CN114293138B - Vacuum low-pressure carburization process for shaft tooth parts - Google Patents
Vacuum low-pressure carburization process for shaft tooth parts Download PDFInfo
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- CN114293138B CN114293138B CN202111675718.7A CN202111675718A CN114293138B CN 114293138 B CN114293138 B CN 114293138B CN 202111675718 A CN202111675718 A CN 202111675718A CN 114293138 B CN114293138 B CN 114293138B
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- AAYFQAPISKPSSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].C#C Chemical compound [N].C#C AAYFQAPISKPSSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000009715 pressure infiltration Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009432 framing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004210 tooth component Anatomy 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention discloses a vacuum low-pressure carburization process for shaft-tooth parts, and belongs to the technical field of heat treatment. The vacuum low-pressure carburization process for the shaft tooth part sequentially comprises a heating stage, a carburization stage and a quenching stage, wherein the heating stage adopts a stepped heating and heat preservation mode to heat to the carburization process temperature, so that the processing stress of the shaft tooth part can be eliminated, the deformation of the part in the heating process is reduced, the carburization deformation of the shaft tooth part reaches 0.005-0.015 mm, and the distortion problem generated in the carburization process of the shaft tooth part is effectively solved; in addition, in the vacuum low-pressure infiltration stage, acetylene-nitrogen alternating pulse is used as carburizing atmosphere, and nitrogen is used for exhausting waste gas generated in the furnace, so that the effective carburized layer depth and the surface carbon content are controlled more accurately, and the surface carburization effect of the shaft tooth part is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a heat treatment process, in particular to a vacuum low-pressure carburization process for shaft and tooth parts.
Background
The shaft tooth parts have wider application in industrial technology. As shown in figure 1, the input shaft tooth part of the industrial robot speed reducer is provided with a tooth-shaped structure 1 at one end and a blind hole 2 at the other end, and a key slot 3 is arranged in the blind hole 2, and the main function of the input shaft tooth part is transmission torque, and the working condition is complex, so that the input shaft tooth part is required to have excellent wear resistance, contact fatigue resistance and bending fatigue resistance.
Carburizing and quenching is a common heat treatment process for improving the wear resistance of a workpiece by obtaining high hardness on the surface of the workpiece, and in order to obtain good wear resistance of the shaft tooth parts, carburizing treatment is required. The most commonly used carburization process of the shaft tooth part is gas carburization, such as a heat treatment process for reducing the deformation of a gear shaft key groove disclosed in Chinese patent number ZL201610711836.1, which adopts an atmosphere carburization process to carry out heating and heat-preserving carburization treatment in a protective atmosphere environment, and has the advantages of low carburization cost, high speed, stable carburization quality, easy control of carburization atmosphere, easy control of carburization layer surface quality and the like. However, in the gas carburizing process, a methanol atmosphere is generally adopted, and because of the potential safety hazard of explosion caused by low-temperature heat preservation, the gas carburizing cannot be kept at 700 ℃ or lower, and the carburizing treatment is generally required to be carried out after the temperature is quickly raised to 800 ℃ or higher, which is also the main reason for the temperature rise and heat preservation from 830 ℃ in the patent application. And also because the part can not keep warm in the low temperature stage below 700 ℃, heat treatment deformation can occur in the temperature rising process in the low temperature stage, the deformation of the key groove and the deformation of the tooth form reach 0.03-0.05 mm, and for precision machinery, the deformation can not reach the heat treatment index requirement. Moreover, the gas carburizing process cannot ensure that enough carburized layers are formed in the blind holes of the parts, and the carburized quality is not easy to control.
The vacuum low-pressure carburization is an upgrade of the traditional atmosphere carburization process, carburization quenching treatment is carried out on the surface of the steel part by utilizing a vacuum technology, so that the carbon concentration of the surface of the steel part is increased and reaches a certain depth, thereby improving the hardness and strength of the surface layer of the carburized and quenched part. For high-precision shaft tooth parts, the requirement on tooth form precision is very high, the tooth form distortion of the shaft tooth parts shown in figure 1 is controlled to be 0.015-0.025 mm, and the problem that the deformation of key grooves and tooth forms is overlarge still exists in the existing vacuum low-pressure carburization process. Therefore, according to the precision requirements of the shaft tooth parts, the existing vacuum low-pressure carburization process needs to be improved so as to reduce carburization deformation of the parts.
Disclosure of Invention
1. Technical problem to be solved by the invention
The invention aims to overcome the defect of large tooth shape distortion in the existing carburization treatment of shaft teeth parts, and provides a vacuum low-pressure carburization process for the shaft teeth parts, by adopting the technical scheme of the invention, the processing stress of the shaft teeth parts can be eliminated, the deformation of the parts in the heating process can be reduced, the carburization deformation of the shaft teeth parts can reach 0.005-0.015 mm, and the tooth shape distortion problem generated in the carburization process of the shaft teeth parts can be effectively solved; in addition, in the vacuum low-pressure infiltration stage, acetylene-nitrogen alternating pulse is used as carburizing atmosphere, and nitrogen is used for exhausting waste gas generated in the furnace, so that the effective carburized layer depth and the surface carbon content are controlled more accurately, and the surface carburization effect of the shaft tooth part is improved.
2. Technical proposal
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
the invention relates to a vacuum low-pressure carburization process for shaft tooth parts, which sequentially comprises a heating stage, a carburization stage and a quenching stage, wherein,
the temperature rising stage adopts a stepped temperature rising and preserving process, and the specific process is as follows:
heating the workpiece to 300+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 480+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 680+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 780+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 850+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 950-1020 ℃ and entering a carburizing stage;
the carburizing stage comprises a strong-permeability stage and a diffusion stage, wherein the strong-permeability stage adopts a pulse type carburizing process, acetylene gas and nitrogen gas are alternately introduced under the vacuumizing state by taking alternating pulses of acetylene and nitrogen as carburizing atmosphere; after the strong infiltration stage is completed, maintaining the temperature of the carburizing process to enter a diffusion stage;
the quenching stage is entered after the diffusion stage is completed.
Further, in the strong-permeation stage, acetylene gas is introduced for 2-20 seconds and then nitrogen gas is introduced for 5-40 seconds to form a carburizing pulse period, and the whole strong-permeation stage consists of a plurality of carburizing pulse periods.
Further, the strong carburizing stage consists of 5 carburizing pulse periods.
Further, the furnace pressure in the carburizing stage is controlled to be 550-900 Pa.
Further, the vacuum degree in the temperature rising stage is controlled below 1 Pa.
Furthermore, the quenching stage adopts a vacuum high-pressure gas quenching or oil quenching mode to carry out quenching treatment.
Further, the quenching temperature in the quenching stage is 830+/-5 ℃, the quenching is performed by adopting vacuum isothermal quenching oil with the temperature of 135+/-5 ℃, and meanwhile, the low-speed stirring is performed at the frequency of 15 Hz.
3. Advantageous effects
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme provided by the invention has the following remarkable effects:
the vacuum low-pressure carburization process for the shaft tooth part sequentially comprises a heating stage, a carburization stage and a quenching stage, wherein the heating stage adopts a stepped heating and heat preservation mode to heat to the carburization process temperature, so that the processing stress of the shaft tooth part can be eliminated, the deformation of the part in the heating process is reduced, the carburization deformation of the shaft tooth part reaches 0.005-0.015 mm, and the problem of tooth shape distortion generated in the carburization process of the shaft tooth part is effectively solved; in addition, in the vacuum low-pressure infiltration stage, acetylene-nitrogen alternating pulse is used as carburizing atmosphere, and nitrogen is used for exhausting waste gas generated in the furnace, so that the effective carburized layer depth and the surface carbon content are controlled more accurately, and the surface carburization effect of the shaft tooth part is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional tooth component;
FIG. 2 is a process diagram of stepped temperature rise and preservation in the vacuum low-pressure carburization process of shaft-tooth parts;
FIG. 3 is a process diagram of a carburization stage in a vacuum low pressure carburization process for a shaft tooth part in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a 9-point test method for picking up a part according to the present invention.
Reference numerals in the schematic drawings illustrate:
1. a tooth-shaped structure; 2. a blind hole; 3. a keyway.
Detailed Description
For a further understanding of the present invention, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
Referring to fig. 2 and 3, the vacuum low-pressure carburization process for shaft-tooth parts of the present invention sequentially includes a heating stage, a carburization stage and a quenching stage, wherein:
the heating stage adopts a stepped heating and heat preserving process, as shown in fig. 2, and the specific process is as follows:
heating the workpiece to 300+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 480+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 680+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 780+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 850+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 950-1020 ℃ and entering a carburizing stage; the vacuum degree in the temperature rising stage is controlled below 1 Pa.
As shown in fig. 3, the carburizing stage comprises a strong carburizing stage and a diffusion stage, the strong carburizing stage adopts a pulse type carburizing process, acetylene gas and nitrogen gas are alternately introduced under the vacuumizing state by taking alternating pulses of acetylene and nitrogen gas as carburizing atmosphere, specifically, the furnace pressure of the carburizing stage is controlled to be 550-900 Pa, in the strong carburizing stage, the acetylene gas is introduced for 2-20 seconds and then the nitrogen gas is introduced for 5-40 seconds to form a carburizing pulse period, and the whole strong carburizing stage consists of a plurality of carburizing pulse periods; after the strong infiltration stage is completed, maintaining the temperature of the carburizing process to enter a diffusion stage; after the diffusion stage is completed, the quenching stage is carried out by adopting the existing quenching process, such as vacuum high-pressure gas quenching or oil quenching.
The invention is further described below with reference to examples.
Example 1
Taking an input shaft tooth part of an industrial robot speed reducer as shown in fig. 1 as an example, the shaft tooth part is made of SCM420H alloy steel, and the heat treatment technical requirements are as follows: the effective hardening depth (PCD 550 HV) of the carburized layer is 0.425-0.775 mm, the surface hardness is 80.1-82.5 HRA, and the tooth profile distortion is 0.015-0.025 mm.
In order to meet the technical requirements of heat treatment, the vacuum low-pressure carburization process for the shaft-tooth parts of the embodiment sequentially comprises a heating stage, a carburization stage and a quenching stage. In the heating stage, framing the workpiece and placing the workpiece in a furnace, adopting a step heating and heat preserving process shown in fig. 2, controlling the vacuum degree in the furnace to be below 1Pa, and sequentially heating the workpiece to 300+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20min; heating to 480+ -5deg.C, and homogenizing for 20min; heating to 680+ -5deg.C, and homogenizing for 20min; heating to 780+ -5deg.C, and homogenizing for 20min; heating to 850+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing for 20min; heating to 960 ℃, reaching the carburizing process temperature, and entering the carburizing stage. The specific carburizing process temperature may be determined based on the capabilities of the carburizing furnace. By the step-type heating and heat preserving process, the workpiece is gradually heated to the carburization process temperature from low temperature, so that the processing stress of the part is effectively eliminated, and the deformation of the part in the heating process is further reduced.
The method comprises a carburizing stage, wherein the carburizing stage comprises a strong-permeability stage and a diffusion stage, the strong-permeability stage adopts a pulse type carburizing process, acetylene-nitrogen alternating pulse is used as a carburizing atmosphere, the furnace pressure is controlled to be 820-850 Pa, and acetylene gas and nitrogen are alternately introduced; specifically, after acetylene gas is introduced for 2 seconds and then nitrogen gas is introduced for 5 seconds as a carburization pulse period, the whole strong carburization stage consists of a plurality of carburization pulse periods, and in the embodiment, 5 carburization pulse periods are adopted. The nitrogen is utilized to exhaust the waste gas generated in the furnace, so that the effective carburized layer depth and the surface carbon content are controlled more accurately, and the surface carburization effect of the shaft tooth part is improved.
After the strong-permeation stage is completed, maintaining the temperature of the carburizing process to enter a diffusion stage, and forming a surface carburized layer after diffusion for a period of time; after the diffusion stage is completed, the quenching stage is performed by vacuum high-pressure gas quenching or oil quenching, and particularly in the embodiment, the quenching temperature in the quenching stage is 830+/-5 ℃, the quenching is performed by using vacuum isothermal quenching oil with the temperature of 135+/-5 ℃, and meanwhile, the low-speed stirring is performed at the frequency of 15Hz, so that the uniform cooling of the part is ensured, and the deformation of the part is reduced.
Example 2
The vacuum low-pressure carburization process for shaft teeth parts in this embodiment takes a certain industrial robot reducer input shaft teeth part as shown in fig. 1 as an example, and the basic process flow is the same as that in embodiment 1, and the difference is that:
in the heating stage, controlling the vacuum degree in the furnace to be below 1Pa, and sequentially heating the workpiece to 300+/-5 ℃ for 40min; heating to 480+ -5deg.C, and homogenizing for 40min; heating to 680+ -5deg.C, and homogenizing for 40min; heating to 780+ -5deg.C, and homogenizing for 40min; heating to 850+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing for 40min; heating to 960 ℃, reaching the carburizing process temperature, and entering the carburizing stage.
In the carburization stage, the furnace pressure is controlled to be 820-850 Pa, acetylene gas is introduced in the strong carburization stage for 20 seconds, then nitrogen gas is introduced for 40 seconds to form a carburization pulse period, the whole strong carburization stage consists of 5 carburization pulse periods, and the nitrogen gas is used for exhausting waste gas generated in the furnace in the strong carburization stage.
In the quenching stage, the quenching treatment is carried out by adopting the existing vacuum high-pressure gas quenching mode.
Example 3
The vacuum low-pressure carburization process for shaft teeth parts in this embodiment takes a certain industrial robot reducer input shaft teeth part as shown in fig. 1 as an example, and the basic process flow is the same as that in embodiment 1, and the difference is that:
in the heating stage, controlling the vacuum degree in the furnace to be below 1Pa, sequentially heating the workpiece to 300+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 30min; heating to 480+ -5deg.C, homogenizing for 30min; heating to 680+ -5deg.C, and homogenizing for 30min; heating to 780+ -5deg.C, and homogenizing for 30min; heating to 850+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing for 30min; heating to 950 ℃, reaching the carburizing process temperature, and entering the carburizing stage.
In the carburization stage, the furnace pressure is controlled to be 850-880 Pa, acetylene gas is introduced in the strong carburization stage for 10 seconds, then nitrogen gas is introduced for 20 seconds to form a carburization pulse period, the whole strong carburization stage consists of 5 carburization pulse periods, and the nitrogen gas is used for exhausting waste gas generated in the furnace in the strong carburization stage.
In the quenching stage, isothermal quenching oil is adopted for quenching treatment.
The vacuum low-pressure carburization process for the shaft tooth parts effectively solves the problem of distortion in the carburization process of the shaft tooth parts. Referring to the experimental comparison of the following table, the first set of data is the test data after treatment with the atmosphere carburization process (atmosphere carburization process refers to the carburizing and quenching process in patent No. ZL 201610711836.1), and the second set of data is the test data after treatment with the vacuum low pressure carburization process of example 1 of the present invention. And (3) sampling and testing the shaft tooth part after heat treatment by adopting a 9-point test method, wherein the specific sampling position is shown in a azimuth chart shown in fig. 4.
In addition, the surface oxidation depth of the diffusion layer of the existing atmosphere carburization process is 0.005-0.015 mm, and the surface of the diffusion layer of the vacuum low-pressure carburization process has no internal oxidation.
According to the comparison and detection of the different processes, the vacuum low-pressure carburization process of the shaft tooth part is adopted, so that the tooth profile distortion of the part is smaller and lower than the lower limit of the tooth profile distortion technical requirement of the part under the condition that the effective hardening layer depth and the surface hardness which are the same as those of the existing atmosphere carburization process are obtained, the surface of the carburized layer is free from internal oxidation, and the surface carburization effect of the shaft tooth part is improved.
According to the vacuum low-pressure carburization process for the shaft tooth parts, disclosed by the invention, the temperature is raised to the carburization process temperature in a stepped temperature raising and preserving mode, so that the processing stress of the shaft tooth parts can be eliminated, the deformation of the parts in the heating process is reduced, the carburization deformation of the shaft tooth parts reaches 0.005-0.015 mm, and the problem of tooth shape distortion generated in the carburization process of the shaft tooth parts is effectively solved; in addition, in the vacuum low-pressure infiltration stage, acetylene-nitrogen alternating pulse is used as carburizing atmosphere, and nitrogen is used for exhausting waste gas generated in the furnace, so that the effective carburized layer depth and the surface carbon content are controlled more accurately, and the surface carburization effect of the shaft tooth part is improved.
The invention and its embodiments have been described above schematically, without limitation, and the actual construction is not limited to this, as it is shown in the drawings, which are only one of the embodiments of the invention. Therefore, if one of ordinary skill in the art is informed by this disclosure, a structural manner and an embodiment similar to the technical scheme are not creatively devised without departing from the gist of the present invention, and all the structural manners and the embodiments belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. The vacuum low-pressure carburization process for the shaft tooth part sequentially comprises a heating stage, a carburization stage and a quenching stage, wherein the shaft tooth part is made of SCM420H alloy steel, and is characterized in that:
the temperature rising stage adopts a step-type temperature rising and preserving process, the vacuum degree of the temperature rising stage is controlled below 1Pa, and the specific process is as follows:
heating the workpiece to 300+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 480+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 680+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 780+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 850+/-5 ℃ and homogenizing the temperature for 20-40 min;
heating the workpiece to 950-1020 ℃ and entering a carburizing stage;
the carburization stage comprises a strong carburization stage and a diffusion stage, wherein the strong carburization stage adopts a pulse carburization process, acetylene gas and nitrogen gas are alternately introduced under the vacuumizing state by taking acetylene-nitrogen alternating pulses as carburization atmosphere, specifically, in the strong carburization stage, the acetylene gas is introduced for 2-20 seconds and then the nitrogen gas is introduced for 5-40 seconds to form a carburization pulse period, and the whole strong carburization stage consists of a plurality of carburization pulse periods; after the strong infiltration stage is completed, maintaining the temperature of the carburizing process to enter a diffusion stage; the furnace pressure in the carburizing stage is controlled at 550-900 Pa;
the quenching stage is entered after the diffusion stage is completed.
2. The vacuum low-pressure carburization process for shaft-tooth parts according to claim 1, wherein the process comprises the following steps: the strong cementation stage consists of 5 carburization pulse periods.
3. The vacuum low-pressure carburization process for shaft-tooth parts according to claim 1, wherein the process comprises the following steps: the quenching stage adopts a vacuum high-pressure gas quenching or oil quenching mode to carry out quenching treatment.
4. A vacuum low pressure carburization process for shaft teeth parts according to claim 3, wherein: the quenching temperature in the quenching stage is 830+/-5 ℃, the quenching is performed by adopting vacuum isothermal quenching oil with the temperature of 135+/-5 ℃, and meanwhile, the low-speed stirring is performed at the frequency of 15 Hz.
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| CN109609893A (en) * | 2019-01-22 | 2019-04-12 | 北京机电研究所有限公司 | A kind of method of thinning microstructure after vacuum carburization |
| CN109735795A (en) * | 2019-03-08 | 2019-05-10 | 东北大学 | A kind of 16Cr3NiWMoVNbE material low-pressure vacuum carburization heat treatment method |
| CN113737125A (en) * | 2021-09-09 | 2021-12-03 | 北京机电研究所有限公司 | Vacuum carburization method for obtaining dispersed fine carbides |
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- 2021-12-31 CN CN202111675718.7A patent/CN114293138B/en active Active
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2004115893A (en) * | 2002-09-27 | 2004-04-15 | Chugai Ro Co Ltd | Vacuum carburizing method |
| JP2016033243A (en) * | 2014-07-31 | 2016-03-10 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Carburization treatment method and carburization treatment device of steel material |
| CN106756752A (en) * | 2016-11-15 | 2017-05-31 | 上海先越冶金技术股份有限公司 | A kind of low-pressure vacuum carburization technique |
| CN109321867A (en) * | 2017-07-31 | 2019-02-12 | 东北大学 | A kind of 16Cr3NiWMoVNbE steel vacuum low-pressure carburization technique |
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