CN114365708A - Full-artificial environment feeding method for Changjiang river finless porpoise - Google Patents
Full-artificial environment feeding method for Changjiang river finless porpoise Download PDFInfo
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- CN114365708A CN114365708A CN202111458933.1A CN202111458933A CN114365708A CN 114365708 A CN114365708 A CN 114365708A CN 202111458933 A CN202111458933 A CN 202111458933A CN 114365708 A CN114365708 A CN 114365708A
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
- A01K61/13—Prevention or treatment of fish diseases
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/60—Floating cultivation devices, e.g. rafts or floating fish-farms
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
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- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a full-artificial environment feeding method for Changjiang river finless porpoise, belonging to the technical field of aquaculture. The method mainly comprises the steps of animal domestication and introduction, daily feeding management, water quality regulation and control, bait fish matching, disease prevention and treatment and the like. The method can ensure the healthy growth of the finless porpoise, meet the nutritional requirements of the finless porpoise, reduce the occurrence of diseases and promote the normal development of the finless porpoise in the full-artificial environment. The invention provides technical support for scientific research of the finless porpoise and other small whales and provides basic guarantee for the implementation of the scheme of comprehensively promoting the saving action of the finless porpoise in the Yangtze river in China.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of aquaculture, in particular to a method for breeding a unique aquatic mammal in Yangtze river, namely Yangtze river finless porpoise, in a full artificial environment.
Background
The Changjiang river finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientatis ssp. asiaeorientati) is a unique aquatic mammal in China and is a flagship species of the Changjiang river ecosystem. Because of the influence of various human activities, the natural population of the Yangtze river finless porpoise seriously declines, and the number of the existing natural population is more than 1000, so that the protection situation is severe. The red record of the IUCN in 2013 is extremely endangered species, and the new national key protection wild animal record of China in 2021 upgrades the red record into a national first-class protection animal. The artificial breeding and breeding research is one of three measures for protecting the Changjiang river finless porpoise, and researchers of aquatic organism research institute of Chinese academy of sciences continuously make efforts for decades to break through the artificial breeding technology of the Changjiang river finless porpoise and form a complete technical system. The establishment of healthy Yangtze river finless porpoise artificial feeding population provides an important scientific research platform for the deep research of the biology, particularly the breeding physiology of Yangtze river finless porpoise, provides an important technical support for the natural population protection and the ex-situ population protection management of Yangtze river finless porpoise, provides an inexplicable science popularization platform for the public to observe and understand Yangtze river finless porpoise in close range, and plays an active role in promoting the public to understand the aquatic organisms in Yangtze river and arousing the enthusiasm of the masses participating in the protection of the Yangtze river.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an effective method for successfully breeding the Changjiang river finless porpoise in the full artificial environment, and a complete technical system is constructed for promoting the integral protection of the Changjiang river finless porpoise so as to promote the smooth implementation of the saving action plan of the Changjiang river finless porpoise; meanwhile, the invention also provides reference for feeding and protecting other small endangered whales in the world.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a full-artificial environmental feeding method for Yangtze river finless porpoise mainly comprises the following steps:
(1) catching and temporary culture domestication of wild Changjiang river finless porpoise
After approval by the department in charge of aquatic wild animals, a sound-driven net-catching method is adopted to catch wild Changjiang river finless porpoise from the field and select individuals suitable for artificial breeding. Selecting a river branch without pollution and artificial interference in a near water area for fishing, inserting a net to form a fence or arranging a net cage, transferring the fished and screened animals into the fence or the net cage for field temporary culture and domestication, and domesticating the finless porpoise to gradually adapt to the feeding mode of manually throwing palatable icy and fresh bait fish. Through temporary rearing observation, individuals with strong adaptability and small stress response are screened, transported to an artificial environment for feeding through a semi-dry wet transportation method, and the rest individuals are released to the original natural environment.
(2) Adaptation and domestication of full artificial environment of Changjiang river finless porpoise
The Changjiang river finless porpoise entering the full-artificial feeding environment from the field living environment faces a series of adaptive challenges mainly related to adaptation of bait fish species and feeding modes, adaptation of artificial feeding water body environment, adaptation of artificial operation and the like, so that the adaptation and domestication of the full-artificial environment is a key link for the wild Changjiang river finless porpoise feeding and domestication.
The adaptation of bait fish species change and feeding mode: for the Changjiang river finless porpoise newly entering into artificial environment, the bait fish used in field temporary culture and domestication period is still adopted, generally, the bait fish needs to be gradually transited to the frozen bait fish used in artificial environment for a long time, the length of the transition period has individual difference, and the feeding behavior, the food intake and the nutritional status of animals are the main reference basis for determining the length of the transition period.
After the wild Changjiang river finless porpoise temporarily cultured and domesticated in the field is transferred into a full-artificial environment, the wild Yangtze river finless porpoise needs to be further adapted to a feeding mode of throwing fed bait fish, and the domesticated animals are gradually adapted to a mode of transiting from throwing fed icy fresh bait fish to feeding bait fish close to hands of feeding personnel by establishing trust of the animals to the feeding personnel. The method mainly comprises the following steps: 1) environmental adaptation; 2) enhancing the feeding of fish; 3) feeding fish by hand for domestication.
(3) Full-artificial environment feeding management of Changjiang river finless porpoise
After the wild Yangtze river finless porpoise entering the full-artificial environment can stably eat the bait fish fed by hands, normal feeding management can be carried out, and the process focuses on the management in the following aspects: bait fish selection, preservation and treatment, feeding system, water environment regulation and management, daily physical examination and medical care, prevention and treatment of common diseases and the like.
For the above 3 steps, the specific technical details are as follows:
in the step (1), the fishing season and individual selection are performed. Considering the influence on the breeding of the Yangtze river finless porpoise to be reduced as much as possible, the 11-2 months are the optimal window period of the wild Yangtze river finless porpoise fishing operation and are carried out in early winter (10-11 months) or early spring (2-3) seasons. The sub-adult (2-3 years old) is more suitable for feeding domestication in a full artificial environment than the young individual and the adult individual, so that the sub-adult with the body length of 120-130cm and the body weight of 35-50kg is generally selected as the candidate; meanwhile, the health of the animals is confirmed through B-ultrasonic examination and blood index examination; in addition, the behavior of the animals needs to be observed and recorded during the temporary rearing period, and individuals with mild temperament and relatively insensitive stress are selected; the hermaphrodite individuality is selected according to a ratio of >1: 1. If an adult is selected, a non-pregnant female adult is selected by B-ultrasonic confirmation.
In the step (1), temporarily cultivating and domesticating wild Yangtze river finless porpoise in a fence or a net cage. An artificial fence or a net cage (the mesh size is 6cm) is arranged in advance and is used for field adaptation and domestication of the Changjiang river finless porpoise. The specific operation steps are as follows: setting a fence water area, wherein the fence area is not less than 500 square meters, selecting a water area with a flat bottom slope surface, no sundries or gravels, a water depth of 1-3m and relatively gentle water flow. The water depth of the temporary culture net cage setting area is more than 10 meters, and the water flow is less than 0.6 m/s; the net cage is made of soft nylon ropes, the net cage is made into round corners, the area of the net cage is not less than 200 square meters, and the water depth is within 5 m.
In the step (1), a temporary culture domestication step of wild Yangtze river finless porpoise. Selecting palatable natural bait fish (with tail length of 10-15cm) of wild Changjiang river finless porpoise, and placing into a thermal insulation box containing crushed ice for fresh-keeping; accurately counting the bait fishes to be fed, throwing the bait fishes to the center of the fence or the net cage, and stimulating the finless porpoise to start to get used to the bait fishes fed from the water surface or the upper layer of the water body. The feeding frequency is once every 1.5 hours, the eating desire of the finless porpoise and the number of fish fillets as baits are observed and recorded. Gradually reducing the feeding frequency along with the establishment of the reaction of the animals to the fed fish, controlling the feeding frequency once every 2-3 hours, observing and recording the feeding amount of each time, and estimating the food intake. In the first week, the animal generally shows a significant decrease in body weight and health due to poor food intake and stress response, which is the most vulnerable stage of the animal; thereafter, as the animal's food intake increases and the human activity becomes more adaptive, the normal physical condition will appear to gradually recover. If the animals eat stably and the behaviors are normal, carrying out physical examination once in the third week, evaluating the health condition of the animals according to the blood examination result, selecting individuals suitable for full-artificial feeding by combining a physical examination report and animal behavior observation records, preparing for long-distance transportation, and transporting the domesticated finless porpoises to an indoor artificial feeding pond. Note that: during the temporary rearing and domestication period, bait fishes which are not eaten by the animals should be removed in time, so as to avoid the rotten bait fishes from influencing the health of the animals.
In the step (1), the finless porpoise is transported to a full-artificial feeding environment by adopting a semi-dry-wet transportation method, and the specific operation procedure is as follows: 1) semi-dry transportation of finless porpoise: the transport case is a uncovered cuboid box body made of stainless steel or PVC material with the width of 1200mm, the depth of 600mm and the length of 1800mm, sponge with the thickness of 150mm is paved at the bottom of the box body, water is taken from the temporary culture river branch and is injected into the transport case, and the water level is increased to about 25 cm; wrapping the porpoise to be transported by a stretcher, putting the porpoise to be transported into the upper part of the sponge layer of the box body in a U shape, fixing the rods at the two sides of the stretcher with the support connecting rods around the upper end of the box body by using the tying belts, and adjusting the height of the tying belts at the two sides to ensure that the body of an animal is straight and in the most comfortable state; then the water level height is adjusted according to the size of the animal, so that the animal 2/3 with the height is immersed in the water to preferably overflow the eyes of the animal; after the finless porpoise is fixed, a pure cotton thick bath towel is used for wetting, and the back of the finless porpoise is covered with the bath towel, so that the exhalation hole is exposed. If the route exceeds 3 hours, a dose of sedative is required to be injected according to the weight and the stress condition of the animals. Arranging 2 experienced personnel (including 1 veterinarian) to perform whole-course nursing, mainly observing the behavior of the finless porpoise, and recording the respiratory frequency of the finless porpoise, wherein the respiratory frequency of the finless porpoise is generally 15-30 times/5 min during transportation; the body of the finless porpoise needs to be kept moist in the whole transportation process, the head and the back of the finless porpoise are watered with the transportation box water body at least every 5min, and the watering time is paid attention to avoid the animal breathing time. 2) The adaptability of the finless porpoise to the whole artificial environment: during the transportation of the finless porpoise, preparation for receiving is made in a full-artificial environment, the depth of pool water is maintained at 1.2 m, and the temperature difference between the pool water and the water temperature in the finless porpoise transportation box is not more than 2 ℃; after the finless porpoise arrives, the finless porpoise is lifted into the water pool, the stretcher cloth is removed, and the finless porpoise is assisted to relieve the body and recover the swimming capability. Closely observing the behavior of animals, if the finless porpoise does not react violently after entering the indoor water pool for 1 hour, gradually deepening the water level, increasing the water level by 0.5 meter every 2 hours, closely observing the respiratory frequency and swimming behavior of the finless porpoise, and gradually deepening the water level until the water pool automatically overflows (3.5 meters).
In the step (2), the full-artificial rearing pond is a circular pond, the water depth is kept at 3.0-3.5 m, the main structure of the pond is poured by reinforced concrete, and the full-artificial rearing pond is preferably composed of 3-5 ponds, each pond is mutually independent and is connected by a channel, and the full-artificial rearing pond mainly comprises a rearing pond, a breeding pond, a treatment pond and the like, and is respectively provided with a complete water inlet and outlet interface, the rearing hall is sufficient in lighting, light is controlled by a curtain, the ventilation is good, and ventilation facilities are installed; the PVC glue film is paved on the inner wall of the water pool. Lifting equipment is arranged above the full-artificial rearing pond and is used for lifting the finless porpoises; the inner wall of the pool is provided with a transparent acrylic underwater observation window and an underwater network camera, so that the animal behaviors can be observed and recorded conveniently. The vitamin system matched with the rearing pond comprises the following facilities: a sand jar for physical filtration, a water pump, an electromechanical device, a refrigeration device and a water quality disinfection device. The water quality disinfection equipment comprises an ozone and chlorine dioxide adding system, a flocculating agent adding system, a denitrification dephosphorization and on-line water quality detection instrument and meter; the refrigerating equipment is used for cooling the breeding water body in summer, the maximum water temperature in summer is controlled below 27 ℃, and the maximum water temperature in winter is kept above 10 ℃.
In the step (2), the wild Yangtze river finless porpoise is subjected to full-artificial environment adaptation and hand-feeding fish domestication, and the specific steps are as follows: 1) and (3) environmental adaptation: the stress reaction is a natural reaction of all wild animals entering an artificial environment, so that the ambient environment is kept quiet, the artificial interference is reduced, and the basis for feeding and domesticating wild Changjiang river finless porpoise is gradually established as the trust of the animals to feeding personnel. 2) Feeding reinforcement: the bait fish used in the field temporary culture and domestication period is still adopted to further adapt to the behavior of feeding the finless porpoise. Observing the swimming track of the finless porpoise, prejudging the water outlet position of the finless porpoise, throwing the bait fish to the position 30-60cm in front of the head of the finless porpoise, and simultaneously strengthening the adaptive response of the finless porpoise to the thrown and fed fish through whistle reinforcement until the finless porpoise can stably accept manual feeding of the bait fish. 3) Hand feeding domestication: the manual feeding of the fish is the key of the indoor artificial feeding of the finless porpoise. When the reaction of the animals on the fish feeding is stable, the animals are guided to gradually approach the feeding personnel from far to near by actively adjusting the feeding point position; when the animals can approach the pond wall at the position of a breeder, the tail of the bait fish is held by hands and is close to the water surface, the head of the bait fish faces the head of the finless porpoise, and when the finless porpoise approaches, the hands are loosened to let the finless porpoise take the bait fish, and meanwhile, the whistle is strengthened; and then the height of the bait fish from the water surface is gradually raised, the domesticated finless porpoise exposes the eyes and the whole head and receives the feed fed by hands.
In the step (3), the daily feeding management in the full artificial environment mainly comprises: bait fish selection, preservation and treatment, feeding system, water environment regulation and management, daily physical examination and medical care, prevention and treatment of common diseases and the like. The method comprises the following specific steps:
1) selecting, storing and processing bait fish. The bait fish for artificial culture comprises crucian, carp,
Etc., can be live fish or frozen bait fish; selecting the bait fish standard: the live fish is 8-12 cm long, has no trauma, has rich mucus on the body surface, has bright fish eyes, bright fish gills and dark red color, and has no parasites on the body surface, the fish gills and the internal organs; the frozen bait fish is made of crucian,
Cleaning after water is taken out, packaging by using a freshness protection package, quickly freezing in a refrigeration house at minus 30 ℃, reducing the temperature of the fish body to minus 20 ℃ within 2 hours, and then transferring to the refrigeration house at minus 20 ℃ for storage.
In winter, the frozen bait fish is thawed by natural thawing method, and in summer, in high temperature season, thawing is carried out by 4-7 deg.C thawing refrigerator. After thawing, cleaning with clear water, then soaking in 3% saline solution for 10 minutes for disinfection, washing with clear water, draining off water, and feeding. Artificially feeding or temporarily culturing live fish purchased from the market for more than 7 days for reuse, and not feeding the feed during the period, so that excrement in the intestinal tract and dirt at gill parts of the fish are completely removed. Feeding live fish bait, fishing out the live fish bait according to the amount, soaking the live fish bait in 3 percent saline water for 10 minutes, washing the live fish bait with clear water, and feeding the live fish bait.
2) And (4) feeding system. The daily food intake of the finless porpoise has obvious seasonal variation, generally presents obvious negative correlation with the environmental temperature variation, is prepared according to 6-8% of the weight of the finless porpoise in spring and summer, is gradually increased to 8-10% of the weight in autumn and winter, the proportion of live fish accounts for at least 30% of the total food intake, the finless porpoise is fed for four times every day, two meals in the morning and two meals in the afternoon, the feeding interval of each meal is more than 2.5 hours, and the finless porpoise ensures that the intestines and the stomach of animals are fully emptied.
Fishing live bait fish as required, cleaning with clear water, soaking with 3% salt solution for 10 min, and cleaning with clear water; the frozen bait fish is taken out 24 hours in advance in summer and placed in a thawing refrigerator at 4-7 ℃ for thawing, natural thawing is adopted when the temperature is lower than 0 ℃ in winter, the whole bait fish is thawed to be eight-percent, and the treatment method of the thawed bait fish is the same as that of a live fish.
3) And (5) regulating and managing the water environment.
The water environment control needs to meet the following water quality indexes: the water temperature is 10-27 ℃, the pH value is 7.2-8.5, the ORP 300-600mv, the turbidity is 0.2-1.0NTU, the chlorine dioxide is 0.02-0.3mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen is less than 0.5mg/L, the nitrite is 0.05-0.13mg/L, the total bacteria amount is 0-20CFU/mL, and the Escherichia coli amount is 0-400 CFU/L.
Meanwhile, the raising venue is ventilated for more than 30 minutes in the morning, at noon and at night every day, so that the air in the environment is kept fresh, the chlorine dioxide and ozone gas overflowing from the water body is discharged in time, and the long-term stimulation to the lung of the animal is avoided; in addition, care should be taken to sterilize the entire breeding environment, as well as to sterilize the breeding apparatus and the operating platform conventionally.
4) Daily physical examination and medical care
4.1) carrying out trauma examination on the body surface, the oral cavity and the like of the animal by utilizing a training period every day; observing and recording animal behaviors, particularly comprising abnormal behaviors (floating, slow swimming, fast swimming, jumping and the like) and changes of food intake and appetite; the animal excrement morphology and frequency are observed as the main basis for daily health examination and disease diagnosis.
4.2) carrying out routine physical examination every 3 months by means of training or catching, wherein the routine physical examination comprises measuring indexes such as body length, body weight, body circumference and the like of animals, carrying out examination and analysis on blood cells and blood biochemistry (liver function, kidney function, heart and lung function, electrolytes and the like), giving a comprehensive physical examination report, and filing and recording a main basis for disease diagnosis.
4.3) the bait fish has certain loss of microelements, water and other active substances in the process of cleaning and soaking in salt water, and the microelements need to be added manually. Aiming at the common diseases of the domestic finless porpoise, such as hyponatremia, vitamin and mineral element deficiency, active preventive measures are taken to avoid serious consequences. The method mainly comprises the following steps: supplementing 3-5g of salt to each adult animal (calculated according to 50 Kg) every day, filling edible salt (1 g/grain) into medicinal capsules, and filling into abdominal cavity of bait fish, or injecting dissolved salt solution into abdominal cavity of bait fish by using a syringe; meanwhile, each animal needs to be supplemented with compound vitamin tablets (such as Jinshierkang, which is supplemented according to the daily dosage of one granule for each adult animal) every day to prevent the problem of insufficient vitamins and minerals of the finless porpoise caused by long-time ingestion of frozen bait fish.
5) Preventing and treating common diseases.
Under the full-artificial environment, the Changjiang river finless porpoise is susceptible to diseases mainly including: skin diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases and partial obstetrical diseases, wherein the digestive diseases and the respiratory diseases are the most common diseases of the Yangtze river finless porpoise. Aiming at common diseases of domestic finless porpoise, a prevention-oriented management strategy is generally adopted, and the following are respectively and briefly described as follows:
a. skin diseases: the Changjiang river finless porpoise is susceptible to skin diseases and mainly comprises: bacterial diseases, fungal diseases and mixed infection of the bacterial diseases and the fungal diseases are mainly related to fresh water environment, seasonal dietary change and individual immunity, and are the high-incidence period of the skin diseases of the Yangtze river porpoise in early spring every year, generally between 2 and 4 months in the middle of the month and at the water temperature of 17-20 ℃. The common animal has dark black spots with the diameter of about 1mm on the back and the two sides of the abdomen, has no bulge and is in a sporadic shape, has no obvious discomfort for the animal, has no bleeding inflammation indication, is usually a transient morbidity, and disappears in days after the water temperature rises in 5 months and the weather is warm. Aiming at the seasonal skin problem, measures such as improving the disinfection efficiency of a vitamin system, increasing the water exchange rate, supplementing water and minerals in bait fish and the like can be mainly taken, so that animals can generally safely live through the skin sensitive season. In addition, the skin of the finless porpoise is very tender, and the skin of the animals is very easy to be damaged due to friction, fighting and the like, so that the improper treatment can cause the layout and even the systemic inflammatory reaction, thereby causing serious consequences. Timely and effective treatment measures should be taken for skin injuries. In mild case, iodophor can be sprayed to ensure contact time with skin as much as possible, and self-prepared ointment (triamcinolone acetonide econazole cream, ketoconazole ointment, erythromycin ointment, slough-removing and granulation-promoting ointment, etc.) can be applied topically on affected part of body surface and used in combination with oral antibacterial agent for treatment. However, due to the physiological particularity of the skin of the finless porpoise, the viscosity and the acting time of the medicine on the body surface are required to be ensured as much as possible, and a sufficient amount of antibacterial medicine is required to be orally taken. In the severe stage of the disease, corresponding antibacterial drugs with higher sensitivity are required to be adopted for treatment according to animal blood examination and focus microorganism culture results. The regulation and control of the water environment quality are key factors for treating animal skin diseases, the dosage of a chlorine-containing disinfectant is properly increased during the disease treatment, the content of free chlorine in the water is not less than 0.3mg/L, and common skin diseases can be effectively controlled by combining effective antibiotic treatment.
b. Respiratory diseases: under the environment of full-artificial feeding, due to factors such as poor ventilation conditions or close contact with human beings, the disease of a respiratory system is also a disease susceptible to the feeding of the Changjiang river finless porpoise, and if the disease cannot be effectively diagnosed and treated, serious consequences are easily caused. The main symptoms include: the respiratory rate is increased, sputum exists, exhaled air has odor, the body temperature is raised and other symptoms; the animals in the critical stage have anorexia, outlier, swimming close to the pool, slow swimming and other abnormal behaviors, abnormal rise of blood test white blood cells, abnormal liver function, blood fat index, electrolyte and the like. The respiratory system diseases need to be diagnosed and treated in time, the animal immunity is mainly treated in the early stage of the disease treatment, and the respiratory system can be adjusted by taking pidotimod capsules, allicin capsules, ambroxol tablets and the like; meanwhile, main pathogenic bacteria are required to be cultured and screened through respiratory microorganisms, and a related treatment scheme is formulated through a drug sensitive result, so that oral antibacterial treatment is carried out according to the symptoms. In the severe stage, intramuscular injection, intravenous bolus injection or intravenous drip is needed according to the result of drug allergy and the dosage scheme of whale antibiotics. During the treatment of the disease, the water-salt metabolism balance of the animals is required. In order to prevent respiratory diseases, mechanical ventilation of the feeding environment space needs to be kept, and ventilation is carried out for more than 30 minutes in the morning, at noon and at night each day; regularly disinfecting the indoor environment, and spraying the ground of the feeding hall, the ground of the bait room and the corridor at the door of the feeding hall by adopting cresol soap solution with the percentage concentration of 5%.
c. Digestive system diseases: digestive system diseases are also problems which often occur when finless porpoise is kept, and particularly in the early stage of feeding of the finless porpoise, diarrhea, acute and chronic enteritis, ulcer, reflux esophagitis, gastritis and other acute and chronic inflammations of digestive tracts of animals occur due to the changes of freshness of volatile basic nitrogen and histamine of bait in the aspects of fishing, freezing preservation, thawing treatment and the like of the bait, the massive proliferation of bacteria at normal temperature, incomplete disinfection of a bait fish preparation appliance and the like. Can be diagnosed and treated actively according to gastric juice examination, feces examination, etc. of animals. Prevention against the digestive system mainly includes: timely cleaning the bait fish appliance, performing ultraviolet disinfection on the appliance and the operation platform, making living bait fish disinfection, performing ice fresh bait inspection, and enabling a breeder to pay attention to personal hygiene and the like.
The invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects: the method can ensure that the wild Changjiang river finless porpoise realizes the adaptation change from the wild environment to the full artificial environment, ensures the normal growth of animals in the artificial environment, meets the nutritional requirements of the animals, effectively prevents and controls diseases and ensures the healthy life of the finless porpoise in the artificial environment.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the structure and water treatment process of a full-artificial Changjiang river finless porpoise rearing environment.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the specific embodiments. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A full-artificial environmental feeding method for Yangtze river finless porpoise mainly comprises the following steps:
(1) catching and temporary culture domestication of wild Changjiang river finless porpoise
After approval by the department in charge of aquatic wild animals, a sound-driven net-catching method is adopted to catch wild Changjiang river finless porpoise from the field and select individuals suitable for artificial breeding. Selecting a river branch without pollution and artificial interference in a near water area for fishing, inserting a net to form a fence or arranging a net cage, transferring the fished and screened animals into the fence or the net cage for field temporary culture and domestication, and domesticating the finless porpoise to gradually adapt to the feeding mode of manually throwing palatable icy and fresh bait fish. Through temporary rearing observation, individuals with strong adaptability and small stress response are screened, transported to an artificial environment for feeding through a semi-dry wet transportation method, and the rest individuals are released to the original natural environment.
(2) Adaptation and domestication of full artificial environment of Changjiang river finless porpoise
The Changjiang river finless porpoise entering the full-artificial feeding environment from the field living environment faces a series of adaptive challenges, mainly relating to adaptation of bait fish species and feeding modes, adaptation of artificial feeding water body environment, adaptation of artificial operation and the like, so that the adaptation and domestication of the full-artificial environment is a key link for the wild Changjiang river finless porpoise feeding and domestication.
The adaptation of bait fish species change and feeding mode: for the finless porpoise newly entering the artificial environment, the bait fish used in the field temporary culture and domestication period is still adopted, the bait fish is generally required to be gradually transited to the frozen bait fish used in the artificial environment for a long time, the length of the transition period has individual difference, and the feeding behavior, the food intake and the nutritional status of animals are main reference bases for determining the length of the transition period.
After the wild Changjiang river finless porpoise temporarily cultured and domesticated in the field is transferred into a full-artificial environment, the wild Yangtze river finless porpoise needs to be further adapted to a feeding mode of throwing fed bait fish, and the domesticated animals are gradually adapted to a mode of transiting from throwing fed icy fresh bait fish to feeding bait fish close to hands of feeding personnel by establishing trust of the animals to the feeding personnel. The method mainly comprises the following steps: 1) environmental adaptation; 2) enhancing the feeding of fish; 3) feeding fish by hand for domestication.
(3) Full-artificial environment feeding management of Changjiang river finless porpoise
After the wild Yangtze river finless porpoise entering the full-artificial environment can stably eat the bait fish fed by hands, normal feeding management can be carried out, and the process focuses on the management in the following aspects: bait fish selection, preservation and treatment, feeding system, water environment regulation and management, daily physical examination and medical care, prevention and treatment of common diseases and the like.
The specific technical details of the above 3 steps are as follows:
in the step (1), the fishing season and individual selection are performed. Considering the influence on the breeding of the Yangtze river finless porpoise to be reduced as much as possible, the 11-2 months are the optimal window period of the wild Yangtze river finless porpoise fishing operation and are carried out in early winter (10-11 months) or early spring (2-3) seasons. The sub-adult (2-3 years old) is more suitable for feeding domestication in a full artificial environment than the young individual and the adult individual, so that the sub-adult with the body length of 120-130cm and the body weight of 35-50kg is generally selected as the candidate; meanwhile, the health of the animals is confirmed through B-ultrasonic examination and blood index examination; in addition, the behavior of the animals needs to be observed and recorded during the temporary rearing period, and individuals with mild temperament and relatively insensitive stress are selected; the hermaphrodite individuality is selected according to a ratio of >1: 1. If an adult is selected, a non-pregnant female adult is selected by B-ultrasonic confirmation.
In the step (1), temporarily cultivating and domesticating wild Yangtze river finless porpoise in a fence or a net cage. An artificial fence or a net cage (the mesh size is 6cm) is arranged in advance and is used for field adaptation and domestication of the finless porpoise. The specific operation steps are as follows: setting a fence water area, wherein the fence area is not less than 500 square meters, selecting a water area with a flat bottom slope surface, no sundries or gravels, a water depth of 1-3m and relatively gentle water flow. The water depth of the temporary culture net cage setting area is more than 10 meters, and the water flow is less than 0.6 m/s; the net cage is made of soft nylon ropes, the net cage is made into round corners, the area of the net cage is not less than 200 square meters, and the water depth is within 5 m.
In the step (1), a temporary culture domestication step of wild Yangtze river finless porpoise. Selecting palatable natural bait fish (with tail length of 10-15cm) of wild Changjiang river finless porpoise, and placing into a thermal insulation box containing crushed ice for fresh-keeping; accurately counting the bait fishes to be fed, throwing the bait fishes to the center of the fence or the net cage, and stimulating the finless porpoise to start to get used to the bait fishes fed from the water surface or the upper layer of the water body. The feeding frequency is once every 1.5 hours, the eating desire of the finless porpoise and the number of fish fillets as baits are observed and recorded. Gradually reducing the feeding frequency along with the establishment of the reaction of the animals to the fed fish, controlling the feeding frequency once every 2-3 hours, observing and recording the feeding amount of each time, and estimating the food intake. In the first week, the animal generally shows a significant decrease in body weight and health due to poor food intake and stress response, which is the most vulnerable stage of the animal; then, along with the increase of the food intake of the animals and the gradual adaptation to the activities of human beings, the normal physical condition can be gradually recovered, if the food intake of the animals is stable, the behavior is normal, a physical examination is carried out in the third week, the health condition of the animals is evaluated according to the blood examination result, an individual suitable for full-artificial feeding is selected by combining a physical examination report and an animal behavior observation record, long-distance transportation is prepared, the domesticated finless porpoise is transported to an indoor artificial feeding pond, and the following steps are carried out: during the temporary rearing and domestication period, bait fishes which are not eaten by the animals should be removed in time, so as to avoid the rotten bait fishes from influencing the health of the animals.
In the step (1), the finless porpoise is transported to a full-artificial feeding environment by adopting a semi-dry-wet transportation method, and the specific operation procedure is as follows: 1) semi-dry transportation of finless porpoise: the transport case is a uncovered cuboid box body made of stainless steel or PVC material with the width of 1200mm, the depth of 600mm and the length of 1800mm, sponge with the thickness of 150mm is paved at the bottom of the box body, water is taken from the temporary culture river branch and is injected into the transport case, and the water level is increased to about 25 cm; wrapping the porpoise to be transported by a stretcher, putting the porpoise to be transported into the upper part of the sponge layer of the box body in a U shape, fixing the rods at the two sides of the stretcher with the support connecting rods around the upper end of the box body by using the tying belts, and adjusting the height of the tying belts at the two sides to ensure that the body of an animal is straight and in the most comfortable state; then the water level height is adjusted according to the size of the animal, so that the animal 2/3 with the height is immersed in the water to preferably overflow the eyes of the animal; after the finless porpoise is fixed, a pure cotton thick bath towel is used for wetting, and the back of the finless porpoise is covered with the bath towel, so that the exhalation hole is exposed. If the route exceeds 3 hours, a dose of sedative is required to be injected according to the weight and the stress condition of the animals. Arranging 2 experienced personnel (including 1 veterinarian) to perform whole-course nursing, mainly observing the behavior of the finless porpoise, and recording the respiratory frequency of the finless porpoise, wherein the respiratory frequency of the finless porpoise is generally 15-30 times/5 min during transportation; the body of the finless porpoise needs to be kept moist in the whole transportation process, the head and the back of the finless porpoise are watered with the transportation box water body at least every 5min, and the watering time is paid attention to avoid the animal breathing time. 2) The adaptability of the finless porpoise to the whole artificial environment: during the transportation of the finless porpoise, preparation for receiving is made in a full-artificial environment, the depth of pool water is maintained at 1.2 m, and the temperature difference between the pool water and the water temperature in the finless porpoise transportation box is not more than 2 ℃; after the finless porpoise arrives, the finless porpoise is lifted into the water pool, the stretcher cloth is removed, and the finless porpoise is assisted to relieve the body and recover the swimming capability. Closely observing the behavior of animals, if the finless porpoise does not react violently after entering the indoor water pool for 1 hour, gradually deepening the water level, increasing the water level by 0.5 meter every 2 hours, closely observing the respiratory frequency and swimming behavior of the finless porpoise, and gradually deepening the water level until the water pool automatically overflows (3.5 meters).
In the step (2), the full-artificial rearing pond is a circular pond, the water depth is kept at 3.0-3.5 m, the main structure of the pond is poured by reinforced concrete, and the full-artificial rearing pond is preferably composed of 3-5 ponds, each pond is mutually independent and is connected by a channel, and the full-artificial rearing pond mainly comprises a rearing pond, a breeding pond, a treatment pond and the like, and is respectively provided with a complete water inlet and outlet interface, the rearing hall is sufficient in lighting, light is controlled by a curtain, the ventilation is good, and ventilation facilities are installed; the PVC glue film is paved on the inner wall of the water pool. Lifting equipment is arranged above the full-artificial rearing pond and is used for lifting the finless porpoises; the inner wall of the pool is provided with a transparent acrylic underwater observation window and an underwater network camera, so that the animal behaviors can be observed and recorded conveniently. The vitamin system matched with the rearing pond comprises the following facilities: a sand jar for physical filtration, a water pump, an electromechanical device, a refrigeration device and a water quality disinfection device. The water quality disinfection equipment comprises an ozone and chlorine dioxide adding system, a flocculating agent adding system, a denitrification dephosphorization and on-line water quality detection instrument and meter; the refrigerating equipment is used for cooling the breeding water body in summer, the maximum water temperature in summer is controlled below 27 ℃, and the maximum water temperature in winter is kept above 10 ℃. The structure of the full-artificial Changjiang river finless porpoise breeding environment and the water treatment process are schematically shown in figure 1.
In the step (2), the wild Yangtze river finless porpoise is subjected to full-artificial environment adaptation and hand-feeding fish domestication, and the specific steps are as follows: 1) and (3) environmental adaptation: the stress reaction is a natural reaction of all wild animals entering an artificial environment, so that the ambient environment is kept quiet, the artificial interference is reduced, and the basis for feeding and domesticating wild finless porpoise is the basis for gradually establishing the trust of the animals to feeding personnel. 2) Feeding reinforcement: the bait fish used in the field temporary culture and domestication period is still adopted to further adapt to the behavior of feeding the finless porpoise. Observing the swimming track of the finless porpoise, prejudging the water outlet position of the finless porpoise, throwing the bait fish to the position 30-60cm in front of the head of the finless porpoise, and simultaneously strengthening the adaptive response of the finless porpoise to the thrown and fed fish through whistle reinforcement until the finless porpoise can stably accept manual feeding of the bait fish. 3) Hand feeding domestication: the manual feeding of the fish is the key of the indoor artificial feeding of the finless porpoise. When the reaction of the animals on the fish feeding is stable, the animals are guided to gradually approach the feeding personnel from far to near by actively adjusting the feeding point position; when the animals can approach the pond wall at the position of a breeder, the tail of the bait fish is held by hands and is close to the water surface, the head of the bait fish faces the head of the finless porpoise, and when the finless porpoise approaches, the hands are loosened to let the finless porpoise take the bait fish, and meanwhile, the whistle is strengthened; and then the height of the bait fish from the water surface is gradually raised, the domesticated finless porpoise exposes the eyes and the whole head and receives the feed fed by hands.
In the step (3), the daily feeding management in the full artificial environment mainly comprises: bait fish selection, preservation and treatment, feeding system, water environment regulation and management, daily physical examination and medical care, prevention and treatment of common diseases and the like. The method comprises the following specific steps:
1) selecting, storing and processing bait fish. The bait fish for artificial culture comprises crucian, carp,
Etc., can be live fish or frozen bait fish; selecting the bait fish standard: the live fish is 8-12 cm long, has no trauma, has rich mucus on the body surface, has bright fish eyes, bright fish gills and dark red color, and has no parasites on the body surface, the fish gills and the internal organs; the frozen bait fish is made of crucian,
Cleaning after water is taken out, packaging by using a freshness protection package, quickly freezing in a refrigeration house at minus 30 ℃, reducing the temperature of the fish body to minus 20 ℃ within 2 hours, and then transferring to the refrigeration house at minus 20 ℃ for storage.
In winter, the frozen bait fish is thawed by natural thawing method, and in summer, in high temperature season, thawing is carried out by 4-7 deg.C thawing refrigerator. After thawing, cleaning with clear water, then soaking in 3% saline solution for 10 minutes for disinfection, and after cleaning with clear water, draining off water, and feeding. Artificially feeding or temporarily culturing live fish purchased from the market for more than 7 days for reuse, and not feeding the feed during the period, so that excrement in the intestinal tract and dirt at gill parts of the fish are completely removed. Feeding live fish bait, fishing out the live fish bait according to the amount, soaking the live fish bait in 3 percent saline water for 10 minutes, and feeding the live fish bait.
2) And (4) feeding system. The daily food intake of the finless porpoise has obvious seasonal variation, generally presents obvious negative correlation with the environmental temperature variation, is prepared according to 6-8% of the weight of the finless porpoise in spring and summer, is gradually increased to 8-10% of the weight in autumn and winter, the proportion of live fish accounts for at least 30% of the total food intake, the finless porpoise is fed for four times every day, two meals in the morning and two meals in the afternoon, the feeding interval of each meal is more than 2.5 hours, and the finless porpoise ensures that the intestines and the stomach of animals are fully emptied.
Fishing live bait fish as required, cleaning with clear water, soaking with 3% salt solution for 10 min, and cleaning with clear water; the frozen bait fish is taken out 24 hours in advance in summer and placed in a thawing refrigerator at 4-7 ℃ for thawing, natural thawing is adopted when the temperature is lower than 0 ℃ in winter, the whole bait fish is thawed to be eight-percent, and the treatment method of the thawed bait fish is the same as that of a live fish.
3) And (5) regulating and managing the water environment.
The water environment control needs to meet the following main water quality indexes (table 1):
TABLE 1 Water quality index of artificially bred Tagetes Elongata
Meanwhile, the raising venue is ventilated for more than 30 minutes in the morning, at noon and at night every day, so that the air in the environment is kept fresh, the chlorine dioxide and ozone gas overflowing from the water body is discharged in time, and the long-term stimulation to the lung of the animal is avoided; in addition, care should be taken to sterilize the entire breeding environment, as well as to sterilize the breeding apparatus and the operating platform conventionally.
4) Daily physical examination and medical care
4.1) carrying out trauma examination on the body surface, the oral cavity and the like of the animal by utilizing a training period every day; observing and recording animal behaviors, particularly comprising abnormal behaviors (floating, slow swimming, fast swimming, jumping and the like) and changes of food intake and appetite; the animal excrement morphology and frequency are observed as the main basis for daily health examination and disease diagnosis.
4.2) carrying out routine physical examination every 3 months by means of training or catching, wherein the routine physical examination comprises measuring indexes such as body length, body weight, body circumference and the like of animals, carrying out examination and analysis on blood cells and blood biochemistry (liver function, kidney function, heart and lung function, electrolytes and the like), giving a comprehensive physical examination report, and filing and recording a main basis for disease diagnosis.
4.3) the bait fish has certain loss of microelements, water and other active substances in the process of cleaning and soaking in salt water, and the microelements need to be added manually. Aiming at the common diseases of the domestic finless porpoise, such as hyponatremia, vitamin and mineral element deficiency, active preventive measures are taken to avoid serious consequences. The method mainly comprises the following steps: supplementing 3-5g of salt to each adult animal (calculated according to 50 Kg) every day, filling edible salt (1 g/grain) into medicinal capsules, and filling into abdominal cavity of bait fish, or injecting dissolved salt solution into abdominal cavity of bait fish by using a syringe; meanwhile, each animal needs to be supplemented with compound vitamin tablets (such as Jinshierkang, which is supplemented according to the daily dosage of one granule for each adult animal) every day to prevent the problem of insufficient vitamins and minerals of the finless porpoise caused by long-time ingestion of frozen bait fish.
5) Preventing and treating common diseases.
Under the full-artificial environment, the Changjiang river finless porpoise is susceptible to diseases mainly including: skin diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases and partial obstetrical diseases, wherein the digestive diseases and the respiratory diseases are the most common diseases of the Yangtze river finless porpoise. Aiming at common diseases of domestic finless porpoise, a prevention-oriented management strategy is generally adopted, and the following are respectively and briefly described as follows:
a. skin diseases: the Changjiang river finless porpoise is susceptible to skin diseases and mainly comprises: bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, and mixed infections of the two are mainly associated with fresh water environment, seasonal dietary changes, and individual immunity. In early spring every year, generally between 2 and 4 months in the middle of the month, and when the water temperature is 17-20 ℃, the disease is a high incidence period of the skin disease of the Yangtze river finless porpoise. The common animal has dark black spots with the diameter of about 1mm on the back and the two sides of the abdomen, has no bulge and is in a sporadic shape, has no obvious discomfort for the animal, has no bleeding inflammation indication, is usually a transient morbidity, and disappears in days after the water temperature rises in 5 months and the weather is warm. Aiming at the seasonal skin problem, measures such as improving the disinfection efficiency of a vitamin system, increasing the water exchange rate, supplementing water and minerals in bait fish and the like can be mainly taken, so that animals can generally safely live through the skin sensitive season. In addition, the skin of the finless porpoise is very tender, and the skin of the animals is very easy to be damaged due to friction, fighting and the like, so that the improper treatment can cause the layout and even the systemic inflammatory reaction, thereby causing serious consequences. Timely and effective treatment measures should be taken for skin injuries. In mild case, iodophor can be sprayed to ensure contact time with skin as much as possible, and self-prepared ointment (triamcinolone acetonide econazole cream, ketoconazole ointment, erythromycin ointment, slough-removing and granulation-promoting ointment, etc.) can be applied topically on affected part of body surface and used in combination with oral antibacterial agent for treatment. However, due to the physiological particularity of the skin of the finless porpoise, the viscosity and the acting time of the medicine on the body surface are required to be ensured as much as possible, and a sufficient amount of antibacterial medicine is required to be orally taken. In the severe stage of the disease, corresponding antibacterial drugs with higher sensitivity are required to be adopted for treatment according to animal blood examination and focus microorganism culture results. The regulation and control of the water environment quality are key factors for treating animal skin diseases, the dosage of a chlorine-containing disinfectant is properly increased during the disease treatment, the content of free chlorine in the water is not less than 0.3mg/L, and common skin diseases can be effectively controlled by combining effective antibiotic treatment.
b. Respiratory diseases: under the environment of full-artificial feeding, due to factors such as poor ventilation conditions or close contact with human beings, the disease of a respiratory system is also a disease susceptible to the feeding of the Changjiang river finless porpoise, and if the disease cannot be effectively diagnosed and treated, serious consequences are easily caused. The main symptoms include: the respiratory rate is increased, sputum exists, exhaled air has odor, the body temperature is raised and other symptoms; the animals in the critical stage have abnormal behaviors of anorexia, group separation, independent swimming, slow swimming and the like, abnormal rise of blood test white blood cells, abnormal liver function, blood fat index, electrolyte and the like. The respiratory system diseases need to be diagnosed and treated in time, the animal immunity is mainly treated in the early stage of the disease treatment, and the respiratory system can be adjusted by taking pidotimod capsules, allicin capsules, ambroxol tablets and the like; meanwhile, main pathogenic bacteria are required to be cultured and screened through respiratory microorganisms, and a related treatment scheme is formulated through a drug sensitive result, so that oral antibacterial treatment is carried out according to the symptoms. In the severe stage, intramuscular injection, intravenous bolus injection or intravenous drip is needed according to the result of drug allergy and the dosage scheme of whale antibiotics. During the treatment of the disease, the water-salt metabolism balance of the animals is required. In order to prevent respiratory diseases, mechanical ventilation of the feeding environment space needs to be kept, and ventilation is carried out for more than 30 minutes in the morning, at noon and at night each day; regularly disinfecting the indoor environment, and spraying the ground of the feeding hall, the ground of the bait room and the corridor at the door of the feeding hall by adopting cresol soap solution with the percentage concentration of 5%.
c. Digestive system diseases: digestive system diseases are also problems which often occur when finless porpoise is kept, and particularly in the initial stage of feeding of the finless porpoise, diarrhea, acute and chronic enteritis, ulcer, reflux esophagitis, gastritis and other acute and chronic inflammations of digestive tracts of animals occur due to the changes of freshness of volatile basic nitrogen and histamine of bait in the aspects of fishing, freezing preservation, thawing treatment and the like of the bait, the massive proliferation of bacteria at normal temperature, incomplete disinfection of a bait fish container and the like. Can be diagnosed and treated actively according to gastric juice examination, feces examination, etc. of animals. Prevention against the digestive system mainly includes: timely cleaning the bait fish appliance, performing ultraviolet disinfection on the appliance and the operation platform, making living bait fish disinfection, performing ice fresh bait inspection, and enabling a breeder to pay attention to personal hygiene and the like.
Bai 40000, a dolphin hall captures 10 Changjiang river finless porpoise from the field successively for developing artificial feeding and breeding research, all feeding is successful after the artificial feeding method is adopted, the longest feeding record of one wild individual reaches 20 years, and individuals bred in an artificial environment are full of 16 years at present. The invention establishes a full-artificial environment feeding technical system for Changjiang river finless porpoise, which mainly comprises the technologies of animal domestication and introduction, daily feeding management, water quality regulation, bait fish matching, disease prevention and treatment and the like. The development of artificial breeding and propagation research is one of three major protective measures of the Yangtze river porpoise, the development of indoor artificial breeding research is an effect that other protective measures such as net cage breeding, ex-situ protection and the like cannot replace, various controllable scientific experiments can be developed only by breaking through the indoor artificial breeding technology of the Yangtze river porpoise and establishing a breeding population under the full artificial environment, the basic biology of the Yangtze river porpoise can be known more comprehensively, the field population protection is promoted, and experience reference can be provided for breeding and protection of other endangered rare aquatic animals in the Yangtze river.
Claims (6)
1. A full-artificial environment feeding method of Changjiang river finless porpoise is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) catching and temporary culture domestication of wild Yangtze river finless porpoise
Catching wild Changjiang river finless porpoise, selecting individuals suitable for artificial feeding, selecting a river branch without pollution and artificial interference in a nearby water area captured by the finless porpoise, arranging a fence or a net cage, transferring the finless porpoise into the fence or the net cage for temporary field culture and domestication, and training the finless porpoise to gradually adapt to a feeding mode of transferring live fish predation in water to floating ice-frozen fish on a water surface;
(2) adaptation and domestication of finless porpoise in full artificial environment
Transporting the domesticated finless porpoise to a feeding pond in a full artificial environment, using bait fish temporarily raised in the field and used in domestication as feeding transition bait, gradually training the finless porpoise to transition from a feeding mode in water or on the water surface to a mode of adapting to artificial hand feeding, and specifically comprising the following steps: 1) the environmental requirements are as follows: the ambient environment is kept quiet, and the manual interference is reduced; 2) feeding and domesticating: observing the swimming track of the finless porpoise, prejudging the water outlet position of the finless porpoise, throwing the bait fish to the position 30-60cm in front of the head of the finless porpoise, and simultaneously strengthening the finless porpoise through a whistle until the finless porpoise can stably accept manual feeding of the bait fish; 3) hand feeding domestication: when the animals are suitable for feeding fishes, the animals are actively guided to feed at a position close to a breeder, when the animals can be close to the pond wall at the position of the breeder, the tails of the bait fishes are held by hands and close to the water surface, the heads of the bait fishes face the heads of the finless porpoises, and when the finless porpoises are close to each other, the hands of the finless porpoises are loosened, so that the finless porpoises can hold the bait fishes, and meanwhile, whistle reinforcement is realized; further gradually raising the height of the bait fish from the water surface, domesticating the finless porpoise to expose the eyes and the whole head, and receiving the feed fed by hands;
(3) feeding management of full artificial environment of Changjiang river finless porpoise
The daily feeding and management contents of the Yangtze river finless porpoise in the full-artificial environment comprise:
1) selecting, freezing and processing bait fish
The bait fish for artificial culture comprises crucian, carp,
Live fish or iceBait fish; selecting the bait fish standard: the live fish is 8-12 cm long, has no trauma, has rich mucus on the body surface, has bright fish eyes, bright fish gills and dark red color, and has no parasites on the body surface, the fish gills and the internal organs; the frozen bait fish is made of crucian,
Mainly, cleaning after water is taken out, packaging by using a freshness protection package, quickly freezing in a refrigeration house at minus 30 ℃, reducing the temperature of the fish body to minus 20 ℃ within 2 hours, and then transferring to the refrigeration house at minus 20 ℃ for storage;
in winter, thawing frozen bait fish by natural thawing method, and in summer at high temperature by 4-7 deg.C thawing refrigerator; after thawing, cleaning with clear water, then soaking with 3% of salt water for 10 minutes for disinfection, and draining water after rinsing with clear water for feeding; artificially feeding or temporarily culturing live fish purchased from the market for more than one week for reuse, and not feeding the feed during the period to completely remove excrement in the intestinal tract and dirt on gills of the fish; feeding live bait fish, fishing out according to the amount, soaking in 3 percent saline water for 10 minutes, washing with clear water and feeding;
2) feeding system
The daily feeding amount of the live fish in spring and summer is 6-8% of the weight of the finless porpoise, the weight of the live fish in winter is increased to 8-10%, and the proportion of the live fish accounts for at least 30% of the total food intake; feeding four times every day, two meals in the morning and two meals in the afternoon, wherein the feeding interval of each meal is more than 2.5 hours;
3) water environment regulation and management
The daily water environment needs to meet the following water quality indexes: the water temperature is 10-27 ℃, the pH value is 7.2-8.5, the ORP 300-600mv, the turbidity is 0.2-1.0NTU, the chlorine dioxide is 0.02-0.3mg/L, the ammonia nitrogen is less than 0.5mg/L, the nitrite is 0.05-0.13mg/L, the total number of bacteria is 0-20CFU/mL, and the Escherichia coli is 0-400 CFU/L;
meanwhile, ventilation is carried out for more than 30 minutes every morning, noon and evening, the indoor environment is disinfected, and feeding devices and operation platforms are disinfected;
4) daily physical examination and medical care
4.1) carrying out trauma examination on animals by using training time periods every day; observing and recording animal behaviors, including abnormal behaviors and changes in food intake and appetite; observing the form and frequency of the animal excrement as a main basis for daily health examination and disease diagnosis;
4.2) carrying out routine physical examination every 3 months by means of training or catching, wherein the routine physical examination comprises measuring indexes such as body length, body weight, body circumference and the like of the animals, carrying out biochemical examination and analysis on blood cells and blood, giving a physical examination report, and filing and recording the record to be used as a main basis for disease diagnosis;
4.3) aiming at the problems of hyponatremia and vitamin and mineral element deficiency of the finless porpoise feeding, taking active preventive measures, which mainly comprise: adding table salt 3-5g to each animal every day; meanwhile, each animal needs to supplement the compound vitamin tablets every day so as to prevent the problem of insufficient vitamins and minerals of the finless porpoise caused by long-time ingestion of the frozen bait fish.
2. The full-artificial environmental feeding method for Yangtze river finless porpoise as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), a sound-driven net catching method is adopted to catch the Changjiang river finless porpoises in early winter or early spring; the length of the alternative animal body is between 1.2 and 1.3 meters, the body surface is smooth and has no trauma, the action is flexible, the blood examination index meets the health standard, and the male-female ratio is 1: 1.
3. The full-artificial environmental feeding method for Yangtze river finless porpoise as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), temporary culture and domestication are carried out in an artificial fence or a net cage, the area of the fence is not less than 500 square meters, the slope surface at the bottom of the water is flat, impurities and gravels are not contained, the water depth is 1-3m, and the water flow is smooth; the net cage is made of soft nylon ropes, the net cage is made into round corners, the area of the net cage is not less than 200 square meters, and the water depth is within 5 m; the net cage is arranged in a water area with the water depth of more than 10 meters and the water flow speed of less than 0.6 m/s.
4. The full-artificial environmental feeding method for Yangtze river finless porpoise as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), the concrete operation procedures of temporary rearing and domestication are as follows: selecting natural bait fish of wild finless porpoise, and placing the natural bait fish into a heat preservation box containing crushed ice for preservation; accurately counting the bait fishes to be fed, throwing the bait fishes to the center of the fence or the net cage, and stimulating the finless porpoise to start to get used to the bait fishes fed from the water surface or the upper layer of the water body; the feeding frequency is once every 1.5 hours, the eating desire of the finless porpoise and the number of fish fillets as baits are observed and recorded; gradually reducing the feeding frequency along with the establishment of the reaction of the animals to the fed fish, controlling the feeding frequency once every 2-3 hours, observing and recording the feeding amount of each time, and estimating the food intake; in the first week, the animal generally shows a significant decrease in body weight and health due to poor food intake and stress response, which is the most vulnerable stage of the animal; then, as the food intake of the animals increases and the human activities are gradually adapted, the normal physical condition can be gradually recovered; if the animals eat stably and the behaviors are normal, carrying out physical examination once in the third week, evaluating the health condition of the animals according to the blood examination result, selecting individuals suitable for full-artificial feeding by combining a physical examination report and animal behavior observation records, preparing for long-distance transportation, and transporting the domesticated finless porpoises to an indoor artificial feeding pond.
5. The full-artificial environmental feeding method for Yangtze river finless porpoise as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (2), the concrete operation procedure of transferring the finless porpoise is as follows: 1) the transportation box is a transportation box with the size of 1200mm in width, 600mm in height and 1800mm in length, sponge with the thickness of 150mm is paved at the bottom of the box body, water is taken from the temporary culture river branch and is injected into the transportation box, and the water level is increased to 25 cm; fixing the porpoise to be transported by using a stretcher, fixing the porpoise to be transported on two sides of a transport box, and adjusting the water level of the transport box according to the size of an animal to immerse 2/3 with the height of the animal in water so as to ensure that a breathing hole is exposed out of the water surface; wetting the finless porpoise with a pure cotton bath towel to cover the back of the finless porpoise, exposing the exhalation vent, and washing the back of the animal with water every 5min to keep the finless porpoise body moist; early injection of sedative is required if the route exceeds 3 hours; 2) the indoor artificial rearing pond is prepared in advance, the depth of pond water is maintained to be about 1.2 m, and the temperature difference between the pond water and the water temperature in the finless porpoise transport box is not more than 2 ℃; 3) transferring the finless porpoises from the transport vehicle to a rearing pond after the finless porpoises reach a rearing venue to ensure that animals can swim normally, gradually raising the depth of a rearing water body after the animals act normally, and raising the water level by 0.5 meter every 2 hours until the water level of the pond reaches an automatic overflow water level; 4) the initial bait fish still uses the bait fish used for field domestication.
6. The full-artificial environmental feeding method for Yangtze river finless porpoise as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (2), the main structure of the rearing pond is poured by reinforced concrete and comprises rearing, breeding and treatment ponds, all the ponds are mutually independent and are connected by channels, and complete water inlet and outlet interfaces are arranged; the lighting of the feeding hall is sufficient, the light is controlled by a curtain, the ventilation is good, and a ventilation facility is arranged; the inner wall of the breeding pond is integrally paved with a PVC adhesive film; a hoisting device is arranged above the tank body; a transparent acrylic underwater observation window and an underwater network camera are arranged in the pool; the vitamin system matched with the rearing pond comprises the following facilities: a sand jar, a water pump, electromechanical equipment, refrigeration equipment and water quality disinfection equipment which are physically filtered; the water quality disinfection equipment comprises an ozone and chlorine dioxide adding system, a flocculating agent adding system, a denitrification dephosphorization and on-line water quality detection instrument and meter; the refrigeration equipment is used for cooling the pond water in summer, the highest water temperature is controlled to be below 27 ℃, and the lowest water temperature is not lower than 10 ℃.
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