CN114438236B - 肠道脱硫弧菌在筛选胆囊胆固醇结石病高危人群及防治药物中的应用 - Google Patents

肠道脱硫弧菌在筛选胆囊胆固醇结石病高危人群及防治药物中的应用 Download PDF

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CN114438236B
CN114438236B CN202111516177.3A CN202111516177A CN114438236B CN 114438236 B CN114438236 B CN 114438236B CN 202111516177 A CN202111516177 A CN 202111516177A CN 114438236 B CN114438236 B CN 114438236B
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蒋兆彦
顾爱华
邵文涛
徐诚
刘倩
徐进
梁静佳
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Abstract

本发明公开了肠道脱硫弧菌在筛选胆囊胆固醇结石病高危人群及防治药物中的应用。检测胆结石病相关肠道脱硫菌目及代表性肠道菌目脱硫弧菌试剂在制备胆结石病前期筛查中的应用以及作为胆结石病预防和治疗的靶点在筛选有效治疗胆结石病药物中的应用。本发明提供了胆石病前期筛查的新靶点,可以依据个体携带肠道脱硫菌目丰度筛选胆石病易感人群,进行针对性早期干预。本发明提供了胆结石病治疗的新靶点,针对肠道中代表性脱硫弧菌促进结石的机制,可进一步筛选治疗胆囊胆固醇结石病的药物,开发胆石病的新疗法。

Description

肠道脱硫弧菌在筛选胆囊胆固醇结石病高危人群及防治药物中的应用
技术邻域
本研究属于生物医药领域,公开了肠道脱硫弧菌在筛选胆囊胆固醇结石病高危人群及防治药物中的应用。
背景技术
胆固醇结石病(以下简称:胆结石病)是一种临床常见疾病,最近的调查发现其在上海市的发病率超过12%。胆结石按类型可分为胆固醇结石、色素结石和混合结石。超过90%的胆结石是胆固醇性结石。胆结石的发病机制涉及多种因素,包括胆汁胆固醇过饱和、胆囊动力损伤、粘蛋白分泌过多和胆囊炎症等。其中,胆汁中的胆固醇过饱和是胆固醇结石形成的生化基础。遗传和环境因素共同促成了胆石病的发生,但机制尚不完全清楚。流行病学研究显示,胆结石的发生在某些种族中较为普遍,例如Pima印第安人等;瑞典双胞胎研究也表明胆结石疾病的遗传率约为25%。另一方面,代谢紊乱(如肥胖、糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪肝)等非遗传风险因素与胆结石的发生高度相关。近年来,肠道菌群在糖尿病、肥胖、脂肪肝、动脉粥样硬化等代谢性疾病发生发展过程中的重要作用得到越来越深入的研究,肠道微生物产生短链脂肪酸、氨基酸的等次级代谢产物在肝脏等器官中发挥着重要的调节作用。
肠道菌群具体通过何种机制影响胆结石的发生目前尚无定论。作为胆汁重要成分之一的胆汁酸,在肠道经细菌代谢是一个重要环节。主要包括两步:结合型胆汁酸水解成游离胆汁酸以及进一步在7alpha位置脱羟形成次级胆汁酸,包括脱氧胆酸、石胆酸等,前者与细菌含有的胆汁酸水解酶活性有关,后者与胆汁酸7alpha脱羟酶活性有关。通过上述步骤,肠道菌群可改变胆汁酸类型,影响胆汁酸的组成和胆汁酸池大小。此外,胆汁酸和胆固醇在小肠形成微粒的能力影响胆固醇摄取。胆汁酸疏水性可影响肠道胆固醇吸收的效率,与初级胆汁酸相比,次级胆汁酸具有不同的临界胶束浓度和较低的溶解度。肠道菌群数量增加会产生大量胆汁酸水解酶,将结合的胆汁酸水解成大量的次级胆汁酸石胆酸(lithocholicacid,LCA)和脱氧胆酸 (deoxycholic acid,DCA),从而增加胆汁酸疏水性,促进肠道胆固醇吸收,导致肝脏胆固醇积累并增加胆汁胆固醇分泌。而改善肠道菌群结构有助于将肝脏胆固醇转化为胆汁酸,抑制胆固醇在血清和肝脏中的积累,从而降低胆囊胆汁中的胆固醇含量。
发明内容
本研究的第一个目的是,发现可促进胆囊胆固醇结石形成的主要肠道菌群脱硫弧菌,作为高危人群筛选的主要靶点。
第二个目的是,提供肠道菌群脱硫弧菌在筛选预防和治疗胆结石病药物中的应用。
肠道脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)作为检测靶点在制备胆结石病前期筛查试剂中的应用。
检测肠道脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)的试剂在制备胆结石病前期筛查试剂中的应用。
作为本发明的一种优选,所述的胆结石病为胆固醇结石。
作为本发明的进一步优选,包括普通脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio vulgaris)、脱硫脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio desulfuricans)、和皮格拉脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio pigra)。
作为本发明的进一步优选,所述的检测脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)的试剂为检测脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)细菌的PCR引物、镜检试剂,及其代谢产物硫化氢测定。
肠道脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)作为胆结石病治疗的靶点在筛选治疗胆结石病药物中的应用。
脱硫弧菌促进胆囊胆固醇结石形成具体机制,是通过以下方法发现的:
脱硫弧菌的主要作用是将牛磺酸等底物还原为H2S,H2S是7α-脱羟基细菌的必要生长因子。检测小鼠血清中H2S含量发现,C57BL/6J小鼠血清H2S比抗结石小鼠(AKR/J)更高,同笼饲养导致抗结石小鼠血清H2S增加(图9)。检测盲肠菌群的7α-脱羟基酶活性后发现,接受易成石小鼠来源粪便移植导致抗结石小鼠7-α脱羟基酶活性增加(图7A)。次级胆汁酸DCA是盲肠胆汁酸的主要成分,也是细菌7-α脱羟基化的产物,可增加胆汁酸疏水性,促进肠道胆固醇吸收,导致肝脏胆固醇积累并增加胆汁胆固醇分泌。检测盲肠中胆汁酸谱发现,普通小鼠盲肠DCA比抗结石小鼠更高,携带易成结石小鼠来源肠道菌群,增加盲肠DCA含量(C57BL/6J 向AKR/J粪便移植后,图7B)。结果提示肠道脱硫弧菌通过提高血清H2S含量、增加胆汁酸脱羟基作用,最终导致胆汁次级胆汁酸增加,促进结石形成。本研究发现了肠道脱硫弧菌促进结石生成的具体机制,可作为胆结石病前期筛查和干预治疗的靶点,具有一定的临床意义。
筛选胆囊胆固醇结石病易感人群的方法,定量PCR检测待查人群粪便中代表性脱硫弧菌目表达量,将检测结果与健康人群粪便中丰度对比,脱硫弧菌目相对丰度高于健康人群的人属于胆囊胆固醇结石病易感人群,并结合脱硫菌代谢产物H2S含量以及菌群代谢物次级胆汁酸含量高于正常人群含量为易感人群。
特异性抑制肠道脱硫弧菌目细菌的物质在制备治疗胆囊胆固醇结石病的药物中的应用。
本发明的有益效果如下:
1)本发明提供了胆石病前期筛查的新靶点,可以依据肠道菌群中脱硫弧菌的丰度筛选胆石病易感人群,早期发现并进行针对性早期干预。
2)本发明提供了胆石病治疗的新靶点,针对肠道中脱硫弧菌促进结石的机制,可进一步筛选治疗胆囊胆固醇结石病的药物,开发胆石病的新疗法。
附图说明
图1 16s菌群测序数据经肠道菌群PCA分析,显示胆结石病人和正常人菌群谱分布与不同区间,存在差异。GSF:gallstone-free control,无结石的正常人,GS:gallstone,胆结石病人,female:女性,male:男性
图2 16s菌群测序数据经LefSe分析,显示胆结石病人和正常人肠道携带的菌群谱特征性差异, C为正常人,G为但结石病人。
图3胆结石病人和正常人肠道菌群共丰度分析差异。图A:正常人,图B:胆结石病人。
图4胆结石病人和正常人差异表达菌群谱代表性差异菌目
图A胆结石病人和正常人差异表达菌群谱代表性差异菌目。GS:胆结石病人,GSF:正常人. 图B C57BL/6J小鼠与AKR/J小鼠脱硫弧菌株差异比较。C代表C57BL/6J小鼠,A代表AKR/J 小鼠。
图5人粪便移植小鼠模型促胆固醇结石形成。
图A胆结石病人来源粪便移植到抗成石小鼠AKR后给予成石饲料喂养,可以促进结石形成8/11,而正常人来源粪便移植到抗成石AKR小鼠,均无结石形成0/12。
图B16sRNA菌群测序显示,同品系受体小鼠,在接受不同来源粪便移植后,肠道特征性菌群谱呈现差异改变,成石小鼠组(左),含有较高丰度,Desulfovibronales和较低丰度 Erysipelotrichales,这种特征性菌群谱变化与胆结石形成相关。
图6不同品系间小鼠粪便移植对胆结石病形成的影响效应。
图A携胆结石病相关特征性肠道菌群谱小鼠C57BL/J(易成石小鼠)粪便移植到抗成石小鼠AKR/J,促进结石形成,成石率有0%->50%。相反,将不携带胆结石病相关特征性肠道菌群谱小鼠AKR/J粪便向易成石小鼠C57BL/6J移植,并不改变成石率(仍为100%)。
图B肠道菌群谱PCA分析其分布,C->分粪便移植,使菌群谱特征偏离原抗成石小鼠特征。图C肠道菌群菌目比例改变。成石小鼠C,A-C以及C-A小鼠菌群谱均表现还有较高丰度Desulfovibrionale以及较低丰度Erysipelotrichales。
图7携带成石相关特征性菌群谱对肠道代谢物影响及促进小鼠胆结石形成效应。
图A携带胆结石病相关特征性肠道菌群谱小鼠,肠道内容物中细菌胆汁酸7alpha-脱羟基酶活性增加。C为易成石C57BL/6J小鼠,A为抗成石AKR/J小鼠,C->A指C57BL/6J小鼠粪便向AKR/J 小鼠移植,反之,A->C为AKR/J小鼠粪便向C57BL/6J小鼠移植。
图B小鼠胆汁酸谱改变。携带胆结石病相关特征性肠道菌群谱小鼠,肠道菌群代谢产生的次级胆汁酸DCA含量增加。
图C胆汁酸疏水指数。携带胆结石病相关特征性肠道菌群谱小鼠,胆汁酸疏水指数增加。C, C->A,A->C三组均>A组。C:代表C57BL/6J小鼠,A:代表AKR/J小鼠。C->A指C57BL/6J小鼠粪便向AKR/J小鼠移植;A->C为AKR/J小鼠粪便向C57BL/6J小鼠移植。
图8胆结石病相关特征性菌群谱中代表性菌株接种促进小鼠胆结石形成。
图A:C57BL/6J小鼠实验。图B:AKR/J小鼠实验。
图9血清硫化氢含量测定。携带易成石C57BL/6小鼠肠道菌群的小鼠C,A-C以及C-A血清硫化氢含量均高于抗成石小鼠AKR/J。C:代表C57BL/6J小鼠,A:代表AKR/J小鼠。C->A指C57BL/6J 小鼠粪便向AKR/J小鼠移植;A->C为AKR/J小鼠粪便向C57BL/6J小鼠移植。
具体实施方式
下列实施例用于本发明,但不限制本发明的范围。除非另有说明,实施例中使用的技术手段是该领域技术人员熟悉的常规手段,所用的原材料是商业上可获得的商品。
实施例1
收集来自80名胆固醇性胆结石病(GS)患者和49名无胆结石对照(GSF)的粪便样本。通过16s rRNA测序分析两组的粪便菌群组成显示,两组间菌群表达谱呈现明显差异。PCA降维分析显示胆结石病人和正常人菌群特征谱分布在不同区域,呈现明显差异(图1)。LefSE 分析显示两组菌群呈现不同的富集程度(图2)。共丰度分析也显示两种来源的肠道菌群谱特征具有显著差异(图3)。在菌目水平,与GSF组相比,GS组的粪便菌群中脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)相对丰度更高(图4A),这表明脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)与胆结石易感性之间存在关联。
比较易成石小鼠C57BL/6J和抗成石小鼠AKR/J肠道差异菌群也显示前者脱硫弧菌丰度显著高于后者,主要的脱硫菌株包括普通脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio vulgaris)、脱硫脱硫弧菌 (Desulfovibrio desulfuricans)、和皮格拉脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio pigra),图4A 实施例2:
本研究依据人类来源粪便移植小鼠成石模型,发现胆结石病人来源特征性肠道菌群谱可以致小鼠模型胆固醇结石形成
1.人类来源粪便移植入小鼠,观察成石效率
(1)无菌小鼠制备:四周龄抗结石小鼠(AKR/J)通过饮水摄取抗生素混合物(含有0.5g/L 万古霉素、1g/L硫酸新霉素、1g/L甲硝唑、1g/L氨苄青霉素),持续三周,以形成无菌小鼠。
(2)人类来源粪便移植:将来自胆结石患者(GS)的粪便或来自无胆结石(GSF)对照的粪便灌胃给予无菌小鼠,以完成菌群移植。
(3)盲肠菌群16S测序:采用环境样本DNA提取试剂盒(OMEGA公司)完成基因组DNA抽提,利用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测抽提的基因组DNA完整性,Qubit picogreen荧光定量系统定量DNA浓度。然后按照Genergy Biotechnology Co.Ltd.(中国上海)的商业服务的标准说明,以等摩尔量合并纯化的扩增子并在Illumina MiSeq平台上进行配对末端测序并分析数据。
(4)成石效率观察:小鼠喂养8周成石饲料后,麻醉处死,并观察胆囊结石情况。
人类来源粪便移植实验中,接受GSF对照粪便移植的小鼠未形成胆结石(0/12)(图5A),在接受来自GS供体粪便的小鼠中,有73%(8/11)的小鼠形成了胆结石(图5A)。采用16sRNA 对肠道菌群测序分析显示,同品系受体小鼠,由于接受不同来源粪便移植后(胆结石病人来源或正常人来源),肠道特征性菌群谱呈现差异改变,成石小鼠组(左),成石相关的特征性菌群谱表现为含较高丰度Desulfovibronales(图5B),这种特征性菌群谱变化与胆结石形成相关。
实施例3:携带成石肠道菌群促进小鼠胆结石形成效应及代谢物差异
将遗传抗结石小鼠AKR/J与遗传结石易感小鼠C57BL/6J相互进行粪便移植(两者自身菌群谱不同),观察成石效率
(1)无菌小鼠制备:四周龄抗结石小鼠(AKR/J)通过饮水摄取抗生素混合物(含有0.5g/L 万古霉素、1g/L硫酸新霉素、1g/L甲硝唑、1g/L氨苄青霉素),持续三周,以形成无菌小鼠。
(2)粪便移植:将来自促结石小鼠C57BL/6J的肠道内容物,稀释后,移植到抗成石小鼠AKR/J (C->A),以及相反,将来自抗成石小鼠AKR/J的肠道内内容物稀释后,移植到促成石小鼠C57BL/6J(A->C),并给予成石饲料喂养。
(3)盲肠菌群16S测序:采用环境样本DNA提取试剂盒(OMEGA公司)完成基因组DNA抽提,利用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测抽提的基因组DNA完整性,Qubit picogreen荧光定量系统定量DNA浓度。然后按照Genergy Biotechnology Co.Ltd.(中国上海)的商业服务的标准说明,以等摩尔量合并纯化的扩增子并在Illumina MiSeq平台上进行配对末端测序。
(4)成石效率观察:小鼠喂养8周成石饲料后,麻醉处死,并观察胆囊结石情况。结果显示接受促成石小鼠C57BL/6J来源的粪便移植的AKR/J小鼠,胆结石的形成率增加到50%(C->A小鼠,图6A)。两种小鼠本身肠道菌群谱存在差异明显,PCA分布图显示完全分离(图6B),抗成石AKR/J小鼠接受来自易成石小鼠来源的粪便移植,其特征性菌群谱偏离自身特征,接近易成石小鼠菌群谱特征(图6和C),说明携带促成石小鼠特征性菌群促进结石形成。携带促成石小鼠来源的肠道菌群特征后,抗成石小鼠(C->A) 肠道内容物所含菌群的胆汁酸7alpha-脱羟基酶活性增加(图7A),可促进次级胆汁酸含量(图7B),且胆汁酸疏水性指数提高(图7C)。
实施例4胆结石病相关特征性菌群谱中代表性菌株移植入抗结石小鼠促成石效率
(1)无菌小鼠制备:四周龄抗结石小鼠(AKR/J)通过饮水摄取抗生素混合物(含有0.5g/L 万古霉素、1g/L硫酸新霉素、1g/L甲硝唑、1g/L氨苄青霉素),持续三周,以形成无菌小鼠。(2)代表性菌种购买与扩增:Desulfovibrio vulgaris(ATCC-29579)、Desulfovibrio desulfuricans(ATCC-29577)和Desulfovibrio pigra(ATCC-29098) 购自ATCC。在严格厌氧条件下,以灭菌的ATCC培养基1249培养过夜。
(2)菌种移植:然后以5*108CFU/100μL的剂量口服灌胃无菌PBS或混合活脱硫弧菌的无菌PBS,每周3次,持续4周。
(3)成石效率观察:开始灌胃后,小鼠喂食成石饲料8周。特定菌群移植实验中,小鼠C57BL/6J的无菌化处理使胆结石的发生率降低至70% (7/10),代表性菌株移植将胆结石发生率恢复到100%(10/10,图8A)。同样,代表性菌株移植可使抗结石小鼠(AKR/J)成石率增加至42%(5/12),而无菌化抗结石小鼠 (AKR/J)均未形成胆结石(0%)(图8B)。结果显示促进成石特征性菌群中代表性菌株移植可有效诱导小鼠胆结石形成。
实施例5
检测盲肠内容物/粪便中菌群7α-脱羟基活性
(1)配制肠道溶液:含20%的甘油和1.8%的氯化钠,煮熟后使用
(2)配制PY培养基:990mL的沸水中,加入10.0g的NaHCO3,2.0g的NaCl,1.0g的K2HPO4, 1.0g的KH2PO4,0.2g的CaCl2,0.2g的MgSO4和10mL的刃天青(2.0mg)。冷却至室温后,加入10.0g酵母提取物,10.0g蛋白胨,10mL Hemin溶液(0.05g Hemin 溶解于100ml 0.01NNaOH溶液),100℃蒸汽流动杀菌20min。
(3)完整的盲肠放入无菌管中,每可盲肠内容物加入3mL肠道溶液
(4)轻柔使用氮气充满管子,以去除氧气,可-80度保存留用。
(5)盲肠内容物溶液和PY培养基按照1:15的比例稀释,厌氧罐37℃晃动培养12小时。
(6)随后,200μL牛磺胆酸(200μg/mL)和1mL发酵后内容物混合,厌氧罐37℃晃动培养1小时。
(7)100μL HCl(1M)终止反应,用力涡旋5min,后续萃取等等等
(8)通过与Waters Xevo TQ-S MS耦合的Acquity UPLC系统测量胆酸和脱氧胆酸的生成,以计算菌群7-α脱羟基活性。
检测盲肠菌群的7-α脱羟基酶活性后发现,易成结石小鼠C57BL/6J以及接受易成结石小鼠 C57BL/6J来源粪便移植的抗成石小鼠AKR/J(C->A)盲肠内容物的7-α脱羟基酶活性增加(图 7A)。
实施例6液相色谱法检测血清中胆汁酸谱
(1)胆囊胆汁、肝组织匀浆或盲肠内容物用内标稀释,涡旋并通过沉降板纯化。
(2)将样品冰冻干燥并用25%乙腈溶解。离心后,收集上清液用于测量各种胆汁酸的水平。
(3)在Acquity UPLC系统上分析胆汁酸谱,该系统与Waters Xevo TQ-S MS(Waters, Manchester,UK)相连,配备了1.7mm粒径的C18反相柱。分析物通过电喷雾电离检测并通过内标方法定量。
次级胆汁酸DCA是盲肠胆汁酸的主要成分,也是细菌7α-脱羟基化的产物,可增加胆汁酸疏水性,促进肠道胆固醇吸收,导致肝脏胆固醇积累并增加胆汁胆固醇分泌。检测盲肠中胆汁酸谱发现,普通小鼠盲肠DCA比抗结石小鼠更高,同笼饲养导致抗结石小鼠盲肠DCA 增加(图7B)。结果提示肠道脱硫弧菌通过提高血清硫化氢含量、增加胆汁酸脱羟基作用,最终导致胆汁次级胆汁酸增加,促进结石形成。本研究发现了肠道脱硫弧菌促进结石生成的具体机制,可作为胆结石病前期筛查和干预治疗的靶点,具有一定的临床意义。
实施例7:研究肠道脱硫弧菌的作用靶点,阐述脱硫弧菌促进结石形成的机制
1.使用化学发光发检测血清中H2S含量
1)NaHS标准品的配制:称取0.0224g NaHS,加入1mL双蒸水,得到400mM的NaHS溶液。使用双蒸水梯度稀释至200μM,100μM,50μM,25μM,12.5μM,5μM,2.5μM,0μM,作为标准品。
2)配制1%的醋酸锌与12%NaOH的混合液。
3)取50μL的血清和50μL的不同浓度NaHS标准品,与新配制的200μL醋酸锌和NaOH混合液混合,于37℃孵育10分钟。
4)孵育结束后,在反应混合物中依次加入200μL的20mM NND,200μL的30mM FeCl3,300 μL的双蒸水。混匀,避光反应10分钟。反应结束后,于14000g离心5分钟。
5)吸取200μL上清液,加入标准96孔板中,使用酶标仪读取670nm波长处的吸光度值。
6)根据不同浓度NaHS在670nm波长处的吸光度值,绘制吸光度值-NaHS浓度曲线,并根据曲线计算血清中H2S浓度。
脱硫弧菌的主要作用是将牛磺酸等底物还原为H2S,H2S是7-α脱羟基细菌的必要生长因子。检测小鼠血清中H2S含量发现,C57BL/6J小鼠血清H2S比抗结石小鼠(AKR/J)更高,携带C58BL/6J来源的抗结石小鼠血清H2S也增加(图9)。

Claims (5)

1.检测肠道脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)的试剂在制备胆囊胆固醇结石病前期筛查试剂中的应用。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于所述的脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)包括普通脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio vulgaris)、脱硫脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio  desulfuricans)、和皮格拉脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio pigra)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于所述的检测脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)的试剂为检测脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)细菌的引物、镜检试剂。
4.肠道脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)作为胆结石病治疗的靶点在筛选治疗胆囊胆固醇结石病药物中的应用。
5. 根据权利要求4所述的应用,其特征在于所述的脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)包括普通脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio vulgaris)、脱硫脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio  desulfuricans)、和皮格拉脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio pigra)。
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