CN114375752A - Method for preventing cracked plum fruits and improving fruit quality - Google Patents
Method for preventing cracked plum fruits and improving fruit quality Download PDFInfo
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- CN114375752A CN114375752A CN202111661547.2A CN202111661547A CN114375752A CN 114375752 A CN114375752 A CN 114375752A CN 202111661547 A CN202111661547 A CN 202111661547A CN 114375752 A CN114375752 A CN 114375752A
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- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 275
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- NVBNILSJHNPYKC-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium 5-methylidenecyclopenta-1,3-diene-1-carboxylate Chemical compound [Ca++].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC1=C.[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC1=C NVBNILSJHNPYKC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0206—Canopies, i.e. devices providing a roof above the plants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
- C05B1/02—Superphosphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
- C05D9/02—Other inorganic fertilisers containing trace elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a method for preventing cracked plum fruits and improving fruit quality, which comprises the following steps: s1: when a base fertilizer is applied to soil in autumn, a calcium fertilizer is additionally applied to the roots of the prunus salicina, wherein the application amount of the calcium fertilizer is 1.2-1.5kg per plant; s2: respectively spraying calcium fertilizer to the leaf surfaces once in the young fruit period and the expansion period of the crisp plums, wherein the spraying amount of the calcium fertilizer for two times is 1.5-1.8kg per plant; s3: in the middle ten days of the 5 months, the brittle plum orchard is completely covered by a mulching film, furrows are dug among planting rows, and the furrowing depth is 1-1.5 m; s4: one month before the fruits are ripe, a rain shelter is arranged above the brittle plum fruit tree to completely shelter the crown from rain. The method provided by the invention can control the fruit cracking rate of the prunus salicina fruits to be below 6%, greatly improves the fruit quality, and well solves the contradiction between the low requirement of the content of soluble solids in preventing and treating fruit cracking and the high requirement of the soluble solids in realizing the mouthfeel.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plum fruit cracking prevention and control, and particularly relates to a method for preventing brittle plums from cracking and improving fruit quality.
Background
Fruit cracking is a common physiological disease in the fruit tree cultivation process, and is a physiological phenomenon that fruit surface cracks due to the fact that the fruit reacts to the incoordination between internal growth and the external environment. The fruit cracking of fruit trees is influenced by various factors, different varieties of different fruit trees are influenced by different fruit cracking occurrence time, fruit cracking modes, fruit cracking characteristics and the like, and the fruit cracking reasons are different, so that the fruit cracking of different fruit trees is difficult to control.
Plum is a Rosaceae (Rosaceae) plum (Prunus L.) plant, is an important fruit tree variety in temperate regions, and is distributed in southwest provinces of China. However, the southern region of China is rainy in summer, particularly in the second and third-level step transition zones of the terrain of China in Chongqing cities, and belongs to the wet monsoon climate of the middle and subtropical zones, the heat is abundant, and the rainfall is abundant. Every 7-8 months, just during the mature period of the plums, however, the crispy plums are quite sensitive to moisture reaction, when the fruits reach or are close to complete maturity and meet rainstorm, the fruits crack due to the fact that a large amount of water is absorbed in a short time, pulp expands fast and peel expands slowly, the crispy plums crack in a large amount in the rainy season, the appearance, the quality and the yield of the crispy plums are seriously affected, the commodity value of the fruits is reduced, the market competitiveness of the crispy plums is weakened, and the problem needs to be solved urgently.
Chinese scholars have conducted more researches on prevention and treatment of the plum blossom, for example, Zhangiang researches on influencing factors and prevention and treatment measures of the plum blossom, and mainly analyzes the influence of 5 factors of variety, moisture, plant diseases and insect pests, mineral elements and endogenous hormones on the plum blossom, and the results show that: the reason for the plum fruit cracking is complex, and is usually not a simple influencing factor but a combined action of a plurality of factors, so that the possible reasons need to be fully analyzed, and appropriate measures are selected for prevention and treatment. The fruit cracking reasons and the prevention and treatment technologies of fruit trees are reviewed by Liao lunar branches and the like, the fruit cracking reasons are analyzed mainly from aspects of fruit tree heredity, physiology, external environment, cultivation measures and the like, and corresponding prevention and treatment measures are provided, but different tree species and varieties have differences in fruit cracking time, mode, characteristics and the like. Dongbishen and the like summarize the main reasons and prevention measures for fruit cracking of prunus salicina at the mature period, wherein the points are as follows: at present, the research on the green and crispy plum fruit cracking is very few, particularly, the influence of an endogenous plant growth regulator on fruit cracking is not clear enough, the reason causing fruit cracking is complex, and factors in various aspects, such as variety, moisture, endogenous plant growth regulator, mineral elements, daily management and the like, are integrated in the actual analysis process to find out the reason most likely to cause fruit cracking for prevention and treatment.
The existing researches show that the existing method still needs further research on the prevention and treatment of the plum blossom, and the existing method still cannot well solve the problem of preventing and treating the plum blossom with high efficiency.
On the basis of the research, the relations between the dynamic property changes of the plum fruits and the cracked fruits are researched by dawn and the like, and the fact that the soluble solid content of the cracked green and crispy plum fruits is obviously higher than that of normal fruits is pointed out, the cracking rate of the green and crispy plum fruits has extremely obvious positive correlation with the soluble solid content of the fruits, and the fact that the prevention and the treatment of the cracked fruits are not facilitated due to the fact that the soluble solid content of the green and crispy plum fruits is too high is shown.
However, the existing production technology shows that the higher the soluble solid content in the green and crisp plum fruit is, the higher the maturity of the fruit is, and the crisp and sweet taste of the fruit is better. Therefore, how to solve the contradiction that the soluble solid content of the green and crisp plums cannot be too high in the fruit cracking prevention process and the fruit maturity is better and the fruits are more crisp and sweet due to the fact that the soluble solid content is higher is required, becomes a technical problem to be solved urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is to solve the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method for preventing the fruit cracking of prunus salicina and improving the quality of the fruit. The invention aims to solve the contradiction that the pursuit of low soluble solid content is more beneficial to preventing and treating fruit cracking, but the high soluble solid content can bring better taste of the fruit when the fruit cracking of the prunus salicina is prevented and treated.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a method for preventing fruit cracking of prunus salicina fruits and improving fruit quality comprises the following steps:
s1: when a base fertilizer is applied to soil in autumn, a calcium fertilizer is additionally applied to the roots of the prunus salicina, wherein the application amount of the calcium fertilizer is 1.2-1.5kg per plant;
s2: respectively spraying calcium fertilizer to the leaf surfaces once in the young fruit period and the expansion period of the crisp plums, wherein the spraying amount of the calcium fertilizer for two times is 1.5-1.8kg per plant;
s3: in the middle ten days of the 5 months, the brittle plum orchard is completely covered by a mulching film, furrows are dug among planting rows, and the furrowing depth is 1-1.5 m;
s4: one month before the fruits are ripe, a rain shelter is arranged above the brittle plum fruit tree to completely shelter the crown from rain.
The method provided by the invention can well prevent the fruit cracking of the prunus salicina fruits and obviously improve the fruit quality, as shown in the embodiment of the invention, the fruit cracking rate of the prunus salicina fruits can be controlled to be below 6%, the fruit quality is greatly improved, and the cellulose content, the pectin content, the single fruit weight, the total sugar, the sugar-acid ratio and the soluble solid content in the fruits are obviously improved. On the other hand, the invention also well solves the contradiction between the low requirement of the content of the soluble solid in preventing and controlling fruit cracking and the high requirement in realizing the mouthfeel, and can well ensure that the fruit cracking rate of the fruit is maintained at a lower level while remarkably improving the content of the soluble solid in the fruit.
Further, the calcium fertilizer in steps S1 and S2 includes an inorganic calcium fertilizer including calcium superphosphate, calcium nitrate, a calcium silicate fertilizer or slaked lime, and/or an organic calcium fertilizer including calcium organo-acid, EDTA-chelated calcium, calcium lignosulfonate, calcium amino acid, sugar alcohol-chelated calcium, or calcium fulvate.
Further, in the step S3, the mulching film is a gardening silver black reflective film, and the thickness of the mulching film is 0.02 mm. Adopt this material as the plastic film, can make full use of the sun reflection light shine the blade surface, do benefit to the quality that promotes the fruit, and the plastic film is difficult damaged and influences the tectorial membrane effect.
Further, in step S4, the height of the canopy from the top of the tree is more than one meter. The inventor researches and discovers that the height of the rain shelter from the tree body is a more critical factor, few measures for sheltering rain from the brittle plums are available in the practical production, and in addition, rain sheltering measures usually thought by fruit growers are only to erect the rain shelter at a position slightly higher than the tree body. However, after the inventor conducts experiments, the situation that the green tips of the plum trees are burnt and necrotized due to the arrangement of the rain shelter at the lower part is found, and the yield of fruits is influenced; on the other hand, when the height of the rain shelter is less than one meter of the height of the tree body, the fruit softening phenomenon caused by overhigh temperature in the shelter is serious, so that the height of the rain shelter from the top of the tree body is more than one meter, which is more suitable for the invention.
Further, the crispy plum includes prunus salicina or prunus humilis. Specifically, the Prunus mume comprises Prunus wushanensis, Prunus silvestris, Prunus melissa, Prunus apricoti, Prunus ascyron, Prunus thickly, Prunus night cream, Prunus humilis or Prunus giganteus. The method can be used for reducing the fruit cracking rate of the crispy plum variety and improving the fruit quality of the crispy plum variety.
Further, the method comprises the step of watering once every 2-3 days when the continuous arid weather is encountered, and the soil humidity is maintained to be 40-70%.
Further, the method also comprises the step of spraying a micro-fertilizer to the leaf surfaces and the fruit surfaces after flowering, wherein the micro-fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.1-0.2% of borax, 0.1-0.2% of ferric citrate, 0.1-0.2% of manganese sulfate and 0.1-0.2% of zinc sulfate.
Further, the micro-fertilizer spraying method comprises the step of spraying one micro-fertilizer every two weeks, and the micro-fertilizer is sprayed in sequence according to the sequence of borax, ferric citrate, manganese sulfate and zinc sulfate.
Further, the method also comprises spraying 0.5g/L ethephon to the fruits 1 month before the fruits are ripe, and continuously spraying 0.5g/L gibberellin to the fruits after one day interval.
Further, the method also comprises the step of spraying 1.2-1.3kg of potassium sulfate per plant to the leaf surfaces one month before harvesting. The scheme mainly aims to promote the accumulation of sugar in the later period, because the calcium sprayed in the early period can generate antagonistic action with potassium fertilizer to reduce the accumulation of sugar, and the potassium sprayed in the early period can easily inhibit the absorption of calcium to cause fruit cracking, so that the potassium sprayed in the first month before harvesting is selected to achieve the best effect.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the invention provides a method capable of well preventing the fruit cracking of the prunus salicina fruits and remarkably improving the fruit quality, the fruit cracking rate of the prunus salicina fruits can be controlled to be below 6%, and meanwhile, the fruit quality is greatly improved;
(2) the method of the invention well solves the contradiction between the low requirement of the content of the soluble solid in preventing and controlling fruit cracking and the high requirement of the soluble solid in realizing the taste, not only improves the content of the soluble solid in the fruit, but also has low fruit cracking rate.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of different ground coverage on the cracking rate of prunus salicina;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the influence of different rain shelters on the cracking rate of green and crispy plum;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of spraying calcium on the cracking rate of prunus salicina at different time periods.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more clearly understood, the following embodiments are described in detail, and it should be noted that the following embodiments are only used for explaining and illustrating the present invention, and do not limit the protection scope of the present invention. The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but rather, may be modified within the scope of the invention.
In examples 1 to 3 and experimental examples 1 to 3 below, the experimental subjects and the experimental methods were performed according to the following schemes:
(I) test object
1. Test ground
The method is carried out in green and crisp plum orchards of Xiangshu town union village (30 degrees 65 'N and 108 degrees 18' E) Xiang Dang Hao agriculture Co., Ltd in Wanzhou district of Chongqing city in experiment, the climate characteristic belongs to subtropical monsoon humid zone, four seasons are clear, sunlight is sufficient, rainfall is abundant, frostless period is long, the average annual temperature is 17.7 ℃, the average annual sunshine time is 1484.4h, and the average annual rainfall is 1243 mm. The soil layer is deep, the soil is red loam, and the basic physicochemical properties are as follows: the pH value is 5.41, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is 81.20mg/kg, the available phosphorus is 50.60mg/kg, the quick-acting potassium is 63.10mg/kg, the exchangeable calcium is 3.54g/kg, the exchangeable magnesium is 214.27mg/kg, the available zinc is 2.09mg/kg, the available iron is 47.50mg/kg, the available manganese is 42.20mg/kg, the available copper is 1.31mg/kg, and the available boron is 0.29 mg/kg.
2. Test tree
The test tree is 7-year-old green crispy plum variety Pink-dai crispy plum, mature in the middle ten days of 7 months, severe in fruit cracking, the fruit cracking rate reaches about 90%, the stock is wild peach, the row spacing is 2.5m multiplied by 4.0m, the orchard management level is high, and the tree vigor is robust.
(II) Experimental method
1. Investigation statistical method
And (3) counting the fruit cracking rate: and 7, 7 months and 7 days, counting when fruit cracking begins to appear, selecting 5 branches from east, south, west and north of each test tree, recording the total number of the plum fruits and the number of the cracked fruits on the branches, counting the fruit cracking rate according to the number of the plum fruits on the branches accounting for the total number of the plum fruits, counting once every 3 days, and averaging all the counted fruit cracking rates until the fruits are harvested.
2. Sampling method
The fruit collection method comprises the following steps: sampling is carried out after the fruits are ripe in 16 days in 7 months (at the high fruit cracking stage), 60 normal fruits are randomly collected in each cell, the normal fruits are subpackaged into 3 parts and placed into sealed plastic bags with known weights, and relevant indexes of the fruits are measured.
3. Index and method for measurement
Determining the fresh weight water content of the fruits by adopting a drying method; determining the content of plant cellulose by a gravimetric method; measuring the content of plant soluble pectin and protopectin by adopting a carbazole colorimetric method; measuring the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the plum fruits by using a digital vernier caliper (TESA-CAL IP67), weighing each 10 plum fruits by using a one-thousandth analysis RADWAG electronic balance (AS60/C/2), and calculating the average single fruit weight; measuring the content of soluble solid by using a Japanese loving digital display saccharimeter (PAL-1); the total sugar content is determined by adopting a phenol-sulfuric acid method, the total acid content is determined by adopting an acid-base titration method, and the sugar-acid ratio is calculated.
4. Data processing and analysis
The experimental data were processed using Microsoft Excel 2010 software and plotted against statistical analysis using SPSS18.0 software.
Example 1
Study on the influence of different ground coverage modes on the cracking rate and the fruit quality of the green and crispy plums
This example investigated the effect of plastic mulching, straw (stalk) mulching and grass mulching on the split rate of prunus salicina and analyzed the fruit cellulose and pectin content associated with the split fruit, while analyzing the effect of different ground mulching on the fruit quality of prunus salicina.
1. Design of experiments
Selecting a certain planting area in the green and crisp plum orchard of the test site for testing, and respectively setting the following 3 treatments for 3 same cells: (1) covering with rice straw (stalk straw); (2) mulching; (3) covering with natural grass. The above process sets up 3 repetitions, for a total of 9 cells, each cell having an area of 100m2Each district is a row of 10 trees, the trees are randomly arranged in groups, and 1m deep ditches are dug among the districts for isolation. The test is arranged in middle ten days of 5 months in 2021, the coverage of the whole straw (stalk straw) covers the area of the whole cell, and the thickness is 15 cm; the mulching film adopts a gardening silver black reflective film with the thickness of 0.02mm, and covers the whole cell.
2. Test results
(1) The influence of different ground covering modes on the green plum fruit cracking rate is shown in fig. 1, and as can be seen from fig. 1, the green plum fruit cracking rate of the mulching film covering group is the lowest and is 68.94%, which is significantly lower than that of other covering groups; secondly, covering groups with straws, wherein the fruit cracking rate is 79.75%; the fruit cracking rate of the natural grass covered group is the highest and reaches as high as 84.69 percent.
(2) The influence of different ground covering modes on the cellulose content and the pectin content of the prunus humilis fruits is shown in table 1, and as can be seen from table 1, the cellulose content, the soluble pectin content, the protopectin content and the total pectin content of the prunus humilis fruits under the mulching film covering reach the highest values, namely 1.14%, 2.96%, 6.76% and 9.72% respectively. The cellulose content, the soluble pectin content, the protopectin content and the total pectin content of the green and crisp plum fruits covered by the straws and the grass are all lower than those of the green and crisp plum fruits covered by the mulching film.
TABLE 1 Effect of different floor coverings on cellulose and pectin content
(3) The influence of different ground covering modes on the quality of the prunus salicina fruits is shown in table 2, and as can be seen from table 2, the prunus salicina fruits under the mulching film covering have the highest longitudinal diameter and the highest transverse diameter, the weight of a single fruit is also the highest, and the total sugar content is also the highest. More importantly, the content of soluble solid matters of the green and crisp plum fruits under the mulching film covering is the highest and reaches 9.70 percent, and the content is obviously higher than that of other treatment groups. Although the sugar-acid ratio of the mulching is slightly lower than that of the straw mulching, the difference is not large, and is still significantly higher than that of the raw straw mulching.
TABLE 2 influence of different ground coverage patterns on fruit quality
From the test results, the fruit cracking rate of the green and crispy plum fruits can be obviously reduced by adopting a ground film mulching mode, the quality of the green and crispy plum fruits can be obviously improved, and particularly the content of soluble solids is greatly improved.
Example 2
(II) researching the influence of different rain sheltering ways on the fruit cracking rate and the fruit quality of the green and crisp plums
In the embodiment, the influence of the cracking rate of the green and crisp plum fruits in four ways of full rain sheltering of the tree crowns, rain sheltering of the root systems, rain sheltering of the fruits and no rain sheltering is researched, the influence of each rain sheltering way on the water content of the fruits is analyzed, and the influence of different rain sheltering ways on the quality of the green and crisp plum fruits is analyzed.
1. Design of experiments
In the green and crisp plum orchard of the test site, another planting area is selected for testing, and the following 4 treatments are respectively arranged on 4 same cells: (1) the tree crown is rain-sheltered; (2) the root system keeps out rain; (3) fruit rain sheltering; (4) and the rain shelter is avoided. The above process is set to 3 repetitions, for a total of 12 cells, each cell having an area of 100m2Each district is a row of 10 trees, the trees are randomly arranged in groups, and 1m deep ditches are dug among the districts for isolation. The test is started to be arranged on the day 11 (about 1 month before maturity) 6 months in 2021, and the tree crown is covered with a film to cover the whole cell area for full rain sheltering. The root system rain shelters from adopts a gardening silver black reflective membrane, the thickness is 0.02mm, and the whole cell ground is covered; fruit rain sheltering is to adopt fruit bagging to carry out bagging treatment on fruits; the rain sheltering is not needed, the device is in a natural state, and no rain sheltering measure is taken.
2. Test results
(1) The influence of different rain sheltering ways on the fruit cracking rate of the green and crisp plums is shown in fig. 2, and as can be seen from fig. 2, when rain sheltering is not performed, the fruit cracking rate of the green and crisp plums is severe and reaches 84.69%, the fruit cracking rate is remarkably reduced after rain sheltering measures are adopted, wherein the prevention and control effect is best when the crowns are fully sheltered from rain, the fruit cracking rate is only 27.69%, the fruit cracking rate is remarkably superior to that of other rain sheltering measures, and the fruit cracking rates of fruit rain sheltering and root rain sheltering respectively reach 45.12% and 68.94%.
(2) The influence of different rain sheltering ways on the water content of the green and crisp plum fruits is shown in table 3, and as can be seen from table 3, the influence of rain sheltering measures and rain sheltering-free conditions on the water content of the green and crisp plum fruits is not great, and the water content of the fruits can be well ensured.
TABLE 3 influence of different rain sheltering methods on the water content of Prunus salicina fruits
| Different rain sheltering modes | Fruit moisture content% |
| Tree crown rain shelter | 88.50 |
| Rain sheltering for root system | 89.56 |
| Fruit rain shelter | 88.62 |
| Without rain shelter | 90.76 |
(4) The influence of different rain sheltering ways on the quality of the green and crispy plum fruits is shown in table 4, and it can be seen from table 4 that when the crown is sheltered from rain, the longitudinal and transverse diameters, the single fruit weight and the sugar-acid ratio of the green and crispy plum fruits are the largest. And in the root rain sheltering way, the total sugar and the soluble solid of the green and crisp plum fruits are the highest, but the crown rain sheltering way is still better than other conditions, so that the comprehensive evaluation shows that the crown rain sheltering way has the best effect on improving the quality of the green and crisp plum fruits.
TABLE 4 influence of different rain sheltering ways on the quality of prunus salicina fruits
From the test results, the rain sheltering mode that the tree crowns are fully sheltered from rain is adopted, the fruit cracking rate of the green and crisp plum fruits can be obviously reduced, and meanwhile, the quality of the green and crisp plum fruits can be obviously improved.
Example 3
(III) researching influence of spraying calcium fertilizer on cracking rate and fruit quality of green and crisp plums in different periods
In the embodiment, the influence of the calcium spraying in the young fruit period, the calcium spraying in the expansion period, the calcium spraying before the mature period and the calcium fertilizer spraying are not performed on the fruit cracking rate of the green and crisp plums is researched, the cellulose content and the pectin content of fruits related to fruit cracking are analyzed, and meanwhile, the influence of the calcium spraying in different periods on the quality of the green and crisp plums is compared.
1. Design of experiments
And (3) reselecting a planting area in the green and crisp plum orchard of the test site to perform the test, and respectively setting the following 4 treatments for 4 identical cells: (1) spraying calcium in the young fruit period; (2) spraying calcium in the expansion period; (3) spraying calcium before maturation; (4) no spraying of calcium. The above process is set to 3 repetitions, for a total of 12 cells, each cell having an area of 100m2Each district is a row of 10 trees, the trees are randomly arranged in groups, and 1m deep ditches are dug among the districts for isolation.
2. Test results
(1) The influence of calcium spraying in different periods on the fruit cracking rate of the green and crispy plums is shown in fig. 3, and it can be seen from fig. 3 that after the three periods of calcium spraying treatment, the fruit cracking rate of the green and crispy plums is remarkably reduced compared with that when the calcium spraying is not carried out, which indicates that the calcium spraying has a better prevention and control effect on fruit cracking. Compared with the calcium spraying effect in different periods, the fruit cracking rate is lowest after calcium spraying in the expansion period, but the difference with the spraying in the young fruit period is not obvious, and the calcium spraying anti-cracking effect before maturity is relatively poor.
(2) The influence of calcium spraying on the cellulose and pectin contents of the prunus salicina at different periods is shown in table 5, and as can be seen from table 5, the cellulose and pectin contents of fruits are increased by spraying the calcium fertilizer in three periods, wherein the cellulose content, the soluble pectin, the protopectin and the total pectin content of the fruits are highest when the calcium fertilizer is sprayed in a young fruit period, but the difference between the fruits and the spraying in a swelling period is not significant and is remarkably higher than that between a mature period and a contrast period, and the cellulose and pectin contents of the fruits are lower when the calcium fertilizer is sprayed before the mature period and are not significantly different from that of the contrast period.
TABLE 5 influence of calcium spraying on cellulose and pectin contents of Prunus humilis Bunge fruit at different time periods
(3) The influence of calcium spraying at different periods on the quality of the green and crispy plum fruits is shown in table 6, and as can be seen from table 6, compared with a control, the longitudinal diameter, the transverse diameter and the single fruit weight of the green and crispy plum fruits are increased after the calcium fertilizer is sprayed, wherein the calcium fertilizer is sprayed in a young fruit period and a swelling period to achieve the best effect, and the calcium fertilizer is sprayed in the young fruit period and the swelling period to achieve the best effect on the total sugar content. Although the sugar acid ratio is the highest when calcium is sprayed before ripening, the content of soluble solid matters is lower, and the content of the soluble solid matters in the green and crisp plum fruits can be greatly improved by spraying calcium fertilizer in the young fruit period and the expansion period. Therefore, the calcium fertilizer is sprayed in the young fruit period and the expansion period to achieve the best treatment effect.
TABLE 6 influence of calcium spraying on the quality of Prunus salicina fruits at different periods
From the test results, the calcium fertilizer is sprayed in the young fruit period and the expansion period to obviously reduce the fruit cracking rate of the green and crisp plum fruits and obviously improve the quality of the green and crisp plum fruits.
Through the single-factor groping test, key factors influencing the fruit cracking rate and the fruit quality of the green and crispy plum are determined, the whole experiment is designed again, the method capable of further reducing the fruit cracking rate of the green and crispy plum and greatly improving the fruit quality is obtained, meanwhile, the contradiction between the low requirement of the content of soluble solids in preventing and treating fruit cracking and the high requirement of the soluble solids in realizing the fruit taste is well solved, and the specific scheme is shown in the following experimental examples 1-3. However, the method for preventing fruit cracking and improving fruit quality of prunus salicina fruits provided by the invention is not limited to the schemes in experimental examples 1-3, and those skilled in the art can understand that other schemes according to the claims and the description can bring corresponding technical effects, and the invention is not limited to the schemes in the patent examples.
Experimental example 1
The method for preventing the fruit cracking of the prunus salicina fruits and improving the fruit quality is provided by examining the influence of comprehensive control measures on the fruit cracking and the fruit quality improvement of the prunus salicina fruits in the experimental area and combining single-factor experimental results, and comprises the following steps:
s1: when the base fertilizer is applied to soil in autumn, a calcium fertilizer is additionally applied to the root of the prunus humilis bunge (prunus humilis) tree, wherein the application amount of the calcium fertilizer is 1.4kg per plant;
s2: respectively spraying calcium fertilizer on the leaf surfaces of the brittle plums in the young fruit period and the expansion period, wherein the spraying amount of the calcium fertilizer in two times is 1.6kg per plant;
s3: in the middle ten days of the 5 months, the brittle plum orchard is completely covered by a mulching film, furrows are dug among planting rows, and the furrowing depth is 1 m;
s4: one month before the fruits are ripe, a rain shelter is arranged above the brittle plum fruit tree, the height of the rain shelter from the top of the tree body is 1m, and the tree crown is completely sheltered from rain.
Counting the fruit cracking rate of the green and crisp plum fruits obtained by the method to be 6.85%, determining that the cellulose content in the fruits is 1.20%, the soluble pectin content is 3.17mg/g, the protopectin content is 6.99mg/g, the total pectin content is 10.16mg/g, and determining the fruit quality as follows: the longitudinal diameter is 43.12mm, the transverse diameter is 46.05mm, the weight of a single fruit is 49.11g, the sugar-acid ratio is 8.67, and the content of soluble solids is 15.51%.
Experimental example 2
A method for preventing fruit cracking of prunus salicina fruits and improving fruit quality comprises the following steps:
s1: when the base fertilizer is applied to soil in autumn, a calcium fertilizer is additionally applied to the root of the prunus humilis bunge (prunus humilis) tree, wherein the application amount of the calcium fertilizer is 1.5kg per plant;
s2: respectively spraying calcium fertilizer on the leaf surfaces of the brittle plums in the young fruit period and the expansion period, wherein the spraying amount of the calcium fertilizer in two times is 1.8kg per plant;
s3: in the middle ten days of the 5 months, the brittle plum orchard is completely covered by a mulching film, furrows are dug among planting rows, and the furrowing depth is 1.5 m;
s4: one month before the fruits are ripe, a rain shelter is arranged above the brittle plum fruit tree, the height of the rain shelter from the top of the tree body is 1.2m, and the tree crown is fully sheltered from rain; spraying ethephon 0.5g/L to fruit, and spraying gibberellin 0.5g/L to fruit after one day interval.
Counting the fruit cracking rate of the green and crisp plum fruits obtained by the method to be 6.14%, determining that the cellulose content in the fruits is 1.21%, the soluble pectin content is 3.15mg/g, the protopectin content is 7.27mg/g, the total pectin content is 10.42mg/g, and determining the fruit quality as follows: the longitudinal diameter is 43.51mm, the transverse diameter is 46.22mm, the weight of a single fruit is 49.54g, the sugar-acid ratio is 8.76, and the content of soluble solids is 15.57%.
Experimental example 3
A method for preventing fruit cracking of prunus salicina fruits and improving fruit quality comprises the following steps:
s1: when the base fertilizer is applied to soil in autumn, a calcium fertilizer is additionally applied to the root of the prunus humilis bunge (prunus humilis) tree, wherein the application amount of the calcium fertilizer is 1.2kg per plant;
s2: after blooming, the following four trace fertilizers are sequentially sprayed on the leaf surfaces and fruits at intervals in the two circumferential directions, wherein the four trace fertilizers are calculated according to the mass percentage: 0.1% borax, 0.2% ferric citrate, 0.2% manganese sulfate and 0.1% zinc sulfate;
s3: respectively spraying calcium fertilizer on the leaf surfaces of the brittle plums in the young fruit period and the expansion period, wherein the spraying amount of the calcium fertilizer in two times is 1.5kg per plant;
s4: in the middle ten days of the 5 months, the brittle plum orchard is completely covered by a mulching film, furrows are dug among planting rows, and the furrowing depth is 1.2 m;
s5: one month before the fruits are ripe, a rain shelter is arranged above the brittle plum fruit tree, the height of the rain shelter from the top of the tree body is 1.5m, and the tree crown is fully sheltered from rain; spraying ethephon 0.5g/L to fruits, and continuously spraying gibberellin 0.5g/L to fruits after one day interval;
s6: one month before harvesting, 1.2kg of potassium sulfate per plant is sprayed on the leaf surfaces.
Counting the fruit cracking rate of the green and crisp plum fruits obtained by the method to be 5.89%, determining that the cellulose content in the fruits is 1.45%, the soluble pectin content is 3.37mg/g, the protopectin content is 7.42mg/g, the total pectin content is 10.79mg/g, and determining the fruit quality as follows: the longitudinal diameter is 44.35mm, the transverse diameter is 47.51mm, the weight of a single fruit is 50.89g, the sugar-acid ratio is 8.97, and the content of soluble solids is 16.28%.
Experimental example 4
The experimental example examines the influence of the comprehensive control method on the disease resistance of the plum trees.
As the fruit cracking rate in the green and crisp plum orchard in the test site before treatment reaches 90 percent, the plum fruit trees and fruit brown rot in the orchard is serious, and the incidence rate of the brown rot in the whole orchard is more than 30 percent.
In a test field green and crisp plum orchard, 4 same cells are selected, and the fruit trees in the cells do not suffer from brown rot disease and are respectively treated according to the following steps: (1) the method of experiment example 1 is adopted for treatment; (2) the method of experiment example 2 is adopted for treatment; (3) the method of experimental example 3 is adopted for treatment; (4) no treatment is carried out. The treatment is repeated for 3 times, the number of the treatment is 12, each cell comprises 50 fruit trees, the fruit trees are randomly arranged in groups, and ditches with the depth of 1m are dug among the cells for isolation. The test is arranged in middle 5 th of the 2021 year and is picked up after the plum fruits are fully ripe. And (3) counting the incidence rate of the brown rot of all fruit trees in each cell, recording the plants with diseases such as leaves or fruits of the fruit trees as diseased plants and recording the normal plants as plants without diseases, and calculating the incidence rate of the brown rot, wherein the results are shown in table 7.
TABLE 7 influence of the comprehensive treatment on the incidence of brown rot of prunus salicina
| Treatment mode | Counting the total number of plants/plant | Number of plants with disease | Incidence rate of brown rot% |
| Experimental example 1 | 150 | 6 | 4 |
| Experimental example 2 | 150 | 5 | 3.3 |
| Experimental example 3 | 150 | 3 | 2 |
| Control (not administered) | 150 | 40 | 30 |
From the experimental examples 1-4, the comprehensive control method disclosed by the invention can reduce the plum fruit cracking rate of the green and crisp plum orchard from 90% to 5.89%, and can obviously improve the quality of plum fruits: the fruit has larger longitudinal and transverse diameters, heavier average single fruit weight, better sugar acid ratio and higher content of soluble solid; in addition, the morbidity of brown rot can be reduced from 30% to 2%, and the control effect is extremely remarkable.
Claims (10)
1. A method for preventing cracked plum and improving fruit quality is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: when a base fertilizer is applied to soil in autumn, a calcium fertilizer is additionally applied to the roots of the prunus salicina, wherein the application amount of the calcium fertilizer is 1.2-1.5kg per plant;
s2: respectively spraying calcium fertilizer to the leaf surfaces once in the young fruit period and the expansion period of the crisp plums, wherein the spraying amount of the calcium fertilizer for two times is 1.5-1.8kg per plant;
s3: in the middle ten days of the 5 months, the brittle plum orchard is completely covered by a mulching film, furrows are dug among planting rows, and the furrowing depth is 1-1.5 m;
s4: one month before the fruits are ripe, a rain shelter is arranged above the brittle plum fruit tree to completely shelter the crown from rain.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the calcium fertilizer in steps S1 and S2 comprises an inorganic calcium fertilizer comprising calcium superphosphate, calcium nitrate, calcium silicate fertilizer or hydrated lime and/or an organic calcium fertilizer comprising calcium organo-phosphates, EDTA chelated calcium, calcium lignosulfonate, calcium amino acid, sugar alcohol chelated calcium or calcium xanthonate.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the mulching film in step S3 is a horticultural silver black reflective film with a thickness of 0.02 mm.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the canopy is at a height of more than one meter from the top of the tree in step S4.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the prunus salicina comprises prunus wilsonii or prunus humilis, and the prunus wilsonii comprises prunus wilsonii, prunus persica, prunus cerasifera, prunus humilis, or prunus gigantea.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising watering once every 2-3 days while encountering continuous drought weather, maintaining soil moisture at 40-70%.
7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising applying a micro-fertilizer to the foliage and fruit surfaces after flowering, the micro-fertilizer comprising by mass: 0.1-0.2% of borax, 0.1-0.2% of ferric citrate, 0.1-0.2% of manganese sulfate and 0.1-0.2% of zinc sulfate.
8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the micro-fertilizer is sprayed by spraying one micro-fertilizer every two weeks, sequentially spraying borax, ferric citrate, manganese sulfate and zinc sulfate.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising spraying the fruit with 0.5g/L ethephon 1 month before the fruit ripens and continuing to spray fruit with 0.5g/L gibberellin one day later.
10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising spraying potassium sulfate 1.2-1.3 kg/plant to the foliage one month before harvesting.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115024147A (en) * | 2022-06-14 | 2022-09-09 | 山东农业大学 | Fertilizing method for improving high-quality fruit rate of red fragrant crisp pears |
| CN115024147B (en) * | 2022-06-14 | 2024-01-23 | 山东农业大学 | Fertilizing method for improving high-quality fruit rate of red crisp pears |
| CN115136841A (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2022-10-04 | 南充市农业科学院 | Citrus anti-cracking method and application |
| CN115136841B (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2023-04-25 | 南充市农业科学院 | Orange anti-cracking method and application |
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