CN114450470A - 机动车内燃机的排气系统、机动车的驱动系以及机动车 - Google Patents
机动车内燃机的排气系统、机动车的驱动系以及机动车 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN114450470A CN114450470A CN202080066125.8A CN202080066125A CN114450470A CN 114450470 A CN114450470 A CN 114450470A CN 202080066125 A CN202080066125 A CN 202080066125A CN 114450470 A CN114450470 A CN 114450470A
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- Prior art keywords
- exhaust gas
- burner
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
- exhaust
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Images
Classifications
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- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
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- F01N3/025—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
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- F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
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- F01N3/2033—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using a fuel burner or introducing fuel into exhaust duct
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- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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- F01N3/2885—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices with exhaust silencers in a single housing
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- F01N9/002—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus of filter regeneration, e.g. detection of clogging
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于机动车内燃机(12)的排气系统(16),其具有:能够被内燃机(12)废气流过的用于从内燃机(12)废气中滤掉微粒的微粒过滤器(58)、能够被内燃机(12)废气流过且设于微粒过滤器(58)下游的用于给内燃机(12)废气脱氮的SCR催化器(60),其中,该排气系统具有燃烧器(62),借此在提供燃烧器(62)废气情况下能够在设于SCR催化器(60)上游和微粒过滤器(58)下游的位置(S1)加热内燃机(12)废气,并且其中,该排气系统(16)具有用于从燃烧器(62)废气中滤掉微粒的过滤件(65)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1的前序部分的用于机动车内燃机的排气系统。本发明还涉及一种用于机动车的驱动系和一种机动车。
背景技术
DE 10 2008 059 078A1公开一种尤其用于自点火式内燃机的废气再处理系统,具有安装于排气管路中的脱硝催化器、微粒过滤器和还原剂输入装置。在此,燃烧器、微粒过滤器、输入装置和脱硝催化器按照该顺序布置在排气管路中。
还从DE 10 2008 032 604A1中知道一种用于调整在机动车内燃机的排气道内输送的废气流的状态的方法。设有压缩空气源,用于产生在新鲜空气管路内输送的空气质量流,用以给内燃机供以燃烧空气。
发明内容
本发明的任务是提供一种排气系统、一种驱动系和一种机动车,从而能够实现排放很低的运行。
该任务通过一种具有权利要求1的特征的排气系统、一种具有权利要求9的特征的驱动系以及一种具有权利要求10的特征的机动车来完成。在从属权利要求中说明具有适当的发明改进方案的有利设计。
本发明的第一方面涉及一种用于机动车尤其是汽车的优选设计成往复式发动机的内燃机的也称为废气系统或废气道的排气系统。这意味着,机动车在其制造完成状态下具有内燃机和排气系统并且可借助内燃机被驱动。在此,排气系统可被内燃机废气流过。内燃机在内燃机点火运行期间提供内燃机废气。在点火运行期间,燃烧过程在内燃机中进行。内燃机例如被设计成外源点火式内燃机且因此被设计成汽油发动机,或者设计成自点火式内燃机且因此例如是柴油发动机。排气系统具有可被内燃机废气流过的且例如设计成柴油微粒过滤器(DPF)的微粒过滤器,借此可以从内燃机废气中过滤掉在内燃机废气中可能含有的微粒、尤其是炭黑微粒。这意味着,借助微粒过滤器可以如此过滤内燃机废气,即,废气可能含有的微粒、尤其是炭黑微粒借助微粒过滤器而被收集并截留,因此可以从废气中被滤掉。
排气系统还具有可被内燃机废气流过的且设于微粒过滤器下游的用于给内燃机废气脱氮的SCR催化器。SCR催化器为了选择性催化还原(SCR)而起到催化作用。这意味着,SCR催化器设计成以催化方式实现和/或辅助选择性催化还原(SCR)。在例如在SCR催化器中运行的选择性催化还原的范围内,废气所含的氮氧化物(NOx)转换成水(H2O)和氮气(N2)。为此,废气所含的氮氧化物与氨气(NH3)反应成水和氮气。氨气例如由还原剂提供或源于还原剂,其中,该还原剂例如被加入到或可被加入到排气系统或加入到流过排气系统的废气。废气脱氮是指,废气中可能含有的氮氧化物通过SCR至少部分从废气中被除去,由此废气可能含有的氮氧化物被还原,即被减少。
为了能总体上实现内燃机和进而机动车的排放很低的运行,本发明规定,该排气系统具有尤其是至少或恰好一个燃烧器,借此在提供燃烧器的废气的情况下可以在设于SCR催化器上游和微粒过滤器下游的位置加热内燃机废气。燃烧器的废气例如也被称为燃烧器废气,在这里,内燃机废气也被称为发动机废气。例如,燃烧器可以通过燃料-空气混合物的燃烧提供燃烧器废气。燃烧器废气例如具有比发动机废气更高的温度并且能够与发动机废气混合,由此该发动机废气被加热。由于燃烧器废气与发动机废气混合,故例如出现包含燃烧器废气和发动机废气的总废气,其温度高于发动机废气本身单独的温度。通过加热内燃机废气,例如可以有效且高效地加热排气系统的至少一个设于所述位置下游的组成部件。该组成部件例如至少是SCR催化器,其借助燃烧器可以有效且高效地被加热并且因此例如很快速地达到有利的温度,在该温度以上,SCR可以很有利地在SCR催化器中进行。尤其可以借助燃烧器在内燃机冷起动之后或之时将SCR催化器置于足够的或很有利的高温,以便能够保证排放很低的运行。因为所述位置布置在SCR催化器的上游和微粒过滤器的下游,SCR催化器可以借助燃烧器有效且高效地加热,而不会由此例如借助燃烧器过度加热微粒过滤器。在所述位置,例如燃烧器废气可以与发动机废气混合。尤其是可以想到,由燃烧器提供的燃烧器废气在所述位置可被加入或可被通入发动机废气中。
特征“借助燃烧器可以在设于SCR催化器上游和微粒过滤器下游的位置加热发动机废气”尤其是指,燃烧器设于SCR催化器上游和微粒过滤器上游。换言之,特征“借助燃烧器可以在设于SCR催化器上游和微粒过滤器下游的位置加热发动机废气”也可以替代地如此表述,即,燃烧器尤其是在流过排气系统的废气的流动方向上设于SCR催化器的上游和微粒过滤器的下游。
为了在此可以尤其关于微粒排放实现排放很低的内燃机运行,本发明还可以规定,排气系统尤其是具有至少或恰好一个尤其是除了微粒过滤器外还设置的且与微粒过滤器彼此间隔的过滤件,用于从燃烧器废气中过滤掉微粒尤其是炭黑微粒。换言之,该过滤件布置和设计用于从燃烧器废气中过滤掉燃烧器废气可能含有的微粒且尤其是炭黑微粒。该过滤件例如可被燃烧器废气流过,并且设计成收集并截留燃烧器废气所含的微粒且尤其是炭黑微粒。因为燃烧器废气相比于发动机废气可以具有明显更小的体积流和/或质量流,故可以保持很小的过滤件的结构空间需求、重量和成本。
借助燃烧器或在燃烧器中被燃烧的、也简称为混合物的前述燃料-空气混合物例如在燃烧器的燃烧室内被燃烧。尤其是,混合物尤其是通过外源点火且在此例如借助例如设计成点火塞的外源点火装置被点燃且因此被燃烧。燃烧器例如被供以尤其是液态或气态的燃料和空气,由此例如在燃烧室中由送入燃烧器的空气和燃料形成混合物。换言之,该混合物包含燃烧器被供以的空气和燃料。因此在燃烧室内出现例如燃烧器废气,其中,该过滤件例如可以被来自燃烧室的燃烧器废气流过。
本发明尤其基于以下认识:常见的燃烧器产生微粒、尤其是炭黑微粒和进而微粒排放且尤其是炭黑微粒排放。因此,这样的燃烧器通常安装在微粒过滤器尤其是柴油微粒过滤器之前,借此也从内燃机废气中过滤掉微粒。因为现在本发明规定给燃烧器配属过滤件,故燃烧器可以布置或安装在微粒过滤器之后或在微粒过滤器的下游,而不会出现过度的微粒排放。例如该微粒过滤器布置和设计成关于发动机废气和燃烧器废气只过滤发动机废气且因此关于燃烧器废气和发动机废气只从发动机废气中过滤掉微粒尤其是炭黑微粒。因此,例如该微粒过滤器关于发动机废气和燃烧器废气只可以被发动机废气流过,但无法也被燃烧器废气流过。替代地或附加地优选规定,配属于燃烧器的过滤件关于发动机废气和燃烧器废气只可以被燃烧器废气流过,或者只被燃烧器废气流过。因此,例如过滤件被布置和设计成关于发动机废气和燃烧器废气只过滤燃烧器废气且因此关于发动机废气和燃烧器废气只从燃烧器废气中过滤掉微粒且尤其是炭黑微粒。
另外,可以想到使用至少一个或多个电热装置、尤其是电加热催化器,其中,这种电热装置可以至少几乎任意就位在排气系统内。借助这种电热装置,发动机废气可以在使用电能且尤其是电流的情况下被加热,而没有由此产生二级排放例如像微粒排放。电热装置例如可以在使用电能情况下提供热并且交付给或输出到尤其是内燃机的废气中。相比于在燃烧燃料-空气混合物被燃烧且因此提供燃烧器废气情况下可加热发动机废气的燃烧器,可以借助电热装置尤其在低电压范围内获得仅很小的加热功率。比之燃烧器,电加热催化器的加热功率在12伏电压情况下约小12倍并且在48伏电压情况下约小3至4倍。
因此在本发明的排气系统中可行的是有效且高效地加热发动机废气和进而SCR催化器,尤其同时可以避免微粒过滤器的过度的不希望的加热。可能包含在燃烧器废气中的微粒可以借助过滤件从燃烧器废气中被滤掉,其中,该过滤件相比于微粒过滤器可以明显更小、更轻且更廉价。优选地,该过滤件和微粒过滤器被设计成是彼此分开的并且例如至少间接相互连接的且尤其是相互间隔的构件。该过滤件可以设计得相对小,因为燃烧器废气和微粒质量流比发动机废气的质量流低,并且燃烧器废气所含的灰烬的量也很低,尤其是相比于发动机废气所含的灰烬和油的量。
尤其是,可以通过本发明来实现以下优点:
-在使用典型且得到证明的废气再处理概念时,冷起动排放明显更少,以便能够保持很低的排放且尤其是氮氧化物排放,
-减少在关键应用中和在实际行驶操作中的氮氧化物排放(RDE:实际行驶排放),
-使发动机加热措施与用于调整或控制SCR催化器温度的调整装置或控制装置彼此独立,由此可以保持很低的排放、尤其是氮氧化物排放,
-脱硫,即从具有例如铜(Cu)的SCR催化器除硫,
-相比于电加热催化器或电热装置,可以借助燃烧器按照与机动车的车载电源的电压无关的方式实现很高的加热功率,由此在达到超过200℃的SCR催化器温度前的冷起动时间被显著缩短或可保持很短,
-在水解段中避免沉积,沿该水解段例如使还原剂经受水解,在水解范围内,该还原剂提供氨气或者由还原剂产生氨气。
作为还原剂,例如采用尤其是含水的尿素溶液,其例如沿着水解段经受水解。在水解范围内,由还原剂生成氨气(NH3),其能够与废气所含的氮氧化物在SCR范围内反应成氮气和水。
本发明所基于的其它认识是,高效的废气净化需要足够高的废气温度。特别是在超化学当量的应用例如像柴油发动机中,废气温度是由在低部分负荷中的贫油运行造成的废气温度,由此可能在被称为内燃发动机或发动机的内燃机和排气系统或要由排气系统达成的废气再处理设备之间出现强烈相互作用。现代的柴油发动机具有至少一个或多个废气涡轮增压器和/或组合式增压系统(例如电动、机械)和至少一个增压空气冷却器。根据应用的不同,涡轮被设计成形状固定涡轮、废气门涡轮或可变涡轮。废气门涡轮也被称为排气涡轮并且通常包括也被称为废气门的旁通管路,该涡轮的涡轮叶轮可经此被至少一部分的内燃机废气绕过。为了减少氮氧化物原排放,许多现代发动机具有被冷却的例如可控的废气回输装置,其可包括高压废气回输装置和/或低压废气回输装置或者由高压废气回输装置和低压废气回输装置形成的组合。
氮氧化物还原所需的还原剂例如被计量加入在SCR催化器之前的混合段中,即,被送入废气中。优选封闭的微粒过滤器从发动机收集微粒或炭黑,由此废气背压可以随着微粒过滤器装载量增大而提高。为了避免由装载的微粒过滤器造成或可造成的过高的废气背压,例如容纳在微粒过滤器中的微粒被动地在约300~450℃通过由发动机和或许设置的且例如设于微粒过滤器上游的氧化催化器、尤其是柴油氧化催化器(DOC)提供的二氧化氮(NO2)被氧化或者主动地在约600℃用氧气被氧化,即,被燃尽且因此至少部分从微粒过滤器中被除去。为此,例如设于微粒过滤器上游的氧化催化器超过其也称为点火温度的约220~300℃起动温度。氧化催化器的起动温度取决于其贵金属含量、寿命、空速和/或输入浓度。
接着例如将附加燃料加入废气中,从而在废气中且同时例如在氧化催化器上游包含未燃烧碳氢化合物(HC)。废气所含的未燃烧碳氢化合物在氧化催化器中燃烧,其中,未燃烧碳氢化合物的燃烧通过氧化催化器以催化方式得到辅助或借此实现。因此,例如氧化催化器被用作催化燃烧器以提高发动机废气温度。
通过这种方式,例如在微粒过滤器的情况下出现或调整为约550℃至600℃的温度,由此,微粒过滤器所含的微粒利用氧气被氧化且因此被燃尽或燃烧。对于其余时间,力求足够高的SCR催化器温度以便在SCR范围内至少部分从废气中除去废气所含的氮氧化物。
还原剂的最低释放温度通常在约180℃。换言之,例如通常当且优选只有当废气具有至少180℃或更高的温度时,还原剂才被加入、尤其是喷入废气中。但为了实现SCR高效率,例如200℃至220℃的较高温度也是有利的。
通过与微粒过滤器再生相结合已经开创了不同的热管理方式,例如做法是也称为燃烧λ的燃烧空气比通过干预空气管理而被减小。借助当今技术、例如像借助节气门、废气阀和/或排气相位移辅以延迟喷射点,可以获得用于微粒过滤器再生的有效升温。微粒过滤器再生例如具有约30至40分钟的持续时间,在这里,该持续时间也被称为再生期。相比于例如禁止微粒过滤器再生的正常工作(其中,正常工作例如长达多个小时),再生期相对短,从而用于实现微粒过滤器再生的燃料额外消耗量扮演次要角色。
但如果现在借助相同的技术来达成用于正常运行的SCR催化器的温度调整,则燃料额外消耗量扮演重要角色。此外,在所述要求下冷起动排放愈发重要。因为利用SCR催化器的快速加热实现节能高效的温度措施或升温措施是值得期待的。这可以通过本发明的排气系统实现。
为了能实现排放很低的运行,在本发明的其它设计中规定,该排气系统具有可被内燃机废气流过的管件。在此,燃烧器具有前述的燃烧室,燃烧室布置在管件外侧。燃烧室例如与该管件流体连通,从而出现在燃烧室中的燃烧器废气可以从燃烧室流入该管件。在燃烧室内,在形成燃烧器废气情况下点燃并可燃烧前述的燃料-空气混合物。在此,在所述位置,该燃烧器废气可以从燃烧室被通入该管件中。该过滤件在此尤其在从燃烧室流出并流入管件的燃烧器废气的流动方向上布置在燃烧室下游和在所述位置的上游并且可被燃烧器废气流过。
事实表明还特别有利的是,排气系统在SCR催化器的下游不具备用于过滤相应废气尤其是总废气的其它过滤器。由此能够以成本、重量和结构空间特别有利的方式保持很低的排放。
另一个实施方式的特点是,排气系统包括前述的例如设计成柴油氧化催化器形式的氧化催化器。氧化催化器在此优选布置在微粒过滤器上游且可被发动机废气流过。替代地或附加地,排气系统具有可被内燃机废气流过的氮氧化物存储催化器,其可布置在微粒过滤器上游。由此可保证排放很低的运行。
在本发明的一个特别有利的实施方式中,该排气系统包括计量分配件,借此在设于该位置下游和该SCR催化器上游的通入位置处可将内燃机废气脱氮用还原剂送入、尤其是喷入到发动机废气、尤其是总废气中。还原剂在此优选是除燃烧器的燃料之外还设置的且不同于燃料的、优选为液态的流体。通过使用计量分配件和还原剂,可以保持很低的排放尤其是氮氧化物排放。
为了能实现排放很低的运行,在本发明的其它设计中规定,微粒过滤器被设计成涂覆的微粒过滤器,由此具有针对废气脱氮用选择性催化还原(SCR)起到催化作用的涂层。
在本发明的其它设计中,排气系统具有设于SCR催化器下游且可被发动机废气流过的氨阻隔催化器(ASC)。由此可实现排放很少的运行,因为借助氨阻隔催化器可收集并节流多余的未耗用的氨。多余的未耗用的氨是指如下的氨,其由还原剂生成但未参与SCR,或者未在SCR范围内反应生成水和氮气。
最后被证明特别有利的是,至少该燃烧器、微粒过滤器和SCR催化器以及优选还有氧化催化器和/或氨阻隔催化器布置在共同的可被内燃机废气流过的且也称为废气箱的箱中。由此可以实现至少所述微粒过滤器和SCR催化器的很有利的温度,从而可以展现排放很少的运行。
本发明的第二方面涉及一种用于机动车尤其是汽车的驱动系。该驱动系包括可驱动机动车的前述内燃机。该驱动系还包括根据本发明第一方面的排气系统。本发明第一方面的优点和有利设计应被视为本发明第二方面的优点和有利设计,反之亦然。
本发明的第三方面涉及一种优选呈汽车形式的机动车,其具有至少一个根据本发明的第一方面的排气系统和/或根据本发明的第二方面的驱动系。本发明的第一和第二方面的优点和有利设计应被视为本发明的第三方面的优点和有利设计,反之亦然。
附图说明
从以下对优选实施例的描述中以及结合图得到本发明的其它优点、特征和细节。以上在说明书中提到的特征和特征组合以及以下在附图说明中提到的和/或在图中单独示出的特征和特征组合不仅在各自所指出的组合中、也在其它组合中或单独地可使用,而没有超出本发明的范围,附图示出:
图1示出具有本发明的排气系统的本发明的驱动系的示意图;
图2示出排气系统的燃烧器的示意图;
图3示出排气系统的示意图的局部;
图4示出排气系统的另一示意图的局部;
图5示出用于说明排气系统运行的曲线图;
图6示出用于进一步说明排气系统运行的另一曲线图。
在图中,相同的或功能相同的零部件带有相同的附图标记。
具体实施方式
图1以示意图示出机动车尤其是汽车的驱动系10。这意味着,机动车在其制造完成状态下具有驱动系10。驱动系10具有也称为发动机或内燃发动机的且例如呈往复式发动机形式的内燃机12,借此能够以内燃发动机形式驱动该机动车。内燃机12具有例如设计成曲轴箱、尤其是气缸曲轴箱形式的发动机壳体14,由此形成或界定内燃机12的多个气缸1、2、3、4、5、6。在内燃机12点火运行中,在气缸1-6内进行燃烧过程,由此产生也称为发动机废气的内燃机废气12。
驱动系10具有可被发动机废气流过的废气道,废气道也被称为排气系统16。借助可被发动机废气流过的排气系统16,来自气缸1-6的发动机废气被排出。内燃机12还配属有也被称为吸气道的进气道18。进气道18至少可被新鲜空气流过,新鲜空气也被称为燃烧器空气并且被送入气缸1-6。由此,气缸1-6被供以新鲜空气。此外,给气缸1-6供应优选为液态的燃料,由此在相应的气缸1-6内形成包含燃料和新鲜空气的燃烧混合物。燃烧混合物优选通过自点燃装置被点燃且由此燃烧,由此出现发动机废气。这意味着,内燃机12尤其是被设计成自点火式内燃机、尤其是柴油发动机。也可以想到的是,燃烧混合物通过外源/火花点火被点燃且由此燃烧,由此出现发动机废气。这意味着,在火花点燃情况下该内燃机12被设计成外部点燃式内燃机、尤其是汽油发动机。在如图1所示的实施例中,内燃机12优选被设计成柴油发动机。
驱动系10具有至少一个或正好一个废气涡轮增压器20,其包括设于排气系统16中的带有涡轮叶轮24的涡轮22。涡轮叶轮24可被发动机废气驱动。废气涡轮增压器20还包括设于进气道18内的带有压缩机轮28的压缩机26。压缩机轮28和涡轮叶轮24与废气涡轮增压器20的轴30以抗旋转的方式联接,从而压缩机轮28可通过轴30被涡轮叶轮24驱动。通过驱动该压缩机轮28,流过进气道18的新鲜空气借助于压缩机轮28被压缩。在压缩机轮28的上游,新鲜空气具有第一压力p1。新鲜空气的压缩致使新鲜空气变热。为了还实现很高的增压度,在进气道18内在压缩机26的下游和在气缸1-6的上游设有中冷器/增压空气冷却器32。借助于增压空气冷却器32,经过压缩的新鲜空气被冷却,尤其是被如此冷却,即,经过压缩的新鲜空气在增压空气冷却器32的下游具有第二压力p2s并以第二压力p2s流入气缸1-6。在进气道18内,尤其在增压空气冷却器32的下游设有节气门34。借助于节气门34,可以调整要送入气缸1-6的尤其经过压缩的新鲜空气的量。
来自气缸1-3的废气通过第一排气歧管36或在第一排气歧管36中被汇集成排气系统15的第一注流38。因此,来自气缸4-6的发动机废气通过第二排气歧管40或在第二排气歧管40中汇集成排气系统16的第二注流42。在第一注流38中,例如废气在涡轮22的上游具有第三压力p31,且在第二注流42中,废气在涡轮22的上游具有压力p32。借助于涡轮22尤其是涡轮叶轮24,废气被泄压,使得废气在涡轮叶轮24的下游具有相比于压力p31或p32更低的第四压力p4。
驱动系10具有也称为废气再循环装置的废气回输装置44。废气回输装置44具有回输管路46,其在第一连通位置V1与排气系统16流体连通并在第二连通位置V2与进气道18流体连通。尤其是回输管路46在连通位置V1处与注流38流体连通,其中,优选该回输管路46关于注流38和注流42仅与注流38流体连通。在此,连通位置V1布置在气缸1-6的下游且在涡轮叶轮24的上游。连通位置V2布置在气缸1-6的上游且在增压空气冷却器32的下游,尤其在节气门34的下游。可借助回输管路46在连通位置V1处将至少一部分的流过注流38的废气从注流38中分流。从注流38中分流的废气被通入回输管路46中或流入回输管路46并且流过回输管路46。流过回输管路46的废气借助回输管路46被送至连通位置V2和进而至进气道18,并可在连通位置V2处从回输管路46流出并流入进气道18。因此,废气可从回输管路46流入或通入/引入到流过进气道18的新鲜空气中。废气回输装置44在此包括设于回输管路46内的废气回输冷却器48,借此对流过回输管路46的回输废气或待回输废气进行冷却。此外,废气回输装置44包括设于回输管路46中的阀件50,阀件例如布置在废气回输冷却器48的下游。借助阀件50可调整或控制流过回输管路46的且要从注流38中分流的废气的量。
涡轮22、尤其是涡轮叶轮24配属有旁通装置52。旁通装置52包括也被称为废气门的旁通管路54。旁通管路54在第三连通位置V3和第四连通位置V4处与排气系统16流体连通。连通位置V3布置在气缸1-6的下游、尤其是连通位置V1的下游且在涡轮叶轮24的上游。尤其是,旁通管路54在连通位置V3处与注流42流体连通。例如旁通管路54关于注流38和42只与注流42流体连通。连通位置V4布置在涡轮叶轮24的下游。借助旁通管路54,可以从排气系统16、尤其是从注流42中分支出至少一部分的流过排气系统16、尤其是注流42的废气,并且送至旁通管路54。通入旁通管路54的废气流过旁通管路54并借助旁通管路54被送至连通位置V4。在连通位置V4处,流过旁通管路54的废气可以从旁通管路54流出并流入排气系统16。流过旁通管路54的废气绕过涡轮叶轮24,从而涡轮叶轮24不被流过旁通管路54的废气驱动。
设有旁通管路54和设于旁通管路54中的阀件56,借助阀件可调整或将调整流过旁通管路54且因此绕过涡轮叶轮24的废气量。第二压力p2s也被称为增压压力,新鲜空气例如借助压缩机26被压缩至增压压力。例如通过调整流过旁通管路54且因此绕过涡轮叶轮24的废气量可出现且尤其调整增压压力。
排气系统16具有可被发动机废气流过的且设于涡轮22下游的微粒过滤器58,其可设计成柴油微粒过滤器(DPF)或催化涂覆柴油微粒过滤器(CDPF),借此从发动机废气中过滤掉或可过滤掉发动机废气所含的微粒、尤其是炭黑微粒。此外,排气系统16具有可被发动机废气流过的且设于微粒过滤器58下游的SCR催化器60,借此可以将发动机废气或流过微粒过滤器58的废气脱氮。
为了实现排放很少的运行,排气系统尤其具有至少一个或恰好一个燃烧器62,其在流过排气系统16的发动机废气的流动方向上布置在微粒过滤器58的下游且在SCR催化器60的上游。这意味着借助燃烧器62在提供也称为燃烧器废气的燃烧器62的废气情况下在尤其至少或正好一个设于SCR催化器60上游且设于微粒过滤器58下游的位置S1可加热或加热发动机废气(内燃机废气)。
可以结合图4地看到,排气系统16还具有除了微粒过滤器58外附加设置的且尤其与微粒过滤器58彼此间隔的过滤件65,借助该过滤件,燃烧器废气所含的微粒可以从燃烧器废气(燃烧器62的废气)中被滤除。由此,发动机废气可以在微粒过滤器58的下游且因此在SCR催化器60的下游被有效且高效地加热,同时例如可以避免微粒过滤器58的借助燃烧器62造成的过度加热,同时可以避免过度的微粒排放。结果,可以尤其在微粒和氮氧化物排放方面展现出排放很有利的运行。
图2以极其示意性的视图示出燃烧器62。在图2中由箭头64示出燃料供应装置,经此给燃烧器62、尤其是给燃烧器62的设于燃烧器62中的燃烧室63供以或可供以尤其呈液态的或气态的燃料。在图2中通过箭头66示出了空气供应装置,经此可以给燃烧器62且尤其是给燃烧室63供以也称为燃烧器空气的空气。在燃烧室63内可以形成包含燃料和燃烧器空气的燃料-空气混合物。也简称为混合物的燃料-空气混合物在燃烧室63中例如借助外源点火装置68被点燃并且因此燃烧,由此导致了燃烧器废气。外源点火装置68例如是火花塞和/或热线引火塞/电热塞。
在图2中由箭头70说明尤其是燃烧器62的废气入口。另外,在图2中由箭头72说明尤其是燃烧器62的废气出口。例如通过废气入口(箭头70),发动机废气可以流入燃烧器62、尤其是燃烧室63。因此,例如经由废气入口进入燃烧室63的发动机废气可以与燃烧器废气混合。由此,发动机废气和与之混合的燃烧器废气形成总废气,其例如通过废气出口可以流出燃烧室63或燃烧器62。相比于发动机废气本身,总废气具有更高的温度,因此可借助燃烧器62在混合物燃烧且因而提供燃烧器废气的情况下提高发动机废气温度。
可以从图4中看到,排气系统16具有可被发动机废气流过的管件74。在此,燃烧室63优选布置在管件74外侧。在燃烧室63内,燃料-空气混合物在形成燃烧器废气情况下被点燃并燃烧。在此,例如燃烧室63在位置S1处与管件74流体连通。因此,在位置S1处可以将燃烧器废气从燃烧室63送入管件74且进而送入流过管件74的发动机废气中,从而例如燃烧器废气在管件74内与发动机废气混合。过滤件65在此优选设置在燃烧室63下游且在也被称为通入位置的位置S1的上游,并且可以被来自燃烧室63的燃烧器废气流过。由此,过滤件65可以从燃烧器废气中过滤掉燃烧器废气所含的微粒,尤其是在燃烧器废气流入发动机废气或管件74之前。由此能够保持很低的微粒排放。
可以从图1中看到,排气系统16在SCR催化器60的下游不具备用于过滤相应废气的其它过滤器。可以从图1和图3中看到,排气系统16具有废气再处理部件76,其在流过排气系统16的废气的流动方向上布置在微粒过滤器58的上游且在涡轮叶轮24的下游。废气再处理部件76优选被设计成氧化催化器、尤其是柴油氧化催化器(DOC),或者被设计成氮氧化物存储催化器(NSK)。换言之,优选规定该废气再处理部件76具有氧化催化器且尤其是柴油氧化催化器和/或氮氧化物存储催化器。
排气系统16还具有氨阻隔催化器(ASC)78,其设置在SCR催化器60的下游。还可以从图1和图3中看到,例如燃烧器62、微粒过滤器58、SCR催化器60和还有废气再处理部件76和氨阻隔催化器78布置在共同的箱80内。例如,废气在其从微粒过滤器58到SCR催化器60的路径中以至少或正好90度被转向至少两次、尤其是至少三次且优选至少或正好四次。由此可以实现尤其是SCR催化器60的很有利的温度。
事实表明还特别有利的是,微粒过滤器58且尤其是其用于从发动机废气中过滤掉微粒的过滤器结构具有催化活性涂层或带有催化活性涂层。催化活性涂层尤其针对选择性催化还原起到催化作用并因此可就催化而言辅助或实现SCR。
燃料供应装置也被称为燃料供应管路,其中,燃烧器空气供应装置也被称为空气供应管路。此外,外源点火装置68也被称为点火源。相对冷的内燃机12废气可以通过燃烧器62被加热,并且例如在具有温度差的情况下从燃烧器62、尤其是燃烧室63被排出。燃烧器62的功率取决于燃料供应量且取决于燃料燃烧所需的燃烧器空气量。燃料-空气混合物例如在被设计成点火塞或炽热销的外源点火装置68处被点燃或通过被设计成火花塞或电热塞的外源点火装置68来点燃。燃烧器62例如被运行、尤其被控制或调整。为了调整该燃烧器62,可以将彼此不同的温度传感器和/或传感器用于λ调整。
排气系统16具有至少一个第一传感器82和至少一个第二传感器84。传感器82例如是温度传感器,借此能够测量在废气再处理部件76上游和在涡轮叶轮24下游的发动机废气温度。替代地或附加地,传感器82是λ探针,借此能够测知发动机废气的氧浓度或发动机废气中的氧含量。传感器84例如是温度传感器,借此能够测量在氨阻隔催化器78下游的废气的温度。替代地或附加地,传感器84是λ探针,借此可测知废气中的余氧或废气中的余氧含量。燃烧器62尤其可依据借助传感器82和84所测得的温度和/或余氧含量来运行、尤其被调整。
燃料例如借助喷嘴被引入、尤其被喷入燃烧室63中。例如燃烧器62按照化学当量来运行,从而包含燃料和燃烧器空气的燃料-空气混合物是按照化学当量的。又换言之,例如燃烧器空气和燃料按照化学当量来混合并通过点火源被点燃。在燃烧器的典型常规布置中,通常首先加热氧化催化器和微粒过滤器,随后加热SCR催化器。金属片和催化剂具有显著的热容,故SCR催化器的升温将被明显延迟。与此不同,可以实现SCR催化器60的明显更快的升温,因而燃烧器62布置在微粒过滤器58下游且在SCR催化器60上游,并且同时例如紧接在微粒过滤器58之后。
排气系统16在此还具有计量分配件86,借此可在通入位置E将还原剂送入流过排气系统16的废气中。通入位置E在此设于位置S1的下游或在燃烧器62的下游且在SCR催化器60的上游。因此,燃烧器62优选设置在计量分配件86的上游或在通入位置E的上游。又换言之,计量分配件86或通入位置E安置在燃烧器62之后,或者说燃烧器62安放在计量分配件86或通入位置E之前。燃烧器废气可能含有微粒,微粒能够借助单独的小型过滤件65从燃烧器废气中被过滤或截留。燃烧器62的因燃料-空气混合物燃烧而出现的微粒在燃烧器62下游在单独的小型过滤件65中被截留。作为过滤器的过滤件65可以设计得相对小,因为比之发动机质量流,废气流和微粒流是很小的,并且因为比之来自内燃机12的灰烬、油和发动机磨屑,燃烧器62的微粒量也是很小的。
可以从图4中看到过滤件65能够以一定距离紧接在燃烧室63之后。燃烧器废气所含的例如是炭黑的微粒可汇集在过滤件65中。由于燃烧器废气的或燃烧器62本身的高温,能够以低的氧含量随时出现或保证炭黑燃尽,因此借助过滤件65所截留并收集的且因而位于过滤件65中的微粒被燃尽,即,可从过滤件65中被除去。图5示出曲线图,关于其横坐标88绘制废气温度。关于纵坐标90绘制用以通过SCR可降低废气所含的氮氧化物的效力或效率。在图5中,用T1标示废气温度,在这里,例如当且只有当废气所具有的温度大于或等于温度T1时,才借助计量分配件86将还原剂输入废气中。温度T1例如为约180℃,因此作为计量许可用以将还原剂加入废气中。因此,曲线91说明在废气温度范围内的效率。
借助SCR铜催化器,由含硫的油和燃料可能造成硫中毒并且降低转换率。也称为除硫的脱硫需要高温。这在传统的废气系统中通过高温再生来达成。借助于在SCR催化器之前的燃烧器,可以进行脱硫而不受过滤器再生所影响,尤其当燃烧器布置在微粒过滤器的下游时。在排气系统16中就是这种情况。尤其是在排气系统16中规定,在SCR催化器60之后不再发生与从废气中滤除微粒相关的废气过滤。此外,将燃烧器62布置在SCR催化器60的上游且在微粒过滤器58的下游具有以下优点,即,可以保持很低的废气背压,由此可以保持低的针对燃烧器62用次级空气鼓风机的要求。借助于次级空气鼓风机,例如燃烧器空气被输送并且尤其被送至燃烧器62且尤其被送入燃烧室63。这又有以下优点,即,可以采用特别简单廉价的鼓风机作为次级空气鼓风机。
SCR温度因上游的氧化催化器和微粒过滤器58的热质量而被显著减弱并延迟。这可能使得难以准确调整温度。但因为现在该燃烧器62作为热源紧接布置在SCR催化器60之前且在微粒过滤器58的下游,故可以实现尤其是SCR催化器60的很简单、精确或准确的温度调整,由此可以使得燃烧器62的启用或工作和随之而来的功率/燃料或油料消耗保持很少。如可以从图3中看清地,排气系统16可以具有第二计量分配件110。借助于计量分配件110,还原剂可以在尤其与通入位置E彼此间隔的第二通入位置E2被引入、特别是被喷入到废气、尤其是至少是发动机废气中。第二通入位置E2在此设于微粒过滤器58上游且优选在废气再处理部件76的下游。
最后,图6示出曲线图,关于其横坐标92绘制时间。曲线94说明内燃机12的温度。曲线96说明排气系统16的废气再处理部件76的温度。曲线98说明废气再处理部件76的温度,此时燃烧器62布置在氧化催化器之前或在废气再处理部件76之前。曲线100说明在燃烧器62不工作时的SCR催化器60的温度。曲线102说明SCR催化器60的温度,此时燃烧器62布置在氧化催化器之前或在废气再处理部件76之前。另外,曲线104说明在排气系统16中的SCR催化器60的温度、即当燃烧器62设于微粒过滤器58下游且在SCR催化器60上游时。曲线106说明内燃机12的负荷,曲线108说明内燃机12的转速。
附图标记列表
1 气缸
2 气缸
3 气缸
4 气缸
5 气缸
6 气缸
10 驱动系
12 内燃机
14 发动机壳体
16 排气系统
18 进气道
20 废气涡轮增压器
22 涡轮
24 涡轮叶轮
26 压缩机
28 压缩机轮
30 轴
32 增压空气冷却器(中间冷却器/中冷器)
34 节气门
36 排气歧管
38 注流
40 排气歧管
42 注流
44 废气回输装置(废气再循环装置)
46 回输管路(再循环管路)
48 废气回输冷却器(再循环冷却器)
50 阀件
52 旁通装置
54 旁通管路
56 阀件
58 微粒过滤器(颗粒过滤器)
60 SCR催化器
62 燃烧器
63 燃烧室
64 箭头
65 过滤件
66 箭头
68 外源点火装置(火花点火装置)
70 箭头
72 箭头
74 排气管
76 废气再处理部件
78 氨阻隔催化器
80 箱
82 传感器
84 传感器
86 计量分配件
88 横坐标
90 纵坐标
91 曲线
92 横坐标
94 曲线
96 曲线
98 曲线
100 曲线
102 曲线
104 曲线
106 曲线
108 曲线
110 计量分配件
E 通入位置
E2 通入位置
p1 压力
p2s 压力
p31 压力
p32 压力
p4 压力
S1 位置
T1 温度
V1 连通位置
V2 连通位置
V3 连通位置
V4 连通位置
Claims (10)
1.一种用于机动车的内燃机(12)的排气系统(16),该排气系统具有:能够被该内燃机(12)的废气流过的用于从该内燃机(12)的废气中滤掉微粒的微粒过滤器(58),以及能够被该内燃机(12)的废气流过的且设于该微粒过滤器(58)下游的用于给该内燃机(12)的废气脱氮的SCR催化器(60),
其特征是,
-该排气系统具有燃烧器(62),借助于该燃烧器,在提供该燃烧器(62)的废气的情况下能够在设于该SCR催化器(60)上游且设于该微粒过滤器(58)下游的位置(S1)加热该内燃机(12)的废气,并且
-该排气系统(16)具有用于从该燃烧器(62)的废气中滤掉微粒的过滤件(65)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的排气系统(16),其特征是,该排气系统(16)具有能够被该内燃机(12)的废气流过的管件(74),其中,该燃烧器(62)具有设于该管件(74)外侧的燃烧室(63),燃料-空气混合物在该燃烧室内在形成该燃烧器(62)的废气的情况下被点燃并能够燃烧,其中,在该位置(S1)处能够将该燃烧器(62)的废气从该燃烧室(63)通入到该管件(74)内,并且其中,该过滤件(63)设置在该燃烧室(63)的下游且在该位置(S1)的上游,并且能够被该燃烧器(62)的废气流过。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的排气系统(16),其特征是,该排气系统(16)在该SCR催化器(60)的下游不具有用于过滤相应废气的其它过滤器。
4.根据前述权利要求之一所述的排气系统(16),其特征是,在该微粒过滤器(58)的上游,设有能够被该内燃机(12)的废气流过的氧化催化器(76)和/或设有能够被该内燃机(12)的废气流过的氮氧化物存储催化器(76)。
5.根据前述权利要求之一所述的排气系统(16),其特征是,设有计量分配件(86),借助于该计量分配件能够在设于所述位置(S1)下游且在该SCR催化器(60)上游的通入位置(E)将用于给该内燃机(12)的废气脱氮的还原剂加入到该内燃机(12)的废气中。
6.根据前述权利要求之一所述的排气系统(16),其特征是,该微粒过滤器(58)具有针对所述废气脱氮用选择性催化还原而起到催化作用的涂层。
7.根据前述权利要求之一所述的排气系统(16),其特征是,该排气系统(16)具有布置在该SCR催化器(60)下游且能够被该内燃机(12)的废气流过的氨阻隔催化器(78)。
8.根据前述权利要求之一所述的排气系统(16),其特征是,至少该燃烧器(62)、该微粒过滤器(58)和该SCR催化器(60)布置在共同的能够被该内燃机(12)的废气流过的箱(80)内。
9.一种用于机动车的驱动系(10),该驱动系具有用于驱动该机动车的内燃机(12)和至少一个根据前述权利要求之一所述的排气系统(16)。
10.一种机动车,具有至少一个根据权利要求1至8之一所述的排气系统(16)和/或根据权利要求9所述的驱动系(10)。
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DE102019006494B4 (de) | 2024-03-28 |
CN114450470B (zh) | 2024-10-11 |
US11781466B2 (en) | 2023-10-10 |
WO2021047853A1 (de) | 2021-03-18 |
US20220381174A1 (en) | 2022-12-01 |
DE102019006494A1 (de) | 2021-03-18 |
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