CN114498252B - Hollow laser with triple degree of freedom eigenmodes - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/005—Optical devices external to the laser cavity, specially adapted for lasers, e.g. for homogenisation of the beam or for manipulating laser pulses, e.g. pulse shaping
- H01S3/0071—Beam steering, e.g. whereby a mirror outside the cavity is present to change the beam direction
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- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
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Abstract
The invention relates to a hollow laser with triple degrees of freedom eigenmodes, which sequentially comprises a pumping source, a plano-convex lens, an optical coupling axicon, a convex lens, an axicon gain medium, a polarization axicon and an axicon output mirror, wherein the centers of the pumping source, the plano-convex lens, the optical coupling axicon, the convex lens, the axicon gain medium, the polarization axicon and the axicon output mirror are positioned on the same light path; the plano-convex lens, the optical coupling axicon and the convex lens form a hollow zoom coupling optical system; the axicon gain medium and the axicon output mirror form a resonant cavity of the laser, wherein the axicon gain medium is an input mirror, and the axicon output mirror is an output coupling mirror; the polarization axicon is a column vector polarization state conversion device. The laser of the invention can realize the triple degree of freedom eigenmodes.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of lasers, in particular to a hollow laser with triple degrees of freedom eigenmodes.
Background
With the development of laser technology, in order to fully exploit and utilize the potential of laser, research on light field regulation is focused, and amplitude, polarization, phase and the like are three independent parameters for representing light field distribution. For a laser cavity, each independent parameter can be defined as a single degree of freedom eigenmode, while a single laser beam with three eigenmodes simultaneously constitutes a triple degree of freedom. The distribution of the laser output beam is typically gaussian intensity, uniformly polarized and planar, but in practice non-gaussian intensity, non-uniformly polarized or non-planar beams are also required, e.g., hollow beams with a width radius ratio meeting a high intensity gradient under certain conditions can have a high cooling efficiency for the neutral atoms. For another example, a non-uniformly polarized light field of high polarization purity has a stronger axial field component than a uniformly polarized light field, and a strong gradient force is generated when focusing at a high numerical aperture, and at the same time, the axial field component does not contribute to the Potentilla vector along the optical axis, and it does not generate axial scattering force and absorption force, and metallic particles can be stably captured due to the separation of the gradient force and scattering space. The light beam with the double freedom modes can capture metal particles and realize efficient cooling of the metal particles.
With the intensive research and application of laser technology, people gradually recognize the outstanding effect on laser phase regulation, for example, vortex phase light beams, which have wave front phases with spiral structures, each photon carries orbital angular momentum, and the light beam center has phase singularities with undetermined phase, so that the light intensity is annularly distributed. These unique properties of vortex beams have important application values in many fields such as laser optics, atomic optics, biotechnology, and the like. The polarization distribution of the light corresponds to the spin angular momentum and the vortex phase corresponds to the orbital angular momentum. Therefore, the light beam with the double degree of freedom mode has unique spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum coupling characteristics, and the inseparable superposition state formed by the double degree of freedom mode corresponds to a double-bit quantum entanglement state, so that the light beam has important value in the fields of interaction of light and substances, basic physical effects of a classical quantum coupling system and the like. The analog quantum state, the inseparable superposition state of the non-uniform polarized vortex beam with high polarization purity is utilized, and the quantum channel can be characterized by classical light, so that the optical communication with high stability and large capacity can be realized. Various methods have been proposed to generate a beam of non-uniformly polarized vortex dual degree of freedom mode. For example, using interferometric methods, super-surface materials, birefringent liquid crystal materials, and spatial light modulators. However, the dual-mode beam generated by these methods is not the eigenstate of the laser (not generated by the oscillation of the optical field in the cavity), and is obtained by passive means, so that it is difficult to generate a high-quality dual-mode beam. For example, interferometry requires the use of more optical elements, resulting in a complex optical path and susceptibility to environmental interference; the super-surface size is about 100nm, and the traditional processing technology cannot be manufactured, so that vector light beams generated by a method based on the super-material surface are still in the exploration stage of scientific research; limited by the damage threshold of the liquid crystal material, it is difficult to generate a high-power vector vortex light field by using the liquid crystal element; vector vortex beams based on radial or angular polarization distributions that a spatial light modulator can theoretically generate, but it is practically difficult to generate high quality vector vortex beams due to the large pixel pitch and filler size. So far, laser light output by using a resonant cavity is limited to a non-uniform polarization or vortex phase single mode.
The invention realizes the hollow laser with high light intensity gradient, non-Gaussian intensity distribution, cylindrical column vector polarization state and vortex phase triple degree of freedom eigenmodes. The triplet degree of freedom eigenmode laser not only can simulate richer multi-particle entangled states and open the research of more classical quantum coupling properties, but also can derive new optical phenomena, new optical effects and new optical technologies, and can provide reliable novel light sources for numerous research and application fields and promote the development of laser physics and other cross disciplines. The light beam can be widely applied to the fields of optical capturing, optical information processing, optical imaging, electron acceleration, microscopic particle optical manipulation and the like. It is conceivable that multiple eigenmode beams will necessarily open up and expand new laser applications.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a hollow laser with triple degrees of freedom eigenmodes, wherein the inner side of the light intensity gradient of the cross section of the output light beam of the laser is larger than the outer side of the light intensity gradient of the cross section of the output light beam of the laser, namely, the output light beam is a superimposed light beam with different intensity Gaussian function distribution; the polarization state of the laser beam is cylindrical column vector distribution; the phase of the laser beam is in vortex distribution and the topological charge number can be continuously adjusted.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following solutions:
the hollow laser with triple degrees of freedom eigenmodes sequentially comprises a pumping source 1, a plano-convex lens 2, an optical coupling axicon 3, a convex lens 4, an axicon gain medium 5, a polarization axicon 6 and an axicon output mirror 7, wherein the centers of the pumping source 1, the plano-convex lens 2, the optical coupling axicon 3, the convex lens 4, the axicon gain medium 5, the polarization axicon 6 and the axicon output mirror 7 are positioned in the same optical path;
the plano-convex lens 2, the optical coupling axicon 3 and the convex lens 4 form a hollow zoom coupling optical system;
the axicon gain medium 5 and the axicon output mirror 7 form a resonant cavity of the laser, wherein the axicon gain medium 5 is an input mirror, and the axicon output mirror 7 is an output coupling mirror;
the polarization axicon 6 is a column vector polarization state conversion device.
Optionally, the positions of the plano-convex lens 2, the optical coupling axicon 3 and the convex lens 4 are adjusted to control the radius of the pump beam, the pump beams with different beam radii excite the laser oscillation with corresponding topological charges, and the phase distribution of the output beam of the laser is the vortex phase of the eigenmode.
Alternatively, the topological charge number of the vortex phase can be continuously adjusted.
Optionally, when the parameters of the axicon gain medium 5, polarization axicon 6 and axicon output mirror 7 satisfy 4α—2γ= (n) 2 -1) with a superimposed gaussian function distribution of different intensities for the intensity of the laser cavity, the laser output beam intensity being an eigenmode non-gaussian function distributed laser with an inner gradient greater than an outer gradient, where α, β and γ are the cone angles of the axicon gain medium 5, polarization axicon 6 and axicon output mirror 7, respectively, n 2 Is the refractive index of the polarization axicon 6.
Alternatively, when the parameters of the axicon gain medium 5 and the polarization axicon 6 satisfy sin [ (4α -pi- β)/2]＝n 2 sinθ B And the beam passes through the polarization axicon 6 at Brewster angle theta B When incident, the polarization state of the laser output beam is cylindrical column vector distribution, wherein alpha and beta are respectivelyFor the cone angles of the axicon gain medium 5 and the polarizing axicon 6, n 2 Is the refractive index of the polarization axicon 6.
Optionally, the pump source 1 is a semiconductor laser array.
Optionally, the focal length of the plano-convex lens 2 is 500mm; the focal length of the convex lens 4 is 200mm, and the 808nm antireflection film is plated on the surface.
Optionally, the optical coupling axicon 3, the polarizing axicon 6 and the axicon output mirror 7 are all made of K9 glass, and have a refractive index of 1.5.
Optionally, the taper angle ω=120° of the optical coupling axicon 3 is coated with an 808nm antireflection film.
Optionally, the axicon gain medium 5 is made of Nd-YAG crystals, the refractive index is 1.81, the doping concentration of neodymium ions is 1.0%, the cone angle alpha=60°, 808nm and 1064nm antireflection films are plated on the bottom surface, and 808nm antireflection films and 1064nm high reflection films are plated on the bus surface.
According to the specific embodiment provided by the invention, the invention discloses the following technical effects:
the invention realizes the hollow laser with high light intensity gradient, non-Gaussian intensity distribution, cylindrical column vector polarization state and vortex phase triple degree of freedom eigenmodes. The triplet degree of freedom eigenmode laser not only can simulate richer multi-particle entangled states and open the research of more classical quantum coupling properties, but also can derive new optical phenomena, new optical effects and new optical technologies, and can provide reliable novel light sources for numerous research and application fields and promote the development of laser physics and other cross disciplines. The light beam can be widely applied to the fields of optical capturing, optical information processing, optical imaging, electron acceleration, microscopic particle optical manipulation and the like. It is conceivable that multiple eigenmode beams will necessarily open up and expand new laser applications.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions of the prior art, the drawings that are needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it being obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and that other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a hollow core laser of the triple degree of freedom eigenmode of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a varifocal annular pump beam transformation;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the relationship between the inner and outer dimensions of the annular pump light and the vortex light threshold;
fig. 4 shows the intensity distribution of the output laser beam.
Symbol description:
1-pump source, 2-plane convex lens, 3-optical coupling axicon, 4-convex lens, 5-axicon gain medium, 6-polarization axicon and 7-axicon output mirror.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
The invention aims to provide a hollow laser with triple degrees of freedom eigenmodes, wherein the inner side of the light intensity gradient of the cross section of the output light beam of the laser is larger than the outer side of the light intensity gradient of the cross section of the output light beam of the laser, namely, the output light beam is a superimposed light beam with different intensity Gaussian function distribution; the polarization state of the laser beam is cylindrical column vector distribution; the phase of the laser beam is in vortex distribution and the topological charge number can be continuously adjusted.
In order that the above-recited objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to the appended drawings and appended detailed description.
As shown in FIG. 1, the hollow laser with triple degrees of freedom eigenmodes provided by the invention sequentially comprises a pumping source 1, a plano-convex lens 2, an optical coupling axicon 3, a convex lens 4, an axicon gain medium 5, a polarization axicon 6 and an axicon output mirror 7, wherein the centers of the pumping source 1, the plano-convex lens 2, the optical coupling axicon 3, the convex lens 4, the axicon gain medium 5, the polarization axicon 6 and the axicon output mirror 7 are positioned in the same optical path;
the pump source 1 is a semiconductor laser array coupled and output by an optical fiber; the plano-convex lens 2, the optical coupling axicon 3 and the convex lens 4 form a hollow zoom coupling optical system; the axicon gain medium 5 and the axicon output mirror 7 form a resonant cavity of the laser, wherein the axicon gain medium 5 is an input mirror, and the axicon output mirror 7 is an output coupling mirror; the polarization axicon 6 is a column vector polarization state conversion device.
After passing through the optical coupling axicon 3, the pump beam forms a bessel beam in the depth of focus Z, which depends on the cone angle ω of the optical coupling axicon 3 and the pump beam radius a, as shown in fig. 1.
Let the distance between the optical coupling axicon 3 and the convex lens 4 be l, when l>Z, the pump beam can be focused into a diameter D after passing through the convex lens 4 1 Is a large dark spot annular flat-top beam; when l<The pump beam passes through the convex lens 4 and is focused into the beam with the diameter D in the Z time 2 The focal ring radius, the focal ring width and the focal ring width radius ratio of the pump beam are all changed by adjusting the distance l, so that a large dark spot zooming hollow pump system is formed, as shown in fig. 2.
The threshold pumping power of the laser during end pumping of the zoom hollow beam is as follows:
in the formula (1), L is the back and forth loss in the cavity, tau is the fluorescence lifetime of the upper energy level, R is the reflectivity of the output coupling system, hv p For pumping photon energy, σ is the emission cross-section of the transition laser wavelength, η Q The quantum efficiency, the inner radius of the annular pumping beam is a, and the outer radius is b. Omega 0 Is a gain medium internal TEM 00 The beam waist radius of the die. The expression (1) is the threshold pump power of the m-order vortex beam. According to the formula (1), the influence of the inner radius and the ring width of the ring pump light on the threshold value required by vortex rotation of directly outputting different topological charges of the resonant cavity can be obtained, as shown in figure 3. From FIG. 3, the inner radius and the annular width for a given annular pump light can be obtained, corresponding points can be obtainedThe vortex laser oscillation of corresponding topological charge numbers is excited, and as the inner radius is increased, the vortex light output threshold value of high topological charge numbers is lowered, so that vortex lasers of different topological charge numbers can be output by changing the inner radius and the ring shape of pumping light.
Let the refractive index of axicon gain medium 5, polarizing axicon 6 and axicon output mirror 7 be n respectively 1 、n 2 And n 3 And their cone angles are sum α, β and γ, respectively. When parameters of the axicon gain medium 5, the polarization axicon 6 and the axicon output mirror 7 meet the equation (2) through calculation, light rays refracted by each busbar of the polarization axicon 6 in the laser resonant cavity form closed-loop operation, and according to the diffraction theory of the laser resonant cavity, the output intensity of each closed-loop light beam passing through the resonant cavity is Gaussian distribution. Since the axicon gain medium 5 is a gain medium, the gain medium length at the pump beam is different, and the gain is larger on the inner side than on the outer side, so that the intensity of the laser beam is overlapped by gaussian distribution of different intensities, and the intensity distribution of the output laser beam is shown in fig. 4 when seen in the whole 2 pi direction (rotating around the system axis for one circle).
4α-2γ＝(n 2 -1)·(π-β) (2)
When the axicon gain medium 5 and polarization axicon 6 parameters satisfy equation (3) and the beam passes through the polarization axicon 6 (surface is not coated) at Brewster angle θ B When the laser is incident, the gain competition mechanism of the laser resonant cavity and the Fresnel formula can be obtained, and the laser in the cavity oscillates only has P waves. Because the axicon has axisymmetry, the polarization state of the collection of linearly polarized light is constituted as a cylindrical axisymmetric column vector distribution (polarization purity of 100%) with one rotation along the axis of the polarization axicon 6 (looking in the entire 2π direction).
sin[(4α-π-β)/2]＝n 2 sinθ B (3)
The invention can realize a double Gao Sizhu vector hollow laser by adopting the following unit devices: the pump source 1 adopts an optical fiber coupling semiconductor laser array with the output wavelength of 808nm, the diameter of an optical fiber core is 400 mu m, and the numerical aperture is 0.22; the focal length of the plano-convex lens 2 is 500mm; the optical coupling axicon 3, the polarizing axicon 6 and the axicon output mirror 7 are all made of K9 glass, which has a refractive index of 1.5. Optical coupling shaftCone angle ω=120° of cone 3, its surface is plated with 808nm antireflection film; the focal length f=200mm of the convex lens 4, the surface of which is plated with 808nm antireflection film; YAG crystal is adopted as the axicon gain medium 5, the refractive index is 1.81, the doping concentration of neodymium ions is 1.0%, the cone angle alpha=60°, 808nm and 1064nm antireflection films are plated on the bottom surface, and 808nm antireflection films and 1064nm high reflection films are plated on the bus surface; TEC refrigeration is carried out on the pumping source 1 and the axicon gain medium 5; when the angle α=60° of the axicon gain medium 5, the angle γ=120° of the axicon output mirror 7, and the incidence angle θ=θ of the intracavity laser beam on the polarizing axicon 6 B When the taper angle β=32.8° of the polarization axis cone 6 is calculated from the equations (2) and (3). The bus surface of the polarization axicon 6 is not coated with a film, and the bottom surface is coated with an antireflection film of 1064 nm; the light-transmitting surface of the axicon output mirror 7 is coated with a dielectric film with a transmittance of 10% for 1064 nm.
When the angle alpha of the axicon gain medium 5 and the angle gamma of the axicon output mirror 7 take other values, and the incident angle of the laser beam in the cavity on the polarization axicon 6 is Brewster angle, calculating the value of the cone angle beta of the polarization axicon 6 by the equations (2) and (3); when the angle α of the axicon gain medium 5 and the angle γ of the axicon output mirror 7 take other values, and the incident angle of the laser beam in the cavity on the polarization axicon 6 is not brewster angle, the value of the cone angle β of the polarization axicon 6 can be calculated by equations (2) and (3), but the beam output by the laser has only dual degrees of freedom eigenmodes, i.e., the intensity distribution and phase distribution eigenmodes, and the laser beam has no degree of freedom of polarization mode at this time.
In the present specification, each embodiment is described in a progressive manner, and each embodiment is mainly described in a different point from other embodiments, and identical and similar parts between the embodiments are all enough to refer to each other.
The principles and embodiments of the present invention have been described herein with reference to specific examples, the description of which is intended only to assist in understanding the methods of the present invention and the core ideas thereof; also, it is within the scope of the present invention to be modified by those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the present teachings. In view of the foregoing, this description should not be construed as limiting the invention.
Claims (8)
1. The hollow laser with the triple degree of freedom eigenmodes is characterized by sequentially comprising a pump source (1), a plano-convex lens (2), an optical coupling axicon (3), a convex lens (4), an axicon gain medium (5), a polarization axicon (6) and an axicon output mirror (7), wherein the centers of the pump source, the plano-convex lens, the optical coupling axicon (3), the convex lens (4) and the axicon gain medium are positioned in the same optical path;
the plano-convex lens (2), the optical coupling axicon (3) and the convex lens (4) form a hollow zoom coupling optical system;
the axicon gain medium (5) and the axicon output mirror (7) form a resonant cavity of the laser, wherein the axicon gain medium (5) is an input mirror, and the axicon output mirror (7) is an output coupling mirror;
the polarization axicon (6) is a column vector polarization state conversion device;
when the parameters of the axicon gain medium (5), the polarization axicon (6) and the axicon output mirror (7) meet 4alpha-2gamma= (n) 2 -1) with (pi-beta) the intensity of the laser cavity is superimposed by a gaussian function distribution of different intensities, the intensity of the laser output beam is a laser of eigenmode non-gaussian function distribution with a gradient on the inside greater than the outside;
when the parameters of the axicon gain medium (5) and the polarization axicon (6) meet sin [ (4 alpha-pi-beta)/2)]＝n 2 sinθ B And the beam passes through the polarization axicon (6) at Brewster angle theta B When in incidence, the polarization state of the laser output beam is cylindrical column vector distribution, wherein alpha, beta and gamma are the cone angles of the axicon gain medium (5), the polarization axicon (6) and the axicon output mirror (7), and n 2 Is the refractive index of the polarization axicon (6).
2. The triple degree of freedom eigenmode hollow laser of claim 1 wherein the pump beam radius is controlled by adjusting the positions of the plano-convex lens (2), the optical coupling axicon (3) and the convex lens (4), the pump beams of different beam radii excite laser oscillations of corresponding topological charge numbers, and the phase of the laser output beam is distributed as a vortex phase of eigenmodes.
3. The triple degree of freedom eigenmode hollow laser of claim 2 wherein the number of topological charges of the vortex phase is continuously adjustable.
4. The triple degree of freedom eigenmode hollow laser of claim 1 wherein the pump source (1) is a semiconductor laser array.
5. A triple degree of freedom eigenmode hollow laser according to claim 1, characterized in that the focal length of the plano-convex lens (2) is 500mm; the focal length of the convex lens (4) is 200mm, and the 808nm antireflection film is plated on the surface.
6. The triple degree of freedom eigenmode hollow laser of claim 1 wherein the optically coupled axicon (3), polarizing axicon (6) and axicon output mirror (7) are all made of K9 glass with a refractive index of 1.5.
7. The triple degree of freedom eigenmode hollow laser of claim 1 wherein the taper angle ω = 120 ° of the optical coupling axicon (3) is surface coated with 808nm anti-reflection film.
8. The triple-degree-of-freedom eigenmode hollow laser of claim 1, wherein the axicon gain medium (5) is made of Nd: YAG crystal, refractive index is 1.81, doping concentration of neodymium ion is 1.0%, cone angle α=60°, bottom surface is plated with 808nm and 1064nm antireflection films, and bus surface is plated with 808nm antireflection film and 1064nm high reflection film.
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