CN114480963A - Environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel - Google Patents
Environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel Download PDFInfo
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- 229910000915 Free machining steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 abstract description 31
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 39
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 39
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 16
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemanganese Chemical compound [Mn]=S CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 8
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 6
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 silicon forms silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001391944 Commicarpus scandens Species 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000018199 S phase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001568 polygonal ferrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003463 sulfur Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000101 thioether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to an environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel which comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: c: 0.06-0.08%, Si: 0.02 to 0.05%, Mn: 0.85-1.05%, P0.04-0.09%, S: 0.17 to 0.25%, Bi: 0.02-0.06%, O: 60-80ppm, and the balance of Fe and other inevitable impurities. The free-cutting steel has good comprehensive performance, the cutting performance is superior to that of common high-sulfur free-cutting steel, and all performance indexes meet the performance requirements of Y15/Y15Pb free-cutting steel specified in the national standard GB/T8371-2008.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of free-cutting steel materials, and particularly relates to environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel which has good comprehensive performance.
Background
Free-cutting steel has excellent cutting characteristics, and is widely applied to industries such as automobiles, machinery, instruments and the like. Research shows that the use of free-cutting steel can reduce the energy consumption of cutting processing by 1/3, greatly reduce the production cost of enterprises and improve the economic benefit. Currently, sulfur-series and lead-series free-cutting steels are most widely used. In the sulfur series free-cutting steel, higher sulfur element can be combined with manganese element in the steel to form manganese sulfide (MnS) inclusion, the manganese sulfide can be used as favorable inclusion to cut off the continuity of a matrix so as to enable turning to be easy to break, and the manganese sulfide has a lubricating effect, so that the processing can be more smooth, the abrasion of a cutter is reduced, and the service life of the cutter is prolonged. However, due to the presence of manganese sulfide, the manganese sulfide is deformed in the rolling direction during the rolling of the steel, so that the steel has anisotropy, and the high sulfur content makes the steel prone to hot brittle cracking during hot working. The melting point of lead is low, and the lead exists in steel as tiny elementary metal particles, so that molten lead can seep out during cutting, the molten brittle failure and liquid lubrication effects are achieved, the cutting performance of the steel is improved, and the influence on the mechanical performance is small, so that the lead-based free-cutting steel is most widely applied. Lead-containing free-cutting steel is gradually eliminated due to lead pollution and the harmful effect of lead in the process of scrap steel recovery and smelting. Therefore, the invention seeks a novel free-cutting element to replace lead element, and invents a lead-free environment-friendly free-cutting steel, which is the main development direction of the current free-cutting steel.
Bismuth is non-toxic, has physical properties similar to lead, can obviously improve the machinability of the free-cutting steel like lead, and even has better performance in certain aspects than the lead free-cutting steel. At present, studies have pointed out that bismuth is the most promising metal to replace lead in free-cutting steel, and there are some reports on bismuth-containing free-cutting steel in the related art. Such as: patent CN111334712A discloses an environment-friendly free-cutting ferritic stainless steel and its manufacturing method, the chemical components of which by weight percentage comprise: c: 0.006-0.020%, Si: 0.3-0.6%, Mn: l.0-l.2%, Cr: 18.5-22.0%, P: 0.02-0.04%, S: 0.30-0.45% of Te, wherein the content of Te satisfies Te/S <0.07, Mo: 1.5-2.0%, V: 0.08 to 0.18%, Ni: 0.15 to 0.25%, Bi: 0, l 0-0.20%, O: 0.012-0.020%, Nb: 0.015-0.040%, and the balance of Fe and inevitable impurities.
The bismuth-containing free-cutting steels in the related art mostly have one or more of the following problems; (1) the bismuth content is high, the high bismuth content can obviously reduce the thermoplasticity of the free-cutting steel, and the steel is easy to crack and have surface defects and the like in the continuous casting and rolling processes. (2) The S content is high, and the hot brittleness phenomenon is easy to generate; (3) the bismuth-containing free-cutting steel is added with Ti element, which increases the cost of the steel to a certain extent.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to solving, at least to some extent, one of the technical problems in the related art. Therefore, the embodiment of the invention provides the environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel. The invention improves the cutting performance of the steel by replacing the traditional lead element with the bismuth element from the viewpoint of environmental protection, solves the problems that lead in the lead series free-cutting steel is harmful to human body and pollutes the environment, and reasonably reduces the content of sulfur by considering the defects of hot brittle cracking and anisotropy caused by high sulfur in the traditional free-cutting steel, thereby obtaining the free-cutting steel with good comprehensive performances such as cutting performance, mechanical property and the like.
The environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: c: 0.06-0.08%, Si: 0.02 to 0.05%, Mn: 0.85-1.05%, P0.04-0.09%, S: 0.17 to 0.25%, Bi: 0.02-0.06%, O: 60-80ppm, and the balance of Fe and other inevitable impurity elements.
In some embodiments of the invention, S, Bi satisfies the following condition: the weight of the [ S + Bi ] is less than or equal to 0.2 percent and less than or equal to 0.3 percent.
In some embodiments of the invention, Mn, S satisfy the following condition: Mn/S is more than or equal to 3.5 and less than or equal to 6.
In the embodiment of the invention, the elements for main cutting action are Mn, S and Bi; MnS inclusions formed mainly by Mn and S, and Bi elements are used to improve the machinability of the steel. Traditional researches show that when the addition amount of the Bi element reaches half of the Pb content, excellent processability is shown, but the solid solubility of the Bi element in steel is very small, the smelting is extremely difficult due to the excessively high Bi content, and the thermoplasticity of the steel can be remarkably reduced due to the fact that liquid bismuth exists in an austenite crystal boundary during high-temperature rolling, so that the Bi content is not excessively high. Most of common free-cutting steel composition systems are added with S element with higher content, S element segregation is easily caused, Fe-FeS or Fe-FeO-FeS eutectic products with lower melting points are formed, hot brittle cracking and other defects are caused in the solidification process, and MnS can be elongated along the deformation direction in the subsequent hot working process, so that the anisotropy of the steel is intensified. By reducing the content of the S element, the hot brittle cracking phenomenon can be reduced to a certain extent, and the generation of elongated MnS inclusions is reduced, thereby ensuring the comprehensive performance of the free-cutting steel. Mn element and S element form MnS in steel, the harmful effect of sulfur in steel is eliminated to a great extent, and molten MnS has a lubricating effect during cutting processing, so that the cutting performance of steel is improved. From the above analysis, it is understood that when wt. [ S + Bi ] is too small, good machinability cannot be obtained, and when wt. [ S + Bi ] is too high, thermoplasticity of the steel is reduced, increasing hot shortness in the steel. Comprehensively considering, the weight of [ S + Bi ] is controlled to be less than or equal to 0.2 percent and less than or equal to 0.3 percent, so that the free-cutting steel has excellent cutting processing performance, and simultaneously ensures that the material has good hot processing performance. The hot ductility of the steel depends on the Mn/S ratio, and low Mn/S ratios inhibit the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization, leading to the formation of Fe (Fe, Mn) rich S as secondary sulfide phases, which lower melting phases can significantly reduce grain boundary strength, leading to the generation of cracks along grain boundaries. The higher the Mn/S ratio in the steel, the lower the Fe content in the Fe (Fe, Mn) rich S phase. When the Mn/S ratio in the steel is high enough, sulfide phases in the steel are mainly MnS and primary sulfide inclusions are mainly, so that the formation of low-melting-point sulfide phases can be effectively avoided. Therefore, the design of the invention is that Mn/S is more than or equal to 3.5 and less than or equal to 6.
In some embodiments of the invention, C, Si satisfies the following condition: the weight percentage of [ C + Si ] is less than or equal to 0.15 percent.
Hardness is an important factor affecting machinability. When the wt. C is less than or equal to 0.06 percent, the hardness of the steel is greatly reduced along with the reduction of the wt. C, and the phenomena of knife sticking and extrusion cracking are easy to occur in the cutting process. However, if wt. [ C ] is too high, the hardness of steel increases linearly, and the cutting tool is severely worn, which affects the cutting performance. And as the carbon content in the steel increases, the surface shrinkage rate decreases, and surface and internal cracks are easy to occur in the solidification process. When the Si content is high, the machinability is deteriorated and the plasticity and toughness of the steel are reduced. And silicon forms silicates in free-cutting steel, which can cause tool wear. Therefore, the free-cutting steel of the invention should be controlled to be less than or equal to 0.15 wt.% (C + Si).
In some embodiments of the invention, the oxygen activity is controlled to be between 60 and 80 ppm. The change in oxygen content has a great influence on the formation and growth of sulfides in the free-cutting steel. With increasing oxygen content, the sulfide morphology changes from type II to type I and the average size and area ratio of sulfides increases, but the number of sulfide inclusions decreases. A large number of tests prove that the oxygen content is controlled to be 60-80ppm in order to obtain spherical or spindle-shaped inclusions beneficial to cutting.
In some embodiments of the invention, the S content is 0.17-0.19% by mass.
In some embodiments of the present invention, Bi is present in the following mass percent: 0.02-0.04%.
The production process of the environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel can adopt the smelting process of the existing conventional steel grade, such as a vacuum induction smelting furnace, regulates and controls the content of each element according to required various chemical components to obtain steel ingots, and then the steel ingots are hot-rolled into steel billets.
The invention has the following advantages:
(1) the invention has low bismuth content, does not influence the thermoplasticity of steel, meets the requirement of cutting performance and simultaneously reduces the smelting difficulty.
(2) The invention reasonably reduces the content of sulfur in steel, avoids the phenomena of hot brittleness and rolling cracking caused by high sulfur content, and simultaneously reduces the smelting difficulty.
(3) The free-cutting steel has good comprehensive performance, the cutting performance is superior to that of common high-sulfur free-cutting steel, and all performance indexes meet the performance requirements of Y15/Y15Pb free-cutting steel specified in the national standard GB/T8371-2008.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a microstructure diagram of a free-cutting steel prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the appearance of the chip-breaking after turning of the free-cutting steel prepared in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a microstructure diagram of a free-cutting steel prepared in example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the appearance of the chip-breaking after turning of the free-cutting steel prepared in example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a microstructure diagram of a free-cutting steel prepared in example 3 of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the appearance of the chip-breaking after turning of the free-cutting steel prepared in example 3 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The embodiments described below with reference to the drawings are illustrative and intended to be illustrative of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
The production process of the free-cutting steel is the same as the smelting process of the conventional steel grade, and the content of each element is regulated and controlled according to various chemical components required by the free-cutting steel through a vacuum induction smelting furnace to obtain 200kg steel ingots. A40 mm billet was produced by a hot rolling test. The phenomena of difficult biting, head splitting and the like do not occur in the hot rolling process, the rolling stability is better, and the defects of cracks and the like do not occur on the surface of the rolled steel plate. Further, the chemical compositions of the free-cutting steels in the examples are shown in Table 1, wherein Y15 is a sulfur-based free-cutting steel in comparative example 1, and Y15Pb is a lead-based free-cutting steel in comparative example 2.
TABLE 1 chemical composition (wt.%) of low-carbon, low-sulfur, bismuth-containing free-cutting steels of inventive examples and comparative examples
| Numbering | C(％) | Si(％) | Mn(％) | P(％) | S(％) | Bi(％) | Pb(％) | O(ppm) | Mn/S |
| Example 1 | 0.070 | 0.031 | 1.02 | 0.077 | 0.24 | 0.029 | - | 75 | 4.25 |
| Example 2 | 0.068 | 0.037 | 0.88 | 0.078 | 0.21 | 0.024 | - | 68 | 4.19 |
| Example 3 | 0.074 | 0.030 | 0.85 | 0.079 | 0.19 | 0.037 | - | 73 | 4.47 |
| Comparative example 1 | 0.070 | 0.017 | 0.85 | 0.076 | 0.43 | - | - | 68 | 1.98 |
| Comparative example 2 | 0.070 | 0.018 | 0.94 | 0.052 | 0.29 | - | 0.25 | 95 | 3.24 |
Observation of structure and inclusion: the texture and inclusions of the steels of examples 1, 2 and 3 were observed by using a QUANTA 600 scanning electron microscope. It was found that polygonal ferrite was mostly present and pearlite was present in a small amount. Inclusions in the steel are uniformly distributed and present a spindle shape and a spherical shape, as shown in fig. 1, 3, and 5.
And (3) mechanical property detection: the tensile sample is made into a standard sample with a circular section according to GB/T2975-2018, and the room temperature mechanical properties of the steels of the examples 1, 2 and 3 and the comparative examples 1 and 2 are tested on a CMT5105-SANS microcomputer controlled electronic universal tester, wherein the room temperature mechanical properties comprise yield strength Rp0.2, tensile strength Rm, elongation A and the like.
And (3) cutting performance detection: selecting a cutting sample size of
Cutting performance detection is carried out on a numerical control machine tool, a YT14 hard alloy cutter is adopted as a cutting cutter, cutting is carried out for 20min in a non-lubrication dry cutting state, the speed of a main shaft is 1800r/min, the feeding amount is 2mm, the feeding speed is 120mm/min, and the cutting length is 600 mm. The change of the chips was observed, and the flank wear of the tool and the roughness of the workpiece surface were measured at 20min of cutting.
The results of testing the mechanical properties and the machinability of the inventive examples and comparative examples are shown in table 2. Compared with comparative examples 1 and 2, the low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel of the examples of the invention has good yield strength, tensile strength and elongation. After 20min of cutting, the degree of flank face wear of the tool was significantly reduced and the roughness of the cut surface was also significantly lower than that of comparative example 1, while the degree of flank face wear and the roughness of the cut surface were comparable to those of comparative example 2. The result shows that the free-cutting steel of the embodiment of the invention has better cutting performance than Y15 chalcogenide free-cutting steel, is equivalent to Y15Pb lead free-cutting steel, and has good mechanical property. Through observation of chip breaking, the free-cutting steel disclosed by the embodiment of the invention has a good chip effect in the cutting process, the chips show the change trend of chipping → C-shaped chips → short spiral chips → long spiral chips, the chips mostly show C-shaped chips and short spiral chips, the colors of the chips are blue, light blue and a small amount of light yellow, and the cutting temperature is about 300 ℃. As shown in fig. 2, 4 and 6.
TABLE 2 results of mechanical property and machinability test of examples and comparative examples of the present invention
In the present disclosure, the terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples" and the like mean that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present disclosure. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above are not necessarily intended to refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Moreover, various embodiments or examples and features of various embodiments or examples described in this specification can be combined and combined by one skilled in the art without being mutually inconsistent.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. An environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel is characterized in that: the chemical components of the material by mass percentage are as follows: c: 0.06-0.08%, Si: 0.02 to 0.05%, Mn: 0.85-1.05%, P0.04-0.09%, S: 0.17 to 0.25%, Bi: 0.02-0.06%, O: 60-80ppm, and the balance of Fe and other inevitable impurities.
2. The environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel as claimed in claim 1, wherein: s, Bi satisfies the following condition: the weight of the [ S + Bi ] is less than or equal to 0.2 percent and less than or equal to 0.3 percent.
3. The environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel as claimed in claim 2, wherein: mn and S satisfy the following conditions: Mn/S is more than or equal to 3.5 and less than or equal to 6.
4. The environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel as claimed in claim 1, wherein: C. si satisfies the following condition: the weight percentage of [ C + Si ] is less than or equal to 0.15 percent.
5. The environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: the mass percent of S is 0.17-0.19%.
6. The environment-friendly low-carbon low-sulfur bismuth-containing free-cutting steel as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: the Bi comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.02-0.04%.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115386800A (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2022-11-25 | 鞍钢股份有限公司 | Low-carbon high-manganese sulfur environment-friendly free-cutting steel and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN116949353A (en) * | 2023-06-02 | 2023-10-27 | 江阴兴澄特种钢铁有限公司 | Bi-containing free-cutting non-quenched and tempered steel for automobile engine crankshaft and manufacturing method thereof |
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| CN115386800A (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2022-11-25 | 鞍钢股份有限公司 | Low-carbon high-manganese sulfur environment-friendly free-cutting steel and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN115386800B (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2023-10-20 | 鞍钢股份有限公司 | Low-carbon high-manganese-sulfur environment-friendly free-cutting steel and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN116949353A (en) * | 2023-06-02 | 2023-10-27 | 江阴兴澄特种钢铁有限公司 | Bi-containing free-cutting non-quenched and tempered steel for automobile engine crankshaft and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN116949353B (en) * | 2023-06-02 | 2024-05-17 | 江阴兴澄特种钢铁有限公司 | Bi-containing free-cutting non-quenched and tempered steel for automobile engine crankshaft and manufacturing method thereof |
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