculture department water and soil Conservation bureau, and the model only has one parameter CN to be determined, and the parameter can be combined with early rainfall conditions of the drainage basin (mainly, the rainfall 5 days before the rainfall is taken as a basis to divide the dry-wet conditions of soil into three stages, AMC I is a dry condition, AMC II is a normal condition, and AMC III is a wet condition), and the data such as land utilization types and soil types are directly obtained. The method is very simple and is widely applied to clear rain estimation of a dead or scarce data basin, and the detailed description of the method and the value taking table of CN can be referred to the content of the chapter of the national Engineering handbook of America, and the specific documents are as follows (USDA-SCS. national Engineering handbook. section 4-Hydrology [ M ], Washington DC, 1985). It is worth to be noted that other flow production methods with low requirements on historical hydrological data, such as Green-Ampt flow production models and Philip flow production models, can replace SCS flow production models according to actual application conditions of the drainage basin.
5) And (3) interpolating to obtain rainfall intensity P and net rainfall intensity R of the watershed at the time t, and obtaining the calculation time step dt according to the CFL condition of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, wherein the CFL condition is specifically expressed as follows:
Figure BDA0003529920290000051
wherein u and v are flow velocity components of the center x and y directions of the grid unit, h is the depth of the center water of the grid unit, g is the gravity acceleration, and N iscflIs the CFL number, dt is the calculation time step, LL,LRThe distance between the center of the grid cell to the midpoint of the corresponding edge.
6) The upstream land part adopts a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to calculate the surface runoff process, and the control equation of the adopted two-dimensional hydrodynamic model is a complete two-dimensional shallow water equation set, which is specifically expressed as follows:
Figure BDA0003529920290000061
wherein:
Figure BDA0003529920290000062
h is water depth, u and v are flow velocity components in x and y directions of the center of the grid unit respectively, t is time,
Figure BDA0003529920290000063
and
Figure BDA0003529920290000064
unit vectors in the x-direction and y-direction, respectively;
Figure BDA0003529920290000065
respectively, the slope in the x and y directions, ZbIs the ground elevation, g is the acceleration of gravity;
Figure BDA0003529920290000066
friction resistance terms in x and y directions are respectively, wherein n is a Manning roughness coefficient, and R is net rain strength;
a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model is constructed by adopting a finite volume method with a Roe center format to disperse the complete two-dimensional shallow water equation set, and the specific discrete format of the model is shown in the following documents (Zhang Da Wei et al, basin surface runoff two-dimensional numerical simulation [ J ] based on Godunov format, hydraulics report, 2018,49(7): 787-.
the clean rain intensity R of the watershed surface at the time t is used as an input condition of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, and the water level Z of the downstream reservoir area at the time ttCalculating the numerical flux passing through each unit edge at the time t as the lower boundary condition of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, wherein the flow passing through each coupling edge is marked as Qi。
Qi＝(hiuinix+hiviniy)li (2)
Wherein u isi，viThe flow velocity component h in the x and y directions of the center of the coupling unit corresponding to the ith coupling edgeiThe depth n of the coupling unit center corresponding to the ith coupling edgeixAnd niyThe components of the unit vector in the direction of the normal outside the ith coupling edge in the x direction and the y direction, liThe length of the ith coupling edge is the length of the edge.
The downstream reservoir area is calculated by adopting a zero-dimensional water conservation model, the rainfall intensity P of the river basin surface at the time t (the rainfall directly falling on the reservoir area does not consider loss) and the flow Q of each coupling edgeiObtaining the discharge quantity Q of the reservoir at the time t according to the water level discharge quantity relation of the reservoir as the inflow condition of a zero-dimensional water conservation modeloutThe outflow condition is used as a zero-dimensional water conservation model, and then the library capacity V of the library area at the t + dt moment is calculatedt+dtThe control equation of the zero-dimensional water conservation model is as follows:
Figure BDA0003529920290000071
Vt+dtreservoir volume at time t + dt, VtThe storage capacity of the storage area at the time t, k is the number of the coupling edges, QiFor the flow through the coupled edges at time t, QoutThe discharge flow of the reservoir at the time t, P the rainfall intensity of the watershed surface at the time t, and A the surface area of the downstream reservoir area.
7) Solving the upstream land part, and updating and obtaining the hydraulic element value of each unit at the t + dt moment according to the numerical flux passing through each unit edge; solving the downstream reservoir area part, and obtaining the water level value Z of the reservoir area at the t + dt moment according to the linear interpolation of the reservoir water level and reservoir capacity relationt+dt。
8) Let t be t + dt, repeat steps 5) -7) until the whole calculation process is finished.
The above-mentioned embodiments are only part of the present invention, and do not cover the whole of the present invention, and on the basis of the above-mentioned embodiments and the attached drawings, those skilled in the art can obtain more embodiments without creative efforts, so that the embodiments obtained without creative efforts are all included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. A small reservoir flood level forecasting method based on a two-dimensional-zero-dimensional coupling model is characterized by comprising the following steps: dividing the basin where the reservoir is located into an upper part and a lower part by taking the water surface boundary corresponding to the limited water level of the reservoir in the flood season as a dividing line: the method comprises the following steps that an upstream land part and a downstream reservoir area part are respectively adopted, wherein the upstream land part adopts a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to simulate the surface runoff process, the downstream reservoir area part adopts a zero-dimensional water conservation model to calculate the reservoir water level, the calculated reservoir water level is used as a control boundary of the next time step calculation of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, and the two models of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model and the zero-dimensional water conservation model are subjected to rolling coupling calculation; the method comprises the following specific steps:
1) acquiring the basin where the reservoir is located and the basic data information of the reservoir: the method comprises the steps of obtaining topographic data, land utilization type data and soil type data of a watershed where a reservoir is located, and data of a water level storage capacity relation and a water level discharge relation of the reservoir;
2) partitioning the watershed where the reservoir is located: dividing a basin where the reservoir is located into an upstream land part and a downstream reservoir area part by taking a water surface boundary corresponding to the limited water level of the reservoir in the flood season as a dividing line; the upstream land part is dispersed by adopting a triangular non-structural grid, a unit directly connected with the downstream reservoir area part after dispersion is called a coupling unit, and the edge of the coupling unit connected with the downstream reservoir area is called a coupling edge;
3) model initialization and parameter assignment: the initial hydraulic element values of the grid cells of the upstream land part are all assigned to 0; the initial water level of the downstream reservoir area part is the flood season limiting water level; assigning a value to an SCS model runoff generating parameter CN according to upstream land utilization type data and soil type data by combining the early rainfall condition of the drainage basin; assigning a convergence parameter roughness n according to the land use type data;
4) and (3) rainfall data processing: arranging the original point rainfall process data of the drainage basin into drainage basin surface rainfall process data in equal time period, and converting the drainage basin surface rainfall process data in equal time period into equal time period surface net rainfall process data by adopting an SCS model;
5) interpolating to obtain rainfall intensity P and clear rain intensity R of the drainage basin surface at the time t, and obtaining a calculation time step dt according to the CFL condition of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model;
6) calculating the surface runoff process of the upstream land part by adopting a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, taking the clear rain intensity R of the watershed surface at the time t as the input condition of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, and taking the water level Z of the downstream reservoir area at the time ttAnd calculating the numerical flux passing through each unit edge at the moment t by adopting the Roe format as the lower boundary condition of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, wherein the flow passing through each coupling edge is marked as Qi(ii) a The downstream reservoir area is calculated by adopting a zero-dimensional water conservation model, the rainfall intensity P of the river basin surface at the time t and the flow Q passing through each coupling edgeiObtaining the lower discharge Q of the reservoir at the time t according to the water level discharge relation of the reservoir as the inflow condition of a zero-dimensional water conservation modeloutThe outflow condition is used as a zero-dimensional water conservation model, and then the library capacity V of the library area at the t + dt moment is calculatedt+dt；
7) Solving the upstream land part, and updating and obtaining the hydraulic element value of each grid unit at the t + dt moment according to the numerical flux passing through each unit edge; partial solution is carried out on a downstream reservoir area, and the water level value Z of the reservoir area at the t + dt moment is obtained through linear interpolation according to the reservoir capacity relation of the reservoir water levelt+dt；
8) Let t be t + dt, repeat steps 5) -7) until the whole calculation process is finished.
2. The method for forecasting the flood level of the small reservoir based on the two-dimensional-zero-dimensional coupling model according to claim 1, wherein the control equation of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model adopted in the step 6) is a complete two-dimensional shallow water equation set, and the specific expression is as follows:
Figure FDA0003529920280000021
wherein:
Figure FDA0003529920280000022
h is water depth, u and v are flow velocity components in x and y directions of the center of the grid unit respectively, t is time,
Figure FDA0003529920280000023
and
Figure FDA0003529920280000024
unit vectors in the x-direction and y-direction, respectively;
Figure FDA0003529920280000025
respectively, the slope in the x and y directions, ZbIs the ground elevation, g is the gravitational acceleration;
Figure FDA0003529920280000026
friction items in x and y directions are respectively, wherein n is a Manning roughness coefficient;
and (3) dispersing the complete two-dimensional shallow water equation set by adopting a Roe format finite volume method to construct a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model.
3. The method for forecasting the flood level of the small reservoir based on the two-dimensional-zero-dimensional coupling model as claimed in claim 1, wherein the flow Q passing through each coupling edge in step 6)iThe expression of (a) is:
Qi＝(hiuinix+hiviniy)li (2)
wherein u isi，viThe flow velocity component h in the x and y directions of the center of the coupling unit corresponding to the ith coupling edgeiThe depth n of the coupling unit center corresponding to the ith coupling edgeixAnd niyThe component of the unit vector in the normal direction outside the ith coupling edge in the x direction and the y direction, liThe length of the ith coupling edge is the length of the edge.
4. The method for forecasting the flood level of the small reservoir based on the two-dimensional-zero-dimensional coupling model according to claim 1, wherein the control equation of the zero-dimensional water conservation model adopted in the step 6) is as follows:
Figure FDA0003529920280000031
in the formula: vtAnd k is the reservoir capacity of the reservoir area at the time t, k is the number of the coupling edges, and A is the surface area of the downstream reservoir area part.
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CN115564238A (en) * 2022-10-09 2023-01-03 中国水利水电科学研究院 Small reservoir flood forecasting and flood regulating analysis method based on hydrodynamic mechanism
CN115618687A (en) * 2022-11-09 2023-01-17 中国水利水电科学研究院 Rainfall runoff simulation method based on sub-watershed and one-dimensional finite volume unit
CN116467773A (en) * 2023-03-09 2023-07-21 中国长江电力股份有限公司 Large reservoir dynamic storage capacity calculation method based on water level and flow conversion boundary

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