CN114379716A - Bow breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device of container ship - Google Patents
Bow breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device of container ship Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN114379716A CN114379716A CN202111546468.7A CN202111546468A CN114379716A CN 114379716 A CN114379716 A CN 114379716A CN 202111546468 A CN202111546468 A CN 202111546468A CN 114379716 A CN114379716 A CN 114379716A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- bow
- breakwater
- bridge
- mast
- lashing bridge
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B25/00—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby
- B63B25/28—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for deck loads
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B15/00—Superstructures, deckhouses, wheelhouses or the like; Arrangements or adaptations of masts or spars, e.g. bowsprits
- B63B15/02—Staying of masts or of other superstructures
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B17/00—Vessels parts, details, or accessories, not otherwise provided for
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B17/00—Vessels parts, details, or accessories, not otherwise provided for
- B63B2017/009—Wave breakers, breakwaters, splashboards, or the like
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B25/00—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby
- B63B25/28—Load-accommodating arrangements, e.g. stowing, trimming; Vessels characterised thereby for deck loads
- B63B2025/285—Means for securing deck containers against unwanted movements
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a bow breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device of a container ship, which comprises a lashing bridge, a breakwater, a bow radar mast and a bow structure reinforcement; the lower end face of the wave board is connected with the upper end face of the watertight transverse bulkhead of the ship body; the upper end surface of the wave blocking plate is connected with the front end surface of the binding bridge, and the rear end surface of the binding bridge is connected with the upper end surface of the hatch coaming; the bow radar mast is vertically connected with the breakwater, the bow radar mast is located in the middle of the breakwater, and the bottom of the bow radar mast is connected with the hull deck in a reinforced mode through a bow structure. The binding bridge, the breakwater and the bow radar mast are integrally connected, so that the available deck area of a bow is increased, the breakwater is supported by using a bow watertight transverse bulkhead strong member, the structure of the breakwater is simplified, the structural strength of the breakwater, the bow mast and the bow binding bridge is enhanced, and the weight of the bow breakwater, the bow mast and the binding bridge is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ship engineering structure design, in particular to a bow wave board, a bow mast and a lashing bridge integrated structure device of a container ship.
Background
A series of lashing bridge structures are arranged on the deck of the container ship and used for lashing and fixing containers on the deck. Meanwhile, in order to prevent the slapping influence of the waves on the bow on the goods, a breakwater structure is arranged on the bow of the ship. In addition, a bow radar mast is arranged in the bow area.
Patent No. CN103625605A discloses an integrated structure of a bow radar mast and a breakwater of a container ship, comprising: the ship bow radar mast is characterized by comprising a breakwater and a bow building radar mast which are arranged on a deck of a container ship, wherein the breakwater is separated from the middle part of the ship bow radar mast to form two breakwater split bodies, and the bow building radar mast is clamped between the two breakwater split bodies and is connected with the two breakwater split bodies into a whole.
Because the lashing bridge, the breakwater and the bow radar mast are responsible for different specialties, in general, the lashing bridge, the breakwater and the bow radar mast of the container ship are all designed independently, and are respectively designed with a reinforcing structure connected with the main ship body. The design is convenient for each professional to independently complete the work, but because the three structures are respectively separated by a certain distance, a large amount of space of the bow is occupied by the reinforcing structure, and the arrangement of bow equipment is not facilitated.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provides an integrated structure device of a bow breakwater, a bow mast and a lashing bridge of a container ship.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a bow portion breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device for a container ship is characterized in that the bow mast, the lashing bridge and the breakwater of the container ship are arranged on a main deck of the ship, a mouth circumference of a cabin of the container ship is connected with the end face of a watertight transverse bulkhead in the stern direction, and the device comprises a lashing bridge, the breakwater, a bow portion radar mast and bow portion structure reinforcement; the lower end face of the wave board is connected with the upper end face of the watertight transverse bulkhead of the ship body; the upper end surface of the wave blocking plate is connected with the front end surface of the binding bridge, and the rear end surface of the binding bridge is connected with the upper end surface of the hatch coaming; the bow radar mast is vertically connected with the breakwater, the bow radar mast is located in the middle of the breakwater, and the bottom of the bow radar mast is connected with the hull deck in a reinforced mode through a bow structure.
The binding bridge comprises an inclined strut structure, three guide upright columns, a front upright column, a rear upright column and a binding bridge platform, wherein the front upright columns are distributed on the front end face of the binding bridge at the same intervals, the front upright columns are connected with the upper end face of the wave blocking plate, the rear upright columns are distributed on the rear end face of the binding bridge at the same intervals, the rear upright columns are connected with the upper end face of the hatch coaming, and the guide upright columns are distributed on the front end face of the binding bridge at uniform intervals; the binding bridge platforms comprise a first binding bridge platform, a second binding bridge platform and a third binding bridge platform, the binding bridge platforms are vertically connected with the front upright posts, and the distances among the binding bridge platforms are the same; the bracing structure includes horizontal bounding wall and bracing, horizontal bounding wall is installed between first ligature bridge platform and the second ligature bridge platform, horizontal bounding wall middle part with the guide post upper end is connected, the side respectively has a bracing about the guide post.
The transverse enclosing plate is integrally rectangular, two observation holes are formed in the end face of the transverse enclosing plate, and the two observation holes in the transverse enclosing plate are located on two sides of the guide upright post respectively.
One end of the diagonal brace is connected with the guide upright post, and the other end of the diagonal brace is connected with the upper end face of the wave board through a toggle plate.
The top end surface of the wave board is connected with the top end surface of the hatch coaming and the main deck of the ship through a support bracket; the support toggle plate is connected with the vertical truss of the watertight transverse bulkhead of the ship.
The bow radar mast is integrally in a U-shaped cylindrical shape, the middle of the bow radar mast is connected with the breakwater through the diagonal supports, the diagonal supports are located on two sides of the bow radar mast, one end of each diagonal support is connected with the middle of the bow radar mast, and the other end of each diagonal support is connected with the upper end face of the breakwater.
The bow structure is integrally reinforced to form a U-shaped structure, a U-shaped groove is formed in the bow structure, the U-shaped groove in the bow structure is connected with the bottom of the bow radar mast, and the reinforced outer end face of the bow structure is connected with the watertight transverse bulkhead.
Based on the scheme, the device of the invention achieves the following positive and beneficial effects through practical application:
1. the invention saves the space of the main deck of the bow of the ship and increases the available deck area of the bow by integrally connecting the breakwater, the bow radar mast and the binding bridge, and simultaneously, the breakwater, the bow radar mast and the binding bridge are integrally arranged on the upper end surface of the watertight transverse bulkhead, and the strong bow member of the watertight transverse bulkhead replaces the local structural reinforcing member at the lower end of the breakwater, thereby simplifying the supporting structure and reducing the production cost.
2. According to the invention, the front end of the binding bridge is fixed on the top of the wave blocking plate, the structure rigidity of the binding bridge is compensated by the wave blocking plate structure, and meanwhile, the length of the front upright post of the binding bridge can be shortened; the breakwater is connected with the lashing bridge, the bow radar mast is connected with the breakwater, so that the loads of the breakwater, the bow mast and the bow lashing bridge can be better transmitted to the hull structure, the integral structural strength of the breakwater, the bow radar mast and the lashing bridge is increased, and the safety of the whole structure is improved.
3. The invention improves the connection stability of the bow radar mast and the main deck of the ship through the bow structure reinforcing structure and improves the use safety of the bow radar mast.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the bow breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device for the container ship.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a lashing bridge structure in the integrated structure device of the bow breakwater, the bow mast and the lashing bridge for the container ship.
Fig. 3 is a side view of a breakwater in a bow breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device for a container ship.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a bow radar mast structure in the integrated structure device of the bow breakwater, the bow mast and the lashing bridge for the container ship.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view of the structure a-a of fig. 4 in an integrated structure device of a bow breakwater, a bow mast and a lashing bridge for a container ship.
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the reinforcement of the bow structure in the integrated structure device of the bow breakwater, the bow mast and the lashing bridge for the container ship.
Detailed Description
In order that the objects, aspects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent, the invention will now be described by way of example only, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood that such description is merely illustrative and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Moreover, in the following description, descriptions of well-known structures and techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the concepts of the present invention.
The invention belongs to a bow portion wave blocking plate, a bow mast and a lashing bridge integrated structure device for a container ship.
As shown in figure 1, the bow breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device for the container ship comprises a lashing bridge 1, a breakwater 2, a bow radar mast 3 and a bow structure reinforcement 4; the lower end face of the wave board 2 is connected with the upper end face of the watertight transverse bulkhead 8 of the ship body; the upper end surface of the wave blocking plate 2 is connected with the front end surface of the binding bridge 1, and the rear end surface of the binding bridge 1 is connected with the upper end surface of the hatch coaming 7; the bow radar mast 3 is vertically connected with the breakwater 2, the bow radar mast 3 is positioned in the middle of the breakwater 2, and the bottom of the bow radar mast 3 is connected with a hull deck through a bow structure reinforcement 4; the breakwater 2 is positioned at the front end of the hatch coaming by 800mm-900mm, and the lower end of the breakwater 2 is positioned above the watertight transverse bulkhead, so that the reinforcing quantity of the bottom structure of the breakwater 2 can be reduced, and the reinforcing material is saved; meanwhile, the bow radar mast 3 moves backwards to the front end faces of the wave baffle plate 2 and the binding bridge 1, so that the strength and rigidity of the whole structure are improved, and the available deck area of the bow is increased.
The lashing bridge 1 comprises an inclined strut structure 11, guide upright columns 12, a front upright column 13, rear upright columns 14 and a lashing bridge platform 15, wherein the front upright columns 13 are distributed on the front end face of the lashing bridge 1 at the same intervals, the front upright columns 13 are connected with the upper end face of the wave baffle plate 2, the rear upright columns 14 are distributed on the rear end face of the lashing bridge 1 at the same intervals, the rear upright columns 14 are connected with the upper end face of the hatch coaming 7, the number of the guide upright columns 12 is three, and the guide upright columns 12 are distributed on the front end face of the lashing bridge 1 at uniform intervals; the lashing bridge platform 1 comprises a first lashing bridge platform 151, a second lashing bridge platform 152 and a third lashing bridge platform 153, the lashing bridge platforms 5 are vertically connected with the front upright post 13, and the distances between the lashing bridge platforms 15 are the same; the bracing structure 11 includes horizontal bounding wall 111 and bracing 112, horizontal bounding wall 111 is installed between first ligature bridge platform 151 and the second ligature bridge platform 152, horizontal bounding wall 111 middle part with guide post 12 upper end is connected, the side respectively has a bracing 112 about guide post 12. The integral structural strength of the binding bridge is improved through the inclined strut structure, and meanwhile, the binding bridge and the wave blocking plate are convenient to connect and fix.
The transverse enclosing plate 111 is rectangular, two observation holes are formed in the end face of the transverse enclosing plate 111, and the two observation holes in the transverse enclosing plate 111 are located on two sides of the guide upright post 12 respectively.
One end of the inclined strut 112 is connected to the guide post 12, and the other end of the inclined strut 112 is connected to the upper end surface of the breakwater 2 through a toggle plate.
The top end surface of the wave board 2 is connected with the top end surface of the hatch coaming 7 and the main deck of the ship through a support bracket 5; the support toggle plate 5 is vertical to the vertical truss of the watertight transverse bulkhead 8 of the ship; the support brackets 5 as shown in fig. 3, the support brackets 5 serve to support the lashing bridge 1 and the breakwater 2.
The bow radar mast 3 is integrally in a U-shaped cylindrical shape, the middle of the bow radar mast 3 is connected with the breakwater 2 through the diagonal supports 31, the diagonal supports 31 are located on two sides of the bow radar mast 3, one end of each diagonal support 31 is connected with the middle of the bow radar mast 3, and the other end of each diagonal support 31 is connected with the upper end face of the breakwater 2.
The bow part structure reinforcement 4 is integrally in a U-shaped structure, a U-shaped groove is formed in the bow part structure reinforcement 4, the U-shaped groove in the bow part structure reinforcement 4 is connected with the bottom of the bow part radar mast 3, and the outer end face of the bow part structure reinforcement 4 is connected with the watertight transverse bulkhead 8; the bow structural reinforcement 4 ensures the safety of the structure by transmitting the force on the bow radar mast 3 to the hull structure by means of the structure of the watertight transverse bulkhead 8.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention and not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that; modifications to the specific embodiments of the invention or equivalent substitutions for parts of the technical features may be made; without departing from the spirit of the present invention, it is intended to cover all aspects of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. A bow portion breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device for a container ship is characterized in that the device comprises a lashing bridge, a breakwater, a bow portion radar mast and a bow portion structure reinforcement, wherein the bow mast, the lashing bridge and the breakwater of the container ship are arranged on a main deck of the ship; the lower end face of the wave board is connected with the upper end face of the watertight transverse bulkhead of the ship body; the upper end surface of the wave blocking plate is connected with the front end surface of the binding bridge, and the rear end surface of the binding bridge is connected with the upper end surface of the hatch coaming; the bow radar mast is vertically connected with the breakwater, the bow radar mast is located in the middle of the breakwater, and the bottom of the bow radar mast is connected with the hull deck in a reinforced mode through a bow structure.
2. The bow breakwater, stem and lashing bridge integrated structure device for the container ship according to claim 1, wherein the lashing bridge comprises a diagonal bracing structure, guide columns, front columns, rear columns and a lashing bridge platform, the front columns are distributed on the front end face of the lashing bridge at the same intervals, the front columns are connected with the upper end face of the breakwater, the rear columns are distributed on the rear end face of the lashing bridge at the same intervals, the rear columns are connected with the upper end face of the hatch coaming, the number of the guide columns is three, and the guide columns are distributed on the front end face of the lashing bridge at the uniform intervals; the binding bridge platforms comprise a first binding bridge platform, a second binding bridge platform and a third binding bridge platform, the binding bridge platforms are vertically connected with the front upright posts, and the distances among the binding bridge platforms are the same; the bracing structure includes horizontal bounding wall and bracing, horizontal bounding wall is installed between first ligature bridge platform and the second ligature bridge platform, horizontal bounding wall middle part with the guide post upper end is connected, the side respectively has a bracing about the guide post.
3. The bow breakwater, stem and lashing bridge integrated structure device for the container ship as claimed in claim 2, wherein the transverse coaming is rectangular in shape, two observation holes are formed in the end surface of the transverse coaming, and the two observation holes are respectively located on two sides of the guide pillar.
4. The bow breakwater, stem and lashing bridge integrated structure device for a container ship as claimed in claim 2, wherein one end of the diagonal brace is connected to the guide post, and the other end of the diagonal brace is connected to the upper end surface of the breakwater through a toggle plate.
5. The bow breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device for the container ship according to claim 1, wherein a top end surface of the breakwater, a top end surface of the hatch coaming and a main deck of the ship are connected through a support bracket plate; the support toggle plate is connected with the vertical truss of the watertight transverse bulkhead of the ship.
6. The bow breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device for the container ship as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bow radar mast is integrally U-shaped and cylindrical, the middle of the bow radar mast is connected with the breakwater through diagonal supports, the diagonal supports are located at two sides of the bow radar mast, one end of the diagonal support is connected with the middle of the bow radar mast, and the other end of the diagonal support is connected with the upper end face of the breakwater.
7. The bow breakwater, stem and lashing bridge integrated structure device for the container ship as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bow structure reinforcement is integrally a U-shaped structure, a U-shaped groove is formed inside the bow structure reinforcement, the U-shaped groove inside the bow structure reinforcement is connected with the bottom of the stem of the bow radar, and the outer end face of the bow structure reinforcement is connected with the watertight transverse bulkhead.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111546468.7A CN114379716A (en) | 2021-12-16 | 2021-12-16 | Bow breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device of container ship |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111546468.7A CN114379716A (en) | 2021-12-16 | 2021-12-16 | Bow breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device of container ship |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN114379716A true CN114379716A (en) | 2022-04-22 |
Family
ID=81198264
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111546468.7A Pending CN114379716A (en) | 2021-12-16 | 2021-12-16 | Bow breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device of container ship |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN114379716A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114771766A (en) * | 2022-05-31 | 2022-07-22 | 中船黄埔文冲船舶有限公司 | Method for building front mast and wave board in sections and ship |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108177735A (en) * | 2017-12-20 | 2018-06-19 | 沪东中华造船(集团)有限公司 | A kind of binding device and its installation method being integrated on container ship manger board |
| KR102028829B1 (en) * | 2018-03-30 | 2019-10-04 | 한국조선해양 주식회사 | Waterbreak Structure of Container Ship |
| CN211918935U (en) * | 2020-03-26 | 2020-11-13 | 大连船舶重工集团有限公司 | Container ship based on anti-collision wall cabin front mooring equipment sinking type design |
| KR20210072892A (en) * | 2019-12-09 | 2021-06-18 | 삼성중공업 주식회사 | Lashing bridge |
-
2021
- 2021-12-16 CN CN202111546468.7A patent/CN114379716A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108177735A (en) * | 2017-12-20 | 2018-06-19 | 沪东中华造船(集团)有限公司 | A kind of binding device and its installation method being integrated on container ship manger board |
| KR102028829B1 (en) * | 2018-03-30 | 2019-10-04 | 한국조선해양 주식회사 | Waterbreak Structure of Container Ship |
| KR20210072892A (en) * | 2019-12-09 | 2021-06-18 | 삼성중공업 주식회사 | Lashing bridge |
| CN211918935U (en) * | 2020-03-26 | 2020-11-13 | 大连船舶重工集团有限公司 | Container ship based on anti-collision wall cabin front mooring equipment sinking type design |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 胡安康等: "9200TEU集装箱船的设计特点", 船舶工程 * |
| 陈小剑主编: "船舶货物布置与系固", 上海交通大学出版社, pages: 30 - 31 * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN114771766A (en) * | 2022-05-31 | 2022-07-22 | 中船黄埔文冲船舶有限公司 | Method for building front mast and wave board in sections and ship |
| CN114771766B (en) * | 2022-05-31 | 2023-06-23 | 中船黄埔文冲船舶有限公司 | Sectional construction method of front mast and breakwater and ship |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| KR101836903B1 (en) | Combination lashing bridge and containership having the same | |
| CN114379716A (en) | Bow breakwater, bow mast and lashing bridge integrated structure device of container ship | |
| CN111791983A (en) | Hull broadside structure of semi-submersible multifunctional transport assembly and disassembly ship | |
| CN216185810U (en) | Ship with sunken LNG tank supports | |
| KR102605871B1 (en) | Lashing bridge | |
| CN212980465U (en) | Cab structure of LNG filling ship | |
| CN108945314B (en) | Cargo hold area structure of oil supply ship | |
| CN211004284U (en) | Supporting arm type crane reinforcing structure | |
| CN100509544C (en) | Ship with composite structure | |
| CN216546571U (en) | Green ring protection fence for bulk carrier | |
| CN216999319U (en) | Underwater beam storage platform | |
| CN111678650A (en) | Supporting method for detecting cabin tightness of single-shell fuel cabin | |
| CN215514020U (en) | Hull reinforcing rib structure | |
| US3903822A (en) | Barge which can be stacked on barge-carrying ships | |
| CN213620150U (en) | Integrated structure of container ship lashing bridge and crane | |
| CN213620127U (en) | Bulk carrier top pier structure | |
| CN218559153U (en) | Double bulkhead host computer top brace additional strengthening | |
| CN216070409U (en) | Bulk cargo ship with cabin body reinforcing structure | |
| CN213620134U (en) | Container ship radar mast and compass deck lower ladder way integrated structure | |
| CN116968876A (en) | Container loading supporting cover and fixing system | |
| SU846373A1 (en) | Ship hull | |
| KR20190001062A (en) | lashing bridge reinforcement plate structure | |
| SU747770A1 (en) | Lighter-carrying ship | |
| KR20170130868A (en) | Separated deck house and cargo loading ship having the same | |
| RU2245286C9 (en) | Container tank |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination |