CN114405218A - 一种低分压废气co2捕集与提纯精制工艺 - Google Patents
一种低分压废气co2捕集与提纯精制工艺 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺,包括低分压废气预处理、脱碳、CO2解吸、再生气处理和CO2分离提纯等几部分,采用将预处理、分级流、级间冷却、再生气余热利用进行耦合集成,首先对低压力废气进行预处理,之后利用化学吸收法将废气中的CO2捕集出来,采用CO2提纯工艺,将CO2产品气进一步分离提纯生成工业级CO2和食品级CO2,大大优化了工艺流程,可有效降低系统捕集能耗,实现CO2资源化分类利用的同时降低CO2捕集的运行成本。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺,具体是一种低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺,属于烟气净化技术领域。
背景技术
CO2作为主要的温室气体之一,如何有效降低CO2排放已经成为世界各国重要的政治经济议题,也是当前全世界面临的艰巨任务。近年来,各国的研究者围绕CO2的减排和利用开展了大量的研究工作,一方面通过优化能源结构,发展清洁能源,提高能源利用率,达到减排和控制CO2增量的目的;另一方面则通过CO2的捕集和资源化利用,减少大气中CO2的含量。
CCUS(Carbon Capture,Utilization and Storage,碳捕获、利用与封存)技术是CCS(Carbon Capture and Storage,碳捕获与封存)技术新的发展趋势,即把大型发电厂、钢铁厂、化工厂等排放源生产过程中排放的CO2收集起来并进行提纯,继而投入到新的生产过程中,可以循环再利用,而不是简单地封存,与CCS相比,CCUS可以将CO2资源化产生经济效益,更具有现实操作性。
煤炭是我国当前最主要的能源类型,燃煤电厂是我国CO2的主要排放源,可达到我国CO2排放总量的50%以上,将燃煤电厂排出的低分压烟气CO2进行捕集回收与利用封存是我国碳减排的关键。CO2捕集技术是CCUS中决定CO2资源化利用的纯度和成本的最为关键环节,其过程耗能占CCUS项目总能耗的60%以上,因此降低能耗对烟气CO2捕集至关重要,是CCUS规模化推广重点攻关的技术瓶颈难题。
CCUS技术中捕集回收CO2的方法主要包括:化学吸收法、物理吸收法、吸附分离法、膜分离法和低温蒸馏法等。化学吸收法捕集CO2因其吸收速率快、吸收效率高、技术较为成熟而被广泛使用。化学吸收法是通过吸收剂选择性地与混合烟气中的CO2发生化学反应来实现CO2与其他气体的分离,并借助该反应的逆反应进行再生,释放出高纯度CO2进行富集。其反应原理是弱碱和弱酸反应生成一种溶于水的盐,其吸收还是释放CO2受化学反应平衡控制。目前限制化学吸收法大规模应用的最主要的瓶颈就是其流程复杂、耗能较大、成本较高。
发明内容
针对上述现有技术存在的问题,本发明提供一种低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺,能够有效减少CO2捕集能耗,实现CO2资源化分类利用的同时降低CO2捕集成本。
为实现上述目的,本低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺具体包括以下几个部分:
a.低分压废气预处理:预处理塔自上而下依次包括水洗单元、脱硫脱硝单元和降尘降温单元,低分压废气通过引风机自预处理塔底部进入预处理塔,经水洗、脱硫脱硝降尘降温后自预处理塔顶部排出;
b.脱碳:自预处理塔顶部排出的低分压废气自下而上进入吸收塔(3),与经贫液冷却器排出的、自上而下喷淋进入吸收塔中的贫液吸收剂逆流接触进行脱除CO2,脱碳后的低分压废气自吸收塔的塔顶排出、经过净化形成低分压净化废气后排入大气;
c.CO2解吸:吸收CO2气体后的富液由吸收塔底部排出,经富液泵加压后进行分级输送,其中一级富液直接进入再生塔顶部的一级喷淋管线,二级富液一路经第一换热器升温后进入混合罐、另一路经第二换热器升温后进入混合罐,余量的三级富液经贫富液换热器进行换热升温后进入再生塔位于一级喷淋管线下方的二级喷淋管线,进行CO2自吸收剂中的解吸;自再生塔底部排出的再生后的贫液经贫液泵增压后作为贫富液换热器的换热介质进入贫富液换热器进行换热降温,降温后的贫液经贫液冷却器进一步冷却后进入吸收塔;
d.再生气处理:富液解吸出的再生气由再生塔顶部出口排出,经再生气冷却器冷却后进入气液分离器进行气液分离,经气液分离器分离出的稀溶液自气液分离器底部排出后进入混合罐,经气液分离器分离出的CO2产品气进入净化器进行净化,经净化器净化出的稀溶液自净化器底部排出后进入混合罐,经净化器净化出的CO2产品气自净化器顶部排出后进入CO2分离提纯单元;混合罐内的富液经补液后通过回流泵增压回流至再生塔的喷淋管线;
e.CO2分离提纯:自净化器顶部排出的CO2产品气经鼓风机增压后作为换热介质进入第一换热器进行降温,经第一冷却器进一步降温后进入CO2压缩机进行增压,增压后的CO2产品气作为换热介质进入第二换热器进行降温,经第二冷却器进一步降温后依次进入CO2脱硫器和CO2干燥器进行脱硫干燥,脱硫干燥后的CO2产品气进行分流输送,一路CO2产品气经第一液化器液化为液态CO2后进入工业级CO2精馏塔提纯除去液态CO2中的轻组份气体杂质,经工业级CO2精馏塔提纯产出的工业级液态CO2经第一过冷器冷却至CO2液化温度以下后送至工业级液态CO2储罐进行储存;另一路CO2产品气经吸附器或催化燃烧器进行进一步吸附或催化燃烧后、经第二液化器液化为液态CO2后进入食品级CO2精馏塔提纯除去液态CO2中的轻组份气体杂质,经食品级CO2精馏塔提纯产出的食品级液态CO2经第二过冷器冷却至CO2液化温度以下后送至食品级液态CO2储罐进行储存。
作为本发明的进一步改进方案,c部分中,再生塔底部设置再沸器,通过循环泵压管路将再生塔中的半贫液泵出、并利用再沸器加热再生后返回再生塔。
作为本发明的进一步改进方案,再生塔的级间设置级间加热器,通过循环泵压管路将再生塔级间的半富液泵出、并利用级间加热器加热后返回再生塔。
作为本发明的进一步改进方案,再沸器的加热介质是高温蒸汽,且再沸器的加热介质管路与级间加热器的加热介质管路连通,利用高温蒸汽在再沸器中换热后形成的冷凝水作为级间加热器的加热介质对半富液进行级间加热。
作为本发明的进一步改进方案,吸收塔的底部末级设置级间冷却器,由吸收塔底部排出的吸收CO2气体后的部分富液通过循环泵压管路经级间冷却器进行冷却降温后重新进入吸收塔。
作为本发明的进一步改进方案,e部分中,CO2产品气进入第一液化器和第二液化器的管路上分别设置第一预冷器和第二预冷器,工业级CO2精馏塔的顶部排放口位置设有第一冷凝器、且第一冷凝器的输出端通过管路与第一预冷器的制冷介质输入端连接,食品级CO2精馏塔的顶部排放口位置设有第二冷凝器、且第二冷凝器的输出端通过管路与第二预冷器的制冷介质输入端连接,工业级CO2精馏塔顶部排放口排出的轻组份气体杂质经第一冷凝器冷凝后作为第一预冷器的制冷介质、且轻组份气体杂质换热升温后直接排入大气,食品级CO2精馏塔顶部排放口排出的轻组份气体杂质经第二冷凝器冷凝后作为第二预冷器的制冷介质、且轻组份气体杂质换热升温后直接排入大气。
作为本发明的进一步改进方案,c部分中,经贫液冷却器排出的贫液进入过滤器过滤后再进入吸收塔进行循环吸收。
作为本发明的进一步改进方案,c部分中,一级富液占由吸收塔底部排出的富液总量的5%~10%,二级富液占由吸收塔底部排出的富液总量的5%~10%。
与现有技术相比,本低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺将预处理、分级流、级间冷却、再生气余热利用进行耦合集成,首先对低压力废气进行预处理,之后利用化学吸收法将废气中的CO2捕集出来,采用CO2提纯工艺,将CO2产品气进一步分离提纯生成工业级CO2和食品级CO2,大大优化了工艺流程,有效降低了系统捕集能耗,实现了CO2资源化分类利用,节省投资和运行成本。
附图说明
图1是本发明的工艺流程图。
图中:1、引风机,2、预处理塔,3、吸收塔,4、级间冷却器,5、再生塔,6、贫富液换热器,7、贫液泵,8、贫液冷却器,9、过滤器,10、级间加热器,11、再沸器,12、再生气冷却器,13、气液分离器,14、净化器,15、鼓风机,16、第一换热器,17、第一冷却器,18、CO2压缩机,19、第二换热器,20、第二冷却器,21、混合罐,22、回流泵,23、第一预冷器,24、第一液化器,25、工业级CO2精馏塔,26、第一冷凝器,27、第一过冷器,28、第二预冷器,29、第二液化器,30、食品级CO2精馏塔,31、第二冷凝器,32、第二过冷器。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明做进一步说明。
如图1所示,本低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺所使用的CO2捕集提纯系统包括预处理单元、CO2吸收单元、CO2再生单元和CO2分离提纯单元,对低分压废气进行预处理之后利用化学吸收法对废气中的CO2进行捕集,然后将CO2产品气进一步分离提纯生成工业级CO2和食品级CO2,具体的低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺包括以下几个部分:
a.低分压废气预处理:预处理塔2自上而下依次包括水洗单元、脱硫脱硝单元和降尘降温单元,低分压废气通过引风机1自预处理塔2底部进入预处理塔2,经水洗、脱硫脱硝降尘降温至40℃左右自预处理塔2顶部排出。
b.脱碳:自预处理塔2顶部排出的低分压废气自下而上进入吸收塔3,与经贫液冷却器8排出的、自上而下喷淋进入吸收塔3中的贫液吸收剂逆流接触进行脱除CO2,脱碳后的低分压废气自吸收塔3的塔顶排出、经过净化形成低分压净化废气后排入大气。
c.CO2解吸:吸收CO2气体后的富液由吸收塔3底部排出,经富液泵加压后进行分级输送,其中一级富液(5%~10%)直接进入再生塔5顶部的一级喷淋管线,二级富液(5%~10%)一路经第一换热器16升温后进入混合罐21、另一路经第二换热器19升温后进入混合罐21,剩余的三级富液经贫富液换热器6进行换热升温后(富液温度在95~105℃)进入再生塔5位于一级喷淋管线下方的二级喷淋管线,实现CO2自吸收剂中的解吸;自再生塔5底部排出的再生后的贫液经贫液泵7增压后作为贫富液换热器6的换热介质进入贫富液换热器6进行换热降温,降温后的贫液(60~65℃)经贫液冷却器8进一步冷却后进入吸收塔3。为避免经贫液冷却器8排出的贫液中存在杂质,可以选择进入过滤器9过滤后再进入3吸收塔进行循环吸收,过滤器9可以采用活性炭过滤器。为实现增加富液溶液的负载,可以在吸收塔3的底部末级设置级间冷却器4,由吸收塔3底部排出的吸收CO2气体后的部分富液(10%~20%)可通过循环泵压管路经级间冷却器4进行冷却降温至40℃~45℃后重新进入吸收塔3。为提高贫液的再生率,在再生过程中,可以在再生塔5底部设置再沸器11,通过循环泵压管路将再生塔5中的半贫液泵出、并利用再沸器11加热再生后返回再生塔5。为提高贫液的再生率,还可以在再生塔5的各级之间设置级间加热器10,通过循环泵压管路将再生塔5各级之间的富液泵出、并利用级间加热器10加热后返回再生塔5。为进一步实现节能降耗,再沸器11的加热介质是高温蒸汽,且再沸器11的加热介质管路与级间加热器10的加热介质管路连通,可利用高温蒸汽在再沸器11中换热后形成的冷凝水作为级间加热器10的加热介质对富液进行级间加热。
d.再生气处理:富液解吸出的再生气(温度大于100℃)由再生塔5顶部出口排出,经再生气冷却器12冷却后进入气液分离器13进行气液分离,经气液分离器13分离出的稀溶液自气液分离器13底部排出后进入混合罐21,经气液分离器13分离出的CO2产品气进入净化器14进行净化,经净化器14净化出的稀溶液自净化器14底部排出后进入混合罐21,经净化器14净化出的CO2产品气自净化器14顶部排出后进入CO2分离提纯单元;混合罐21内的富液经补液后通过回流泵22增压回流至再生塔5的喷淋管线。
e.CO2分离提纯:自净化器14顶部排出的CO2产品气经鼓风机15增压后作为换热介质进入第一换热器16进行降温,经第一冷却器17进一步降温后进入CO2压缩机18进行增压,增压后的CO2产品气作为换热介质进入第二换热器19进行降温,经第二冷却器20进一步降温后依次进入CO2脱硫器和CO2干燥器进行脱硫干燥,脱硫干燥后的CO2产品气进行分流输送,一路CO2产品气经第一液化器24液化为液态CO2后进入工业级CO2精馏塔25提纯以除去液态CO2中的氢气、氧气、氮气、甲烷等轻组份气体杂质,经工业级CO2精馏塔25提纯产出的工业级液态CO2经第一过冷器27冷却至CO2液化温度以下后送至工业级液态CO2储罐进行储存;另一路CO2产品气经吸附器或催化燃烧器进行进一步吸附或催化燃烧后脱除N2、O2和NOX,然后经第二液化器29液化为液态CO2后进入食品级CO2精馏塔30提纯以除去液态CO2中的氢气、氧气、氮气、甲烷等轻组份气体杂质,经食品级CO2精馏塔30提纯产出的食品级液态CO2经第二过冷器32冷却至CO2液化温度以下后送至食品级液态CO2储罐进行储存。为进一步实现节能降耗,可以在CO2产品气进入第一液化器24和第二液化器29的管路上分别设置第一预冷器23和第二预冷器28,工业级CO2精馏塔25的顶部排放口位置设有第一冷凝器26、且第一冷凝器26的输出端通过管路与第一预冷器23的制冷介质输入端连接,食品级CO2精馏塔30的顶部排放口位置设有第二冷凝器31、且第二冷凝器31的输出端通过管路与第二预冷器28的制冷介质输入端连接,工业级CO2精馏塔25顶部排放口排出的轻组份气体杂质经第一冷凝器26冷凝后作为第一预冷器23的制冷介质、且轻组份气体杂质换热升温后直接排入大气,食品级CO2精馏塔30顶部排放口排出的轻组份气体杂质经第二冷凝器31冷凝后作为第二预冷器28的制冷介质、且轻组份气体杂质换热升温后直接排入大气。
本低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺将预处理、分级流、级间冷却、再生气余热利用进行耦合集成,大大优化了工艺流程,有效降低了系统捕集能耗,实现了CO2资源化分类利用,节省投资和运行成本。
Claims (8)
1.一种低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺,其特征在于,具体包括以下几个部分:
a.低分压废气预处理:预处理塔(2)自上而下依次包括水洗单元、脱硫脱硝单元和降尘降温单元,低分压废气通过引风机(1)自预处理塔(2)底部进入预处理塔(2),经水洗、脱硫脱硝降尘降温后自预处理塔(2)顶部排出;
b.脱碳:自预处理塔(2)顶部排出的低分压废气自下而上进入吸收塔(3),与经贫液冷却器(8)排出的、自上而下喷淋进入吸收塔(3)中的贫液吸收剂逆流接触进行脱除CO2,脱碳后的低分压废气自吸收塔(3)的塔顶排出、经过净化形成低分压净化废气后排入大气;
c.CO2解吸:吸收CO2气体后的富液由吸收塔(3)底部排出,经富液泵加压后进行分级输送,其中一级富液直接进入再生塔(5)顶部的一级喷淋管线,二级富液一路经第一换热器(16)升温后进入混合罐(21)、另一路经第二换热器(19)升温后进入混合罐(21),余量的三级富液经贫富液换热器(6)进行换热升温后进入再生塔(5)位于一级喷淋管线下方的二级喷淋管线,进行CO2自吸收剂中的解吸;自再生塔(5)底部排出的再生后的贫液经贫液泵(7)增压后作为贫富液换热器(6)的换热介质进入贫富液换热器(6)进行换热降温,降温后的贫液经贫液冷却器(8)进一步冷却后进入吸收塔(3);
d.再生气处理:富液解吸出的再生气由再生塔(5)顶部出口排出,经再生气冷却器(12)冷却后进入气液分离器(13)进行气液分离,经气液分离器(13)分离出的稀溶液自气液分离器(13)底部排出后进入混合罐(21),经气液分离器(13)分离出的CO2产品气进入净化器(14)进行净化,经净化器(14)净化出的稀溶液自净化器(14)底部排出后进入混合罐(21),经净化器(14)净化出的CO2产品气自净化器(14)顶部排出后进入CO2分离提纯单元;混合罐(21)内的富液经补液后通过回流泵(22)增压回流至再生塔(5)的喷淋管线;
e.CO2分离提纯:自净化器(14)顶部排出的CO2产品气经鼓风机(15)增压后作为换热介质进入第一换热器(16)进行降温,经第一冷却器(17)进一步降温后进入CO2压缩机(18)进行增压,增压后的CO2产品气作为换热介质进入第二换热器(19)进行降温,经第二冷却器(20)进一步降温后依次进入CO2脱硫器和CO2干燥器进行脱硫干燥,脱硫干燥后的CO2产品气进行分流输送,一路CO2产品气经第一液化器(24)液化为液态CO2后进入工业级CO2精馏塔(25)提纯除去液态CO2中的轻组份气体杂质,经工业级CO2精馏塔(25)提纯产出的工业级液态CO2经第一过冷器(27)冷却至CO2液化温度以下后送至工业级液态CO2储罐进行储存;另一路CO2产品气经吸附器或催化燃烧器进行进一步吸附或催化燃烧后、经第二液化器(29)液化为液态CO2后进入食品级CO2精馏塔(30)提纯除去液态CO2中的轻组份气体杂质,经食品级CO2精馏塔(30)提纯产出的食品级液态CO2经第二过冷器(32)冷却至CO2液化温度以下后送至食品级液态CO2储罐进行储存。
2.根据权利要求1所述的低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺,其特征在于,c部分中,再生塔(5)底部设置再沸器(11),通过循环泵压管路将再生塔(5)中的半贫液泵出、并利用再沸器(11)加热再生后返回再生塔(5)。
3.根据权利要求2所述的低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺,其特征在于,再生塔(5)的级间设置级间加热器(10),通过循环泵压管路将再生塔(5)级间的半富液泵出、并利用级间加热器(10)加热后返回再生塔(5)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺,其特征在于,再沸器(11)的加热介质是高温蒸汽,且再沸器(11)的加热介质管路与级间加热器(10)的加热介质管路连通,利用高温蒸汽在再沸器(11)中换热后形成的冷凝水作为级间加热器(10)的加热介质对半富液进行级间加热。
5.根据权利要求1至4任一权利要求所述的低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺,其特征在于,b部分中,吸收塔(3)的底部末级设置级间冷却器(4),由吸收塔(3)底部排出的吸收CO2气体后的部分富液通过循环泵压管路经级间冷却器(4)进行冷却降温后重新进入吸收塔(3)。
6.根据权利要求1至4任一权利要求所述的低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺,其特征在于,e部分中,CO2产品气进入第一液化器(24)和第二液化器(29)的管路上分别设置第一预冷器(23)和第二预冷器(28),工业级CO2精馏塔(25)的顶部排放口位置设有第一冷凝器(26)、且第一冷凝器(26)的输出端通过管路与第一预冷器(23)的制冷介质输入端连接,食品级CO2精馏塔(30)的顶部排放口位置设有第二冷凝器(31)、且第二冷凝器(31)的输出端通过管路与第二预冷器(28)的制冷介质输入端连接,工业级CO2精馏塔(25)顶部排放口排出的轻组份气体杂质经第一冷凝器(26)冷凝后作为第一预冷器(23)的制冷介质、且轻组份气体杂质换热升温后直接排入大气,食品级CO2精馏塔(30)顶部排放口排出的轻组份气体杂质经第二冷凝器(31)冷凝后作为第二预冷器(28)的制冷介质、且轻组份气体杂质换热升温后直接排入大气。
7.根据权利要求1至4任一权利要求所述的低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺,其特征在于,c部分中,经贫液冷却器(8)排出的贫液进入过滤器(9)过滤后再进入(3)吸收塔进行循环吸收。
8.根据权利要求1至4任一权利要求所述的低分压废气CO2捕集与提纯精制工艺,其特征在于,c部分中,一级富液占由吸收塔(3)底部排出的富液总量的5%~10%,二级富液占由吸收塔(3)底部排出的富液总量的5%~10%。
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