CN114479154A - 一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜及制备方法 - Google Patents
一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜及制备方法,包括仿生荷叶超疏水层聚二甲基硅氧烷/二氧化硅(PDMS/SiO2),导电层MXene和增强层纳米芳纶纤维,疏水层厚度3‑10μm,导电层厚度3‑50μm,增强层厚度10‑50μm,各功能层之间依靠氢键相互作用实现牢固连接,同时各自性能实现耦合增强效应。通过真空抽滤、热压成型和喷涂固化工艺实现多层级结构设计,本发明制备的复合薄膜具有良好的柔韧性和机械强度,高效的电磁屏蔽性能和优良的超疏水自清洁性能,以及优异的耐候、耐高温性能,适用于苛刻环境下的军事、电子设备及航空航天领域的应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于复合薄膜材料技术领域,涉及一种具有层级结构的多功能耐候薄膜及其制备方法。
背景技术
高速发展的电子信息技术,尤其是近年来兴起的5G通信技术为社会带来了高效和便利,但其产生的电磁辐射却带来日益严重的问题,不仅对周围的电子器件产生干扰和破坏,同时超过阈值的电磁辐射也会成为威胁健康的又一新污染源。针对上述问题,最有效的防御手段是使用电磁屏蔽材料,常用的电磁屏蔽材料是各类金属及其粉体,因其高导电率和磁性常被用于提高电磁屏蔽效能的填料,但密度大、易腐蚀等缺点限制了其应用。新型碳系导电型化合物,如碳纳米管、石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、碳纤维材料等耐腐蚀、相对较轻,但是相对金属材料电磁屏蔽性能较差。聚苯胺、聚吡咯等导电聚合物,通过和基体复合,也具有较好的屏蔽性能,但分散性差、密度高。
MXene是一种新型过渡金属碳/氮化合物,其与石墨烯类似,具有六方晶格结构、高导电率、大的比表面积和亲水性,良好的亲水性与表面丰富的官能团有利于MXene与其他材料复合,并可覆盖在任意形状的物体上形成屏蔽体,有望成为轻柔、可设计、易加工、耐腐蚀、吸波频带宽的电磁屏蔽材料。但是MXene存在柔韧性低、易氧化的缺点,限制了其在军事、电子设备及航空航天领域的应用,尤其是在苛责环境下的应用。
因此,当前急需在保持MXene高导电和屏蔽效能的基础上,通过多功能层级结构设计,实现多功能耦合作用,实现新型柔韧高强,耐高温,耐氧化的耐久性MXene基电磁屏蔽材料的制备。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种具有层级结构的多功能耐候薄膜及其制备方法,该薄膜具有先进的层级结构,通过各个功能层级的耦合作用使得该复合薄膜具有柔韧高强、优异的导电性和电磁屏蔽效能和超疏水自清洁功能,并且具有耐高温,耐氧化、耐污损和时间耐久度,能很好的满足苛责环境下的军事、电子设备及航空航天领域的应用。为实现上述技术目的,本发明采取的技术方案为:
本发明公开了一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜,由超疏水层聚二甲基硅氧烷/二氧化硅、导电层MXene和增强层纳米芳纶纤维组成,其中超疏水层位于导电层和增强层外侧,相邻各层之间依靠氢键连接。
进一步的,超疏水层厚度为3-10μm,导电层厚度为3-50μm,增强层厚度为10-50μm。
本发明还提供了上述具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1, 将聚二甲基硅氧烷和二氧化硅纳米粒子加入正己烷溶液中,超声分散均匀得到粘稠超疏水溶液;
S2、将芳纶纤维加入氢氧化钾的二甲基亚砜溶液中,在室温下搅拌使芳纶纤维裂解,得到深红色芳纶纳米纤维二甲基亚砜分散液,随后加入大量去离子水,清洗几次得到半透明芳纶纳米纤维水分散液;
S3、将MAX相粉末加入到盐酸和氟化锂混合溶液中,并在一定温度下搅拌一定时间刻蚀铝原子层,随后超声洗涤,得到MXene水分散液;
S4、将S2中所得芳纶纳米纤维水分散液通过微孔滤膜进行真空抽滤,得到层状芳纶纳米纤维水凝胶;
S5、将S3中所得MXene水分散液加入在S4中得到的层状芳纶纳米纤维水凝胶之上继续进行真空抽滤,得到双层MXene/芳纶纳米纤维水凝胶。
S6、将S5中所得的双层MXene/芳纶纳米纤维水凝胶热压成型,得到柔性薄膜。
S7、将S1中所得超疏水溶液喷涂于S6中所得柔性薄膜正反两面,随后高温固化,得到一种层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜。
进一步的,S1中所述的聚二甲基硅氧烷按照主剂和固化剂10:1的质量比制备,其中,主剂为聚二甲基硅氧烷硅氧烷预聚物,固化剂为交联剂和催化剂混合物,二氧化硅纳米粒子粒径大小为30-100nm,聚二甲基硅氧烷:SiO2纳米粒子:正己烷比例为20-40g:15-30g:20-50ml。
进一步的,S2中芳纶纤维:氢氧化钾:二甲基亚砜溶液比例为0.5-10g:0.5-3g:200-1000ml,搅拌速度为300-1500r/min,搅拌时间为5-10天,加入去离子水清洗后得到浓度为0.5-3mg/ml的半透明芳纶纳米纤维水分散液,半透明芳纶纳米纤维水分散液中芳纶纳米纤维直径为5-25nm,长度为10-30μm,其中芳纶纤维为对位芳纶纱线纤维、对位芳纶短切纤维和对位芳纶织物纤维中一种或几种。
进一步的,S3中MXene水分散液中MXene片层大小为2-5μm,MAX相为Ti3AlC2、Ti3AlCN或Ti2AlC中的一种或几种,粒径大小为300-500目,MAX相、氟化锂和9mol/L盐酸的比例为1-4g:2-6g:20-40ml,在25-50℃下300-600r/min速度搅拌反应24-48h,随后在超声功率为100~300W下超声剥离20-40分钟,得到单层MXene。
进一步的,S4中芳纶纳米纤维水溶液中含10-50mg芳纶纳米纤维,微孔滤膜直径为4cm。
进一步的,S5中MXene水溶液中含MXene 5-80mg。
进一步的,S6中热压压力为1-6MPa,热压温度为60℃,热压时间12-18h。
进一步的,S7中喷涂压力为0.2-1MPa,喷涂距离为10-30cm,喷涂时间为2-10s,固化温度为50-80℃,固化时间为4-6h,层级结构中表面为类似荷叶微观仿生结构的超疏水层。
本发明具有以下特点:
1、本发明是以聚二甲基硅氧烷/二氧化硅(PDMS/SiO2)制备仿生荷叶超疏水层,以PDMS包裹SiO2纳米粒子,构建微纳结构赋予薄膜超疏水自清洁功能,同时阻隔氧气,增加薄膜耐氧化性;
2、本发明以新型高导电二维材料MXene为导电层,通过MXene纳米片的层层自组装构建导电通路,赋予薄膜高导电和优异的电磁屏蔽效能;
3、本发明以高性能芳纶纳米纤维作为增强层,通过纳米纤维间的层层自组装构建高强韧性结构;
4、本发明所述的仿生荷叶超疏水层、MXene导电层和芳纶纳米纤维增强层之间存在大量的氢键,使得超疏水层、导电层和增强层之间具有良好的界面相互作用,从而实现各个功能层级的耦合增强作用;
5、本发明设计结构精巧,制备方法简单,实际应用性强,且易于大规模制造。所制备的具有层级结构的多功能耐候薄膜具有柔韧高强、优异的导电性和电磁屏蔽效能、超疏水自清洁功能,并且具有耐高温,耐氧化、耐污损和时间耐久度,能很好的满足苛责环境下的军事、电子设备及航空航天领域的应用。
附图说明
图1为实施例所得多功能层级结构PDMS/SiO2-MXene-ANF-PDMS/SiO2薄膜的微观结构示意图;
图2为实施例所得多功能层级结构PDMS/SiO2-MXene-ANF-PDMS/SiO2薄膜和水珠在其表面的光学图片;
图3为实施例所得多功能层级结构PDMS/SiO2-MXene-ANF-PDMS/SiO2薄膜横断面的扫描电镜图片;
图4为实施例所得多功能层级结构PDMS/SiO2-MXene-ANF-PDMS/SiO2薄膜上表面的扫描电镜图片;
图5为实施例所得多功能层级结构PDMS/SiO2-MXene-ANF-PDMS/SiO2薄膜拉伸力学性能图;
图6为实施例所得多功能层级结构PDMS/SiO2-MXene-ANF-PDMS/SiO2薄膜在X波段的电磁屏蔽效能。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图对本发明的实施例作进一步详细描述。
本实施例所述的一种具有层级结构的多功能耐候薄膜制备方法,按以下步骤进行:
S1、将30g 聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)和20g二氧化硅(SiO2)纳米粒子(粒径大小为30nm)加入20ml正己烷溶液中,超声分散均匀30min得到粘稠超疏水溶液。
S2、将1g芳纶织物纤维加入1.5g氢氧化钾的500ml二甲基亚砜溶液中,在室温下搅拌,搅拌速度为500rpm/min,搅拌时间为7天,得到深红色芳纶纳米纤维二甲基亚砜分散液,随后加入大量去离子水,清洗几次得到2mg/ml半透明芳纶纳米纤维(ANF)水分散液。
S3、将3gMAX相粉末加入到60ml盐酸和4.8g氟化锂混合溶液中,并在40℃下搅拌36h刻蚀铝原子层,随后在200W下超声洗涤30min,得到MXene水分散液。
S4、将S2中所得含20mg芳纶纳米纤维的芳纶纳米纤维水分散液通过直径4cm微孔滤膜进行真空抽滤,得到层状芳纶纳米纤维(ANF)水凝胶。
S5、将S3中所得含20mg MXene的MXene水分散液加入在S4中得到的层状芳纶纳米纤维(ANF)水凝胶之上,继续进行真空抽滤,得到双层MXene/芳纶纳米纤维水凝胶。
S6、将S5中所得的双层MXene/芳纶纳米纤维水凝胶在1MPa,60℃下热压成型12h,得到柔性薄膜。
S7、将S1中所得的超疏水溶液在约25cm距离,0.6MPa下喷涂约5秒于S6中所得柔性薄膜正反两面,随后80℃下固化4h,得到一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜。
如图1所示,本发明的薄膜的层级结构为疏水层-导电层-增强层-疏水层;
如图2所示,本发明的疏水性实验结果,薄膜表面形成明显水珠,水接触角大于150°,倾斜薄膜水珠流动性好,将水珠倒掉时,薄膜表面无水迹残留;
如图3和图4所示,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),利用聚焦很窄的高能电子束来扫描本实施例中的样品,进而获得材料微观形貌。实验中,横断面采用将薄膜置于液氮中淬断的方法获取整齐断面进行观察,上表面可直接观察;
如图5所示,与MXene薄膜、石墨烯薄膜、芳纶薄膜相对比,本发明的薄膜拉伸强度可达160MPa;
如图6所示,本发明的薄膜在X波段(8.2-12.4GHz)的电磁屏蔽效能可达35dB,且在6个月后的测试性能基本无变化,证明本发明具有优异的耐久性。
以上仅是本发明的优选实施方式,本发明的保护范围并不仅局限于上述实施例,凡属于本发明思路下的技术方案均属于本发明的保护范围。应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理前提下的若干改进和润饰,应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜,其特征在于,由超疏水层聚二甲基硅氧烷/二氧化硅、导电层MXene和增强层纳米芳纶纤维组成,其中超疏水层位于导电层和增强层外侧,相邻各层之间依靠氢键连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜,其特征在于,所述的超疏水层厚度为3-10μm,导电层厚度为3-50μm,增强层厚度为10-50μm。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1, 将聚二甲基硅氧烷和二氧化硅纳米粒子加入正己烷溶液中,超声分散均匀得到粘稠超疏水溶液;
S2、将芳纶纤维加入氢氧化钾的二甲基亚砜溶液中,在室温下搅拌使芳纶纤维裂解,得到深红色芳纶纳米纤维二甲基亚砜分散液,随后加入大量去离子水,清洗几次得到半透明芳纶纳米纤维水分散液;
S3、将MAX相粉末加入到盐酸和氟化锂混合溶液中,并在一定温度下搅拌一定时间刻蚀铝原子层,随后超声洗涤,得到MXene水分散液;
S4、将S2中所得芳纶纳米纤维水分散液通过微孔滤膜进行真空抽滤,得到层状芳纶纳米纤维水凝胶;
S5、将S3中所得MXene水分散液加入在S4中得到的层状芳纶纳米纤维水凝胶之上继续进行真空抽滤,得到双层MXene/芳纶纳米纤维水凝胶;
S6、将S5中所得的双层MXene/芳纶纳米纤维水凝胶热压成型,得到柔性薄膜;
S7、将S1中所得超疏水溶液喷涂于S6中所得柔性薄膜正反两面,随后高温固化,得到一种层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于, S1中所述的聚二甲基硅氧烷按照主剂和固化剂10:1的质量比制备,其中,主剂为聚二甲基硅氧烷硅氧烷预聚物,固化剂为交联剂和催化剂混合物,二氧化硅纳米粒子粒径大小为30-100nm,聚二甲基硅氧烷:SiO2纳米粒子:正己烷比例为20-40g:15-30g:20-50ml。
5.根据权利要求3所述的一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于, S2中所述的芳纶纤维:氢氧化钾:二甲基亚砜溶液比例为0.5-10g:0.5-3g:200-1000ml,搅拌速度为300-1500r/min,搅拌时间为5-10天,加入去离子水清洗后得到浓度为0.5-3mg/ml的半透明芳纶纳米纤维水分散液,所述的半透明芳纶纳米纤维水分散液中芳纶纳米纤维直径为5-25nm,长度为10-30μm,所述的芳纶纤维为对位芳纶纱线纤维、对位芳纶短切纤维和对位芳纶织物纤维中一种或几种。
6.根据权利要求3所述的一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于, S3中所述的MXene水分散液中MXene片层大小为为2-5μm,所述的MAX相为Ti3AlC2、Ti3AlCN或Ti2AlC中的一种或几种,粒径大小为300-500目,所述的MAX相、氟化锂和9mol/L盐酸的比例为1-4g:2-6g:20-40ml,在25-50℃下300-600r/min速度搅拌反应24-48h,随后在超声功率为100~300W下超声剥离20-40分钟,得到单层MXene。
7.根据权利要求3所述的一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于, S4中所述的芳纶纳米纤维水溶液中含10-50mg芳纶纳米纤维,所述的微孔滤膜直径为4cm。
8.根据权利要求3所述的一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,S5中所述的MXene水溶液中含MXene 5-80mg。
9.根据权利要求3所述的一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于, S6中所述的热压压力为1-6MPa,热压温度为60℃,热压时间12-18h。
10.根据权利要求3所述的一种具有层级结构的多功能耐久薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,S7中所述的喷涂压力为0.2-1MPa,喷涂距离为10-30cm,喷涂时间为2-10s,所述的固化温度为50-80℃,固化时间为4-6h,所述的层级结构中表面为类似荷叶微观仿生结构的超疏水层。
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