CN114324087A - Method for simulating natural dust fall of atmosphere of different dust sources - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for simulating natural atmospheric dust fall by using different dust sources, which comprises the following steps: (1) setting an artificial dust raising room, and placing plants in the center of the dust raising room; (2) collecting atmospheric dust fall samples from different sources; (3) respectively fixing 4 blowers on the height-adjustable supports, and respectively fixing 4 hard cards at the air outlets of the blowers; (4) equally divide into 4 after the edulcoration with the atmosphere dust fall sample, put respectively in the air outlet department of 4 air-blowers, start the power and make the air-blower carry out the raise dust towards the plant position simultaneously. The method accurately finds out the dust raising quantity and the height, angle, distance and other accurate data when raising dust, successfully simulates the natural dust falling state of the atmosphere, is convenient to operate, and can be popularized and applied.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of simulation experiments, and particularly relates to a method for simulating atmospheric dust fall in an urban environment, in particular to a method for simulating natural dust fall of atmosphere of different dust sources.
Background
The deposit formed by the natural settling of particles with large particle size (aerodynamic diameter > 10 μm) in the atmospheric environment on the ground surface in the form of self-gravity or wind power transportation is called atmospheric dustfall. Many researches show that atmospheric dustfall can be an important source of plant heavy metal pollution, and the atmospheric dustfall is taken as a 'source' and a 'sink' of heavy metal and is often present in the forms of dust, steam and the like. In recent years, with the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, atmospheric particulate pollution has become a prominent ecological environment problem in China and is more and more concerned and valued by people.
The urban green land plays an important role in regulating climate, improving environmental quality, maintaining urban ecological balance and promoting urban sustainable development, and the absorption of urban green plants on atmospheric particulates is an effective way to relieve atmospheric pollution pressure under the condition that pollution sources cannot be completely treated to solve environmental problems at present. Due to the surface characteristics of the leaves, such as leaf surface villi, leaf surface waxy layer, hygroscopicity and the like, the plants have strong adsorption and retention capacity on atmospheric dust fall. In addition, the plant leaves are carrier organs for metabolism and various physiological and biochemical reactions of plants, and atmospheric dust deposited on the leaf surfaces can influence a series of important physiological and biochemical reactions such as photosynthesis of the plants in a mode of blocking air holes and the like, so that the productivity of crops is reduced, and further the yield of farmlands is reduced. Meanwhile, heavy metals in the atmospheric dust fall are easy to deposit in crops, soil and water environments, and cause serious harm to the safety quality of agricultural products and human health through the transmission and accumulation of a food chain. The heavy metal component in the atmospheric dust fall influences the heavy metal content in the crops mainly through two ways: firstly, the fertilizer is directly absorbed into the plant body by depositing on the surfaces of stems and leaves of crops; and secondly, the polluted soil and water around the crops are absorbed by root systems and enter the crop bodies. Heavy metals in the bodies of crops can be transmitted and accumulated through food chains and finally enter human bodies. Therefore, the research on the dust retention benefit of the garden plants is particularly important.
At present, the research on the influence of atmospheric dust fall on plants such as crops is mainly divided into a field test and an indoor simulation test. In a field test, the field test is greatly influenced by environmental interference factors such as rainfall, wind speed, air humidity and the like, and is difficult to accurately observe and detect for a long time. For example, in the research on the influence of atmospheric dustfall from different sources on plants and crops, the existing test method mainly utilizes wet dust retention, namely, the dustfalls after being weighed and treated are respectively placed in a beaker, 1L of deionized water is injected and fully shaken to prepare dustfall treatment liquid, and artificial simulation natural dustfall with different dust reduction amounts is carried out (Sochen, Luo Xiao, Zhao Jing, and the like, 2019, Wang hong Yu, Shu Yi, Li Yang, and the like, 2021). However, in this method, the atmospheric dustfall is made into dustfall treatment liquid for artificial simulation of dustfall, and the natural state of atmospheric dustfall cannot be accurately simulated.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide an atmospheric dust settling method for artificially simulating different dust sources, so as to establish an experimental scheme closer to the natural condition of atmospheric dust settling and further deeply research the influence of the atmospheric dust settling on plants.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the inventor finally explores an indoor control test through a large amount of experimental research and diligent efforts, and can more accurately simulate atmospheric dust fall through a new mode of manually simulating the atmospheric dust fall so as to obtain an expected test effect. Specifically, the technical scheme of the invention is summarized as follows:
a method for simulating natural dust fall of atmosphere of different dust sources comprises the following steps:
(1) setting an artificial dust raising room with the size of 4.5m multiplied by 3m, and placing plants in the center of the dust raising room;
(2) collecting atmospheric dust fall samples from different sources by using a cylindrical glass dust collecting cylinder, and filtering the samples by using a 40-mesh filter screen to remove impurities;
(3) using a handheld blower to raise dust, respectively fixing 4 blowers on a support plate with adjustable height (or controlling the height by holding 4 workers), respectively fixing 4 hard cards at an air outlet of the blower, enabling the plane where the cards are located to be parallel to the ground at a fixed position, enabling the plane to be 45 degrees with the wind direction blown out by the air outlet, adjusting the height of the support, ensuring that the cards are 25-30cm higher than the plants in the vertical direction, respectively placing the 4 blowers with the supports at four corners in a dust raising chamber, and enabling the air outlet to be 55-60cm away from the plants in the horizontal direction;
(4) removing impurities from the atmospheric dust falling sample collected in the step (2), dividing into 4 parts, respectively placing on the cards, turning on a power supply, setting an air rate of 1000r/min, and enabling 4 blowers to raise dust towards the plant position simultaneously;
there is no time sequence restriction between the step (1) and the step (2), and there is no time sequence restriction between the step (2) and the step (3).
Further preferably, the method for simulating natural dust fall of different dust sources in the atmosphere is as described above, wherein the artificial dust raising room is a fully transparent tent.
Further preferably, the method for simulating natural dust fall of the atmosphere of different dust sources is as described above, wherein the plants are selected from one or more than two of the following plants: berberis thunbergii (Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpus), Ligustrum japonicum (Ligustrum vicaryi), Rosa multiflora (Rosa multiflora), and prunus margarita (Sorbaria sorbifolia); redwood (Swida alba); clove (Syzyga oblata).
Further preferably, the method for simulating the natural atmospheric dustfall of different dust sources is as described above, wherein the cylindrical glass dust collecting cylinder is cleaned by cleaning solution, tap water and distilled water in sequence before collecting the atmospheric dustfall and then is naturally dried.
Further preferably, the method for simulating the natural falling of the atmosphere of different dust sources is as described above, wherein the cylindrical glass dust collecting cylinder is placed on a stand 150cm high from the ground when the atmospheric falling dust is collected.
Further preferably, the method for simulating natural dust fall of the atmosphere of different dust sources is as described above, wherein the model of the portable blower is super type SK-800B.
Further preferably, the method for simulating natural dust fall of different dust sources in the atmosphere is as described above, wherein the specification of the hard card is 10cm × 20 cm.
Further preferably, the method for simulating the natural dust fall of the atmosphere of different dust sources is as described above, wherein the mass of each atmosphere dust fall sample in the step (4) is 10-12 g.
Further preferably, the method for simulating the natural atmospheric dustfall of different dust sources is as described above, wherein the sources of the atmospheric dustfall samples are traffic sources, industrial sources and cleaning sources.
Compared with the prior art, the simulation method provided by the invention has the following advantages and remarkable progress:
(1) the method accurately searches out the dust raising amount and the height, angle, distance and other accurate data when raising dust, successfully simulates the natural dust falling state of the atmosphere, is convenient to operate and is beneficial to popularization and application.
(2) The invention can compare the dust holding capacity of garden tree species by manually simulating the atmospheric dust falling mode, and provides scientific quantitative indexes for effectively reducing atmospheric pollution and improving air quality.
(3) The method adds the research on dust fall of different dust sources, and provides a scientific method for further quantitative evaluation of the dust retention benefit of plants in different dust source areas in urban greening construction.
Drawings
Figure 1 is a photograph of an artificial clean room.
Fig. 2 is a schematic layout of an artificial raise dust chamber.
Fig. 3 is a schematic layout of a hand held blower, dust fall sample and plants.
FIG. 4 is a histogram of the dust accumulation per leaf surface of six shrubs; wherein: different lower case letters indicate that the dust retention amount of different plants in the same dust source area is remarkably different (P < 0.05); different capital letters indicate that there is a significant difference (P <0.05) between the dust retention in different dust source areas of the same plant.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the variation trend of the dust accumulation on the leaf surface of six shrubs; wherein: (a) an industrial area dust source, (b) a traffic area dust source, (c) a cleaning area dust source.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following embodiments. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the following examples are illustrative of the present invention only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. In addition, the specific technical operation steps or conditions not indicated in the examples are performed according to the general techniques or conditions described in the literature in the field or according to the product specification. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products commercially available.
Example 1: simulation and verification experiment for natural atmospheric dust fall
Firstly, collecting and settling dust:
the method comprises the steps of adopting a wet method to collect dustfall, selecting a cylindrical glass dust collecting cylinder, cleaning the dust collecting cylinder with cleaning solution, tap water and distilled water in sequence before sampling, and then naturally drying the dust collecting cylinder, and placing the dust collecting cylinder on an iron stand 130cm away from the ground during on-site sampling. The collected dustfall returned to the laboratory passes through a 40-mesh filter screen respectively to remove sundries such as branches, fallen leaves and the like. All test equipment used in the research process are plastic and nylon products and are used for eliminating the pollution problem of metal elements.
Secondly, a manual dust raising method comprises the following steps:
a4.5 m 3m manual dust raising room (figure 1) is designed, and a plastic full-transparent and closable tent is adopted to avoid the interference of external wind power, rainfall and other factors to the test. Potted plants were placed in the center of the dust house. The weighed dustfall is divided into 4 parts, the 4 parts are placed on 4 hard cards of 10 multiplied by 20cm, dust raising is carried out by using a portable blower (super closed SK-800B), the cards are fixed in front of an air outlet, the air outlet is inclined upwards by 45 degrees, and the air rate (1000r/min) is adopted. Fix the air-blower on the height-adjustable support of height 1.5m (the support is higher than plant 30cm) to make the air outlet apart from plant 60cm, arrange the indoor four corners of raise dust (fig. 2, fig. 3) in, during the raise dust, the experimenter opens total power in the raise dust is outdoor, makes 4 air-blowers carry out the raise dust towards the plant position simultaneously.
Thirdly, feasibility:
in order to ensure that the method can fully simulate the atmospheric dust fall state under the natural condition, a plurality of tests are carried out in the exploration process.
Test group A, B was set up.
Test group a: and a dust collecting cylinder is arranged at a field sampling point, and dust is collected according to the above dust collecting mode. After sampling was complete, the two samples were taken back to the laboratory. The inner diameters of the dust collecting cylinders were measured with vernier calipers, and the average values were obtained at least three times at different positions. The foreign matters such as leaves, branches and the like in the dust collecting cylinder are taken out by using clean tweezers, and the tweezers are washed by distilled water. Filtering the collected sample under vacuum and negative pressure, washing the dust collecting tank with distilled water for 3 times, filtering the cleaning solution, retaining the settled particles on a glass fiber filter membrane (aperture of 0.45 μm, roasting at 450 ℃ for 4h, weighing to constant weight), drying naturally, weighing, and calculating the total dust fall amount by combining sampling time and settlement area. Obtaining the total dust fall amount of Ma
The dustfall flux (GB/T15265-94) was calculated as follows:
M＝W/(s×n)×30×104··············· (1)
wherein M is the total dust fall amount, t/Km230 d; w is the mass of particles trapped on the filter membrane, g; s is the area of the cylinder opening of the dust collecting cylinder in cm2(ii) a n is the number of days sampled, d.
Test group B: by MaObtaining the dust raising quantity W of the simulation testb。Wb＝MaX S; wherein S is the area of the artificial dust raising chamber. A dust collecting cylinder is arranged in a manually designed transparent dust raising chamber, dust raising is carried out by the manual dust raising simulation method, and then dust falling is collected. And calculating the dustfall flux of the B group.
Finally, the Wa of the A group is 68.29 multiplied by 10-2g，s＝706.89cm2N is 1, and the formula (1) is substituted to obtain a total dustfall of 9.66 t.km-2·30d。
Group B Wb 70.55X 10-2g，s＝706.89cm2N is 1, and is also substituted into formula (1)The dust flux is 9.98 t.km-2·30d-1. Therefore, the method can simulate the urban dust fall flux published by the ecological environment bureau in Qingdao city.
Example 2: dust retention capacity analysis of six shrubs under different dust source pollution
Test time: 3-6 months in 2021; test site: a Qingdao agricultural university test base; test materials: berberis thunbergii (Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpeua); ligustrum japonicum (Ligustrum vicaryi); roses (Rosa multiflora); pearl plum (Sorbaria sorbifolia); redwood (Swida alba); clove (Syzyga oblata).
Before the test, the portable water sprayer is used for cleaning particles retained on the surface of the blade, so that the influence of the dust deposited before on the test result is avoided. For optimum cleaning, the plants were cleaned 2-3 times. During the cleaning process, we paid attention to the back of the leaf to avoid any damage to the leaf tissue. After washing and standing for one day to dry the leaves, plants which grow well and grow relatively uniformly are selected and randomly distributed into four artificially designed transparent dust raising chambers (6 plants in each air chamber, 3 repeated plants in each air chamber, and 72 pots in total). Three of them were tested for simulated dust pollution of different dust source particles (traffic source, industrial source and cleaning source), and one was maintained normally as a control without any dust exposure treatment. The test treatment started at 8:00 am (noted as day 0) at 16/4/2021 and ended at 8:00 am at 19/5/2021 for 35 days. 40.5g of dust (referred to the daily average dust reduction amount in Qingdao city) was weighed per treatment day, and was left to stand after the treatment.
And (3) measuring the dust retention: the collected plant leaves were soaked for 2 hours and then gently scrubbed with a soft brush to sufficiently remove dust attached to the leaf joints. The leaves were carefully removed with tweezers and placed on a paper towel to dry. The filter paper was dried (65 ℃) to constant weight and analyzed in an analytical balance (W)1) Weigh up to one thousandth. The filter paper was then rinsed in a funnel and the rinsed plant leaf fluid was filtered. After oven drying at 65 ℃, the filter paper is weighed again to analytical equilibrium (W)2) One thousandth of a bit above. The total content of the test leaves is W2-W1. Leaf surface area (S) of each dry plant leaf was measured using a leaf area scanner (beijing asian-1241, china). The dust retention content per unit leaf area of the plant was calculated as: q ═ W2-W1)/S。
Test results and analysis:
average unit leaf area dust accumulation amount: statistical analysis was performed on the dust retention of 6 shrubs under the treatment of 3 kinds of raised dust, as shown in fig. 4. In the test treatment with industrial source as dust source, the dust accumulation amount of the leaf surface of Ligustrum lucidum is the largest (5.092 + -0.061 g/m)2) And has significant difference with other shrub species, and secondly, the rose reaches 4.832 +/-0.104 g/m2The unit leaf surface dust accumulation amount of the Reptilia japonica is minimum (2.245 +/-0.008 g/m)2). In the test treatment of dust emission from traffic sources and dust emission from cleaning sources, the dust accumulation per leaf surface of roses is the largest and reaches 2.886 +/-0.02 g/m2And 3.27. + -. 0.018g/m2The dust accumulation on the leaf surface of the unit of the pearl plum is the lowest and is respectively 1.359 +/-0.03 g/m22.377 + -0.052 g/m2。
The dust retention amount of the same tree species under the dust raising treatment of different dust sources is obviously different, and the same tree species show the highest situation of industrial sources. Wherein the average leaf surface dust accumulation amount of the ligustrum lucidum in the industrial source and the traffic source is 2.61 times different, and reaches 1.92 times in the industrial source and the cleaning source. Under three treatments, the average unit leaf surface dust accumulation of 6 shrubs is from large to small, namely rose > golden leaf privet > clove > berberis pruinosa > red raspberries > pearl plum.
Accumulation of accumulated dust on the leaf surface per unit: the dust accumulation amount of the unit leaf surface of 6 shrubs treated by three different dust sources increases along with time until the shrubs are relatively stable (figure 5). In an industrial source, the dust retention amount of most plant leaf surfaces tends to be in a stable state near 20d after rain, only ligustrum japonicum is greatly promoted in a period of 20-25 d, and the dust retention amount of shrub leaf surfaces in a traffic source and a cleaning source is basically saturated before and after 25 d.
In industrial sources, the accumulated dust retention per unit leaf area of 6 shrubs is as follows: glossy privet fruit, rose, pearl plum, berberis purpurea, clove and ruddyWood; wherein the accumulated dust-retention per unit leaf area is the highest (5.956 + -0.122 g/m)2) High dust-out lowest red daphne wood (3.478 + -0.091 g/m)2) About 1.34 times (fig. 5 a). The accumulated dust retention per unit leaf area of rose in traffic sources is the highest and is 4.184 +/-0.15 g/m2(ii) a The smallest is pearl plum, which is only 2.18 +/-0.157 g/m2(ii) a The maximum dust retention amount of 8 shrubs in a fuel oil fly ash area is ranked as follows: rose > clove > littleleaf boxwood > red daphne wood > golden leaf privet > berberis pruinosa > margarita (fig. 5 b). The highest accumulated dust retention per unit leaf area in the cleaning source is rose, which reaches 6.346 +/-0.15 g/m2(ii) a The smallest dust retention capacity is Berberis pruinosa Hemsl, which is only 3.432 +/-0.493 g/m2(ii) a The maximum dust retention of 6 shrubs in the cleaning source is ranked as follows: rose > ligustrum japonicum > berberis purpurea > clove > daphne giraldii > prunella margarita (fig. 5 c).
Analyzing the dust retention capacity of the plants: the test is carried out in an environment controlled manually, is less influenced by external factors, and can more accurately explore the change rule of the dust retention amount of the plants. Research shows that the dust retention amount of the unit leaf surface of the plant is influenced by the source and the content of dust, the dust retention amounts of different tree species are different, the dust retention amounts of the same tree species in different dust source treatments have large difference, and the time for the different tree species to reach the maximum dust retention content is also different under different dust source treatments. In the dust source dust raising treatment of the industrial area, golden leaf privet has the largest dust accumulation amount on the leaf surface per unit, rose and clove in the traffic area have the larger dust accumulation amount on the leaf surface per unit, and rose has the highest dust accumulation amount on the leaf surface per unit of the cleaning source. According to previous researches, the reason is probably that the incidence angle of the ligustrum japonicum's leaves and the included angle in the horizontal direction are smaller, more fine particles can be settled on the surfaces of the ligustrum japonicum's leaves under the influence of gravity, the upper and lower surfaces of the rosa multiflora's leaves are provided with granular protrusions, the intercellular space is narrow, the grooves are obvious, the air holes are dense, the openings are slender, and the dust retention amount is larger.
The test result shows that the dust holding capacity of the plants is basically highest under the dust raising treatment of the industrial source, and the time for reaching the saturation of the dust holding capacity is shortest. The method is probably related to the self physicochemical properties of dust particles, the sampled industrial source dust is mainly coal-fired fly ash generated by a coal-fired thermal power plant and is a mixture consisting of minerals, the fly ash particles are in trimodal particle size distribution, the particles are irregular when the particle size is smaller, the surface area is larger, and the fly ash particles have certain adhesion deposition characteristics, so that the fly ash particles are easier to be adsorbed by plant leaves.
Claims (10)
1. A method for simulating natural dust fall of different dust sources in atmosphere is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) setting an artificial dust raising room with the size of 4.5m multiplied by 3m, and placing plants in the center of the dust raising room;
(2) collecting atmospheric dust fall samples from different sources by using a cylindrical glass dust collecting cylinder, and filtering the samples by using a 40-mesh filter screen to remove impurities;
(3) using a portable blower to raise dust, respectively fixing 4 blowers on height-adjustable supports, respectively fixing 4 hard cards at an air outlet of the blower, enabling the plane where the cards are located to be parallel to the ground at a fixed position, enabling the plane to be 45 degrees with the wind direction blown out from the air outlet, adjusting the height of the supports, ensuring that the cards are 25-30cm higher than the plants in the vertical direction, respectively arranging the 4 blowers with the supports at four corners in a dust raising chamber, and enabling the air outlet to be 55-60cm away from the plants in the horizontal direction;
(4) removing impurities from the atmospheric dust falling sample collected in the step (2), dividing into 4 parts, respectively placing on the cards, turning on a power supply, setting an air rate of 1000r/min, and enabling 4 blowers to raise dust towards the plant position simultaneously;
there is no time sequence restriction between the step (1) and the step (2), and there is no time sequence restriction between the step (2) and the step (3).
2. The method for simulating the natural dust fall of the atmosphere with different dust sources according to the claim 1, wherein the artificial dust raising room is a fully transparent tent.
3. The method for simulating the natural dust fall of the atmosphere with different dust sources according to claim 1, wherein the plants are selected from one or more than two of the following plants: berberis purpurea (Berberis thunbergii var. atropureus), Ligustrum japonicum (ligstrum vicaryi), rose (Rosa multiflora), rubus parvifolius (Sorbaria sorbifolia), rhus rosea (Swida alba), and clove (Syzyga oblata).
4. The method for simulating the natural atmospheric dustfall of different dust sources according to claim 1, wherein the cylindrical glass dust collecting cylinder is cleaned by cleaning solution, tap water and distilled water in sequence and then naturally dried before atmospheric dustfall is collected.
5. The method for simulating natural atmospheric dust fall of different dust sources according to claim 1, wherein the cylindrical glass dust collecting cylinder is placed on an iron stand 150cm high from the ground when atmospheric dust fall is collected.
6. The method for simulating natural dust fall of atmosphere of different dust sources according to claim 1, wherein the model of the portable blower is super clean SK-800B.
7. The method for simulating the natural dust fall of the atmosphere of different dust sources according to claim 1, wherein the specification of the hard card is 10cm x 20 cm.
8. The method for simulating natural dust fall of atmosphere of different dust sources according to claim 1, wherein 4 blowers are held by 4 workers to control the height in the step (3) so as to replace a support.
9. The method for simulating the natural atmospheric dust fall of different dust sources according to claim 1, wherein the mass of each atmospheric dust fall sample in the step (4) is 10-12 g.
10. The method for simulating the natural atmospheric dustfall of different dust sources according to claim 1, wherein the sources of the atmospheric dustfall samples are traffic sources, industrial sources and cleaning sources.
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| DE102008056938A1 (en) * | 2008-08-22 | 2010-02-25 | Frieters, Oliver | Dust exhausting equipment controlling method for industry, involves calculating dust quantity per unit volume, and automatically triggering action during exceeding of permissible dust quantity per unit volume using controller |
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