CN114505496A - Method for controlling oriented growth of alloy crystal grains in laser additive manufacturing process - Google Patents
Method for controlling oriented growth of alloy crystal grains in laser additive manufacturing process Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- UQZIWOQVLUASCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;titanium Chemical compound [AlH3].[Ti] UQZIWOQVLUASCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
- B22F10/366—Scanning parameters, e.g. hatch distance or scanning strategy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/10—Auxiliary heating means
- B22F12/17—Auxiliary heating means to heat the build chamber or platform
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
- B33Y40/10—Pre-treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/057—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being less 10%
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for controlling the directional growth of alloy crystal grains in a laser additive manufacturing process. A method of controlling the directional growth of alloy grains in a laser additive manufacturing process, comprising: selecting a base material, firstly carrying out laser remelting treatment on the surface of the base material, and then carrying out laser additive manufacturing on the remelted surface. The invention can ensure that the crystal grains grow directionally, reduce the generation probability of mixed crystals, reduce the adverse effect of transverse crystal boundaries on the high-temperature alloy, and the prepared component structure can grow epitaxially according to the original crystal grain orientation of the remelted layer and has better mechanical property under the environment of low-temperature single stress and high temperature.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of materials, in particular to a method for controlling the directional growth of alloy grains in a laser additive manufacturing process.
Background
With the development of aviation industry, the thrust-weight ratio of an aero-engine is higher and higher, the service environment is severer and severer, and higher requirements are provided for the performance of materials of the aero-engine. The laser additive manufacturing technology has the characteristics of high forming precision, short preparation period and high material utilization rate, and has ultrahigh temperature gradient and rapid solidification and cooling characteristics in the deposition process, and the prepared member has fine structure and reduced element segregation, so that the laser additive manufacturing technology for preparing high-performance metal members becomes the current research hotspot.
At present, under the conditions of low-temperature single stress and high-temperature service, a transverse grain boundary vertical to the direction of a main stress axis is a weak part of the alloy, the transverse grain boundary vertical to the main stress axis is eliminated, and the preparation of alloy components (such as nickel-based and titanium-aluminum-based) with directional solidification structure characteristics becomes an effective way for improving the comprehensive mechanical properties of the alloy components. However, in the process of manufacturing the alloy by the laser additive, the influence of additive manufacturing process parameters and grain epitaxial growth is received, and if the polycrystalline alloy is used as a base material, a structure with good grain directionality is difficult to prepare, so that the high-temperature creep property of the alloy is reduced. In addition, since high interface energy and large angle grain boundaries exist between the mixed crystals, these grain boundaries are likely to become crack sources. Therefore, controlling the grain structure while avoiding the formation of mixed crystals is a serious challenge.
In conclusion, the method for controlling the directional growth of the alloy crystal grains in the laser additive manufacturing process is established, so that the crystal grains grow directionally, the generation probability of mixed crystals is reduced, the adverse effect of transverse crystal boundaries on the high-temperature alloy is reduced, the comprehensive mechanical property and the service life of the alloy are improved, and the method has very important practical significance for realizing the research, production and use of an aeroengine with a higher thrust-weight ratio.
The invention is therefore proposed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for controlling the directional growth of alloy crystal grains in the laser additive manufacturing process, which enables the crystal grains to grow directionally, reduces the generation probability of mixed crystals and the adverse effect of transverse crystal boundaries on high-temperature alloy, enables the prepared component structure to grow epitaxially according to the original crystal grain orientation of a remelted layer, and has better mechanical properties under the low-temperature single stress and high-temperature environment.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a method of controlling the directional growth of alloy grains in a laser additive manufacturing process, comprising:
selecting a base material, firstly carrying out laser remelting treatment on the surface of the base material, and then carrying out laser additive manufacturing on the remelted surface.
The method firstly carries out the pulse laser remelting treatment on the surface of the base material to form a layer of small molten pool on the surface, when the remelting surface of the base material is deposited, because of the ultrahigh temperature gradient and the higher cooling speed of the molten pool, the deposited layer has good crystal grain directionality and uniform element distribution, is not beneficial to nucleation and growth of large-size mixed crystals, ensures that the prepared alloy component has better directionality, improves the comprehensive performance of the component and prolongs the service life.
On the basis, the process conditions of laser remelting treatment and laser additive manufacturing can be further optimized to improve the mechanical property of the alloy or improve the production efficiency and the like, and the method is concretely as follows.
Further, the laser remelting process and the laser additive manufacturing have the same laser power.
This simplifies the process and ensures the grain-oriented growth of the deposit on the remelting surface.
Further, the laser remelting process is the same as the laser pulse width and the beam diameter of the laser additive manufacturing. Similarly, the two share the same conditions, so that the steps of debugging equipment and the like can be omitted, and the directional growth of crystal grains can be ensured.
Further, the alloys include, but are not limited to, nickel-based superalloys, titanium-aluminum-based superalloys, titanium alloys, and the like. These materials are common materials for aircraft engines and have higher requirements on the oriented growth of crystal grains and the content of mixed crystals.
Further, the alloy is nickel-based superalloy, and the base material is DD5 nickel-based superalloy.
Furthermore, the pulse width of the laser additive manufacturing is 0.6-1.0 s, and the beam diameter is 2.5-3.5 mm.
In practical applications, the pulse width may be 0.6s, 0.7s, 0.8s, 0.9s, or 1.0s, and a more preferable range is 0.8s to 1.0 s. The beam diameter can be 2.5mm, 2.7mm, 2.9mm, 3.0mm, 3.2mm, 3.5mm, etc., and a preferable range includes 2.5mm to 3.0 mm.
Furthermore, the laser scanning speed of the laser additive manufacturing is 1.5-2.5 mm/s, and the powder feeding speed is 4-6 g/min.
In practical application, the laser scanning speed can be 1.5mm/s, 1.6mm/s, 1.7mm/s, 1.8mm/s, 2.0mm/s, 2.1mm/s, 2.3mm/s, 1.5mm/s, etc., and the preferable range includes 2.0-2.5 mm/s.
Further, the laser additive manufacturing is performed in an argon atmosphere with an oxygen content below 50 ppm.
Argon may also be substituted for other inert atmospheres.
Further, the base material is also subjected to pretreatment before the laser remelting treatment: and (5) grinding and cleaning the surface.
The grinding is to remove the surface oxide layer on one hand, and can ensure the surface flatness on the other hand, which is beneficial to the growth of the subsequent deposition crystal grains. The cleaning agent can be alcohol, acetone, etc.
In addition, the laser additive manufacturing path is determined according to the shape of a product, and different layers may require different shapes, so that a three-dimensional solid model is established in advance, and the laser deposition path of each layer is planned according to the model. Typically laser additive manufacturing is also printed in a layered distribution. In summary, compared with the prior art, the invention achieves the following technical effects:
(1) the invention discloses a method for controlling the oriented growth of alloy crystal grains in the laser additive manufacturing process, which utilizes remelting on a substrate to ensure that a deposited first layer (namely, a layer directly contacted with a remelting layer) is superposed with the scanning path of the remelting layer, and the molten pool tracks of the two layers are the same, so that dendrites of the first layer can epitaxially grow along the original crystal grain orientation of the remelting layer, and simultaneously, the fusion interface at the bottom of the molten pool of the deposited layer after remelting is smooth, and the nucleation and growth of mixed crystals can be reduced.
(2) The grain boundary of mixed crystal is a weak link of the component at high temperature. The invention can relatively reduce mixed crystals, avoid the reduction of mechanical property, inhibit crack initiation points formed by the mixed crystals and the oriented grains, and prolong the service life of the component.
(3) The invention provides a simple and reliable method for directionally growing alloy crystal grains, which does not need a die in the whole preparation process, and has the advantages of low cost, high utilization rate, high manufacturing efficiency and easy control of parameters.
Drawings
Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. Also, like reference numerals are used to refer to like parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a portion of a laser surface remelting and laser additive manufacturing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a laser remelting scan path in an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a laser additive printing path based on FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a microstructure diagram of laser additive manufacturing without remelting and after remelting in an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the following examples are only illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The raw materials, reagents or instruments used are not indicated by manufacturers, and all the raw materials, the reagents or the instruments are conventional products which can be obtained by commercial purchase or can be prepared according to the prior art.
In order to inhibit nucleation and growth of mixed crystals when a sample is directly deposited on a base material in the laser additive manufacturing process to a certain extent and reduce the possibility of transformation of columnar crystal orientation equiaxial crystals, the invention designs a method for inhibiting mixed crystals.
The following examples use the laser surface remelting and laser additive manufacturing apparatus shown in fig. 1 (only a part of the structure is shown in the figures), but the method of the present invention is not limited to the sub-apparatus. The use method of the device comprises the following steps: clamping a base material 5 by using a clamp 6, placing the base material on a machine tool workbench 7, remelting the surface of the base material by using a laser beam 4, feeding metal powder by using a powder feeding nozzle 3, irradiating the laser beam 4 to deposit the metal powder on the surface of the remelted base material, and feeding protective gas in real time through a protective gas input/output joint 2 (connected with a laser cladding head 1) to ensure an inert environment until additive manufacturing is completed.
The main devices of the experiment are an AGS-TFL-8000CO2 laser (maximum output power of 6000W) LMD-V system and a six-axis computer numerical control workstation. The base material selected for the experiment is DD5 nickel-base superalloy, and the alloy composition is shown in Table 1. All laser surface remelting experiments are carried out in an argon purification treatment chamber with the oxygen content lower than 50ppm, the laser power is 1000W, the pulse width is 0.8s, the beam diameter is 3mm, the scanning speed is 2mm/s, and the powder feeding speed in laser additive manufacturing is 5 g/min.
TABLE 1D 55 chemical composition (wt%) of nickel-base superalloys
Example 1
The first step is as follows: firstly, a three-dimensional solid model to be prepared is established, the three-dimensional solid model is layered, the deposition path of each layer is planned, and the file is imported into an equipment control system.
The second step is that: and then, pre-treating the selected substrate, removing a surface oxidation layer, cleaning and drying for later use.
The third step: the processed substrate was fixed on a stage and laser surface reflow was performed as shown in fig. 2. The laser scan path in this step depends on the shape of the first layer of material to be deposited on.
The fourth step: the first layer is printed by using laser additive manufacturing technology, and a laser scanning path is schematically shown in fig. 3 (the shape in the figure is only schematic and does not represent the actual material property). This step is repeated until all layers have been printed, and the prepared component is obtained.
As a result:
the microstructure diagram of the sample directly manufactured on the substrate by laser additive manufacturing is shown in fig. 4(a), and it can be seen from the diagram that, because the interdendritic segregation of the substrate is relatively large, the part with low melting point will melt first, which results in that the fusion interface between the substrate and the deposition layer is relatively rough, some mixed crystals will exist at the interface, and the orientation of the alloy is not good. The microstructure diagram of the sample manufactured by laser additive manufacturing after the remelting of the base material is shown in fig. 4(b), and it can be seen from the diagram that when the deposition is carried out on the remelted base material, the fusion interface of the fusion pool between the remelting layer and the deposition layer is smoother, the formation of mixed crystals is basically avoided, the quantity of the mixed crystals is obviously reduced, the crystal grain directionality is better, the prepared component structure can epitaxially grow according to the original crystal grain orientation of the remelting layer, and the prepared component structure has better mechanical properties under the low-temperature single stress and high-temperature environment.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method for controlling the directional growth of alloy grains in a laser additive manufacturing process is characterized by comprising the following steps:
selecting a base material, firstly carrying out laser remelting treatment on the surface of the base material, and then carrying out laser additive manufacturing on the remelted surface.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser remelting process and the laser additive manufacturing are at the same laser power.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the laser remelting process is the same as the laser additive manufacturing laser pulse width, beam diameter.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the alloy is a nickel-based superalloy, a titanium-aluminum-based superalloy, a titanium alloy.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the alloy is a nickel-base superalloy and the substrate is DD5 nickel-base superalloy.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the laser additive manufacturing has a pulse width of 0.6-1.0 s and a beam diameter of 2.5-3.5 mm.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the laser scanning speed of the laser additive manufacturing is 1.5-2.5 mm/s, and the powder feeding speed is 4-6 g/min.
8. The method of claim 5, wherein the laser additive manufacturing is performed in an argon environment with an oxygen content below 50 ppm.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is further pre-treated prior to the laser remelting treatment by: and (5) grinding and cleaning the surface.
10. An alloy material obtained by the method of any one of claims 1 to 9.
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Cited By (3)
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| CN114959332A (en) * | 2022-05-18 | 2022-08-30 | 东南大学 | Control method for grain orientation distribution of additive manufacturing Inconel 939 nickel-based high-temperature alloy |
| CN115007878A (en) * | 2022-06-23 | 2022-09-06 | 季华实验室 | Additive manufacturing method and component with sharp corner feature |
| CN115505922A (en) * | 2022-09-05 | 2022-12-23 | 北京航空航天大学 | Metal additive manufacturing molten pool bottom epitaxial growth control method |
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| CN114959332A (en) * | 2022-05-18 | 2022-08-30 | 东南大学 | Control method for grain orientation distribution of additive manufacturing Inconel 939 nickel-based high-temperature alloy |
| CN115007878A (en) * | 2022-06-23 | 2022-09-06 | 季华实验室 | Additive manufacturing method and component with sharp corner feature |
| CN115007878B (en) * | 2022-06-23 | 2023-04-25 | 季华实验室 | Additive manufacturing method and component with sharp corner feature |
| CN115505922A (en) * | 2022-09-05 | 2022-12-23 | 北京航空航天大学 | Metal additive manufacturing molten pool bottom epitaxial growth control method |
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