CN114282302B - Anchor machine base and light weight method of reinforcing structure - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a light weight method of an anchor machine base and a reinforcing structure, which comprises the steps of firstly, establishing a port or starboard model of the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure, importing finite element analysis software into the port or starboard model, and dividing grids; then, carrying out statics analysis on the model through finite element analysis software to confirm whether the model has an optimization space or not; performing size optimization on the model with the optimization space; re-modeling by combining the size optimization result and performing statics analysis to confirm whether the model has a further topological optimization space; performing topology optimization on the model with the optimization space; and finally, re-modeling by combining a topology optimization result, performing statics analysis, and verifying the rationality of the structure. The method provided by the invention can solve the problem of material accumulation caused by designing the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure by experience in a mode of combining the thickness of the component plate with the topological structure, can obviously reduce the weight of the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure, and saves the cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of design of ship anchor bases and reinforcing structures, and particularly relates to a ship anchor base and a reinforcing structure light weight method.
Background
In the ship anchoring equipment, the base and the reinforcing structure thereof play a role in connecting the ship equipment and the related structure of the ship body, and if the anchor machine base and the lower reinforcing structure thereof have design defects, the anchor machine base is extremely easy to deform under the action of the anchor chain tension and the upper wave load in the ship navigation process, so that the safety of the ship is seriously affected. The current anchor machine base reinforcing structure is mainly designed by means of an empirical formula, is large in size and weight, does not accord with the development concept of the current green ship, and can improve the economical efficiency by controlling the cost and the oil consumption if the total weight of the related structure can be lightened under the condition of meeting the requirements of strength and rigidity. This requires a lightweight design of the corresponding structure. At present, two widely adopted modes of base and reinforcing structure light weight are topology optimization and size optimization, wherein the base is mainly controlled in structural performance, and the light weight degree is not high; the latter has a limited degree of weight reduction because of the lower limit set on design variables in consideration of installation and manufacturing during optimization. Therefore, the base and the reinforcing structure thereof are designed in a light weight manner by adopting the two methods.
Chinese patent CN 111709094A discloses a method for optimizing the base structure of an anchor-windlass, which adopts a topology optimization method to rearrange the space materials of the original base model design, thereby obtaining a brand new optimized structure; however, this method mainly controls the strength and dynamic performance of the base, and the weight is reduced but the optimal solution is not achieved.
Chinese patent CN 211685505U discloses a reinforcing structure of a base of a marine anchor machine, which comprises an adjusting mechanism and a receiving arm, and has the functions of facilitating storage, arrangement and distance adjustment, and is a more careful design of the reinforcing structure; but cannot be optimized from the broader aspects of reinforcement structure sheet thickness and shape.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an anchor machine base and a reinforcing structure light-weight method, which can solve the problems that the traditional design adopts a higher safety coefficient to ensure the safety performance, so that the reinforcing structure is larger in size and weight, and the waste of materials and energy sources is caused.
The technical solution for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows:
an anchor machine base and a method for lightening a reinforcing structure, comprising the following steps:
Step 1, establishing a finite element model: establishing a port or starboard model comprising an anchor machine base and a reinforcing structure, importing the model into finite element analysis software to divide grids, and simplifying reinforcing ribs into 1D beam units;
Step 2, statics analysis is carried out to determine whether an optimization space exists or not: carrying out statics analysis on the model through finite element analysis software to obtain an equivalent stress cloud picture and a deformation cloud picture, checking whether the strength and rigidity of the model meet the requirements or not, and confirming whether the model has an optimization space or not;
Step 3, size optimization: performing size optimization on a model with an optimization space, wherein in the size optimization, the minimum mass is used as an objective function, the thickness of a plate is used as a design variable, the displacement at the bolt and the overall maximum stress are not more than the standard requirement on the displacement and allowable stress of the original structure are set as constraint conditions, and the constraint conditions are submitted to calculation for size optimization;
Step 4, redesigning the model and performing statics analysis to determine whether there is further optimization space: redesigning the original model structure by combining the size optimized result, submitting the calculation again to carry out statics analysis, checking whether the strength and rigidity of the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure meet the requirements or not, and confirming whether the model has a further optimizing space or not;
step 5, topology optimization: the design variable of the model after size optimization is the density of grid cells in a design space, the objective function is the weighted minimum flexibility of all working conditions of the structure, the constraint conditions comprise the volume fraction of the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure which are smaller than a set value except the stress and displacement constraint which are the same as those of the size optimization, and the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure which are light and meet the requirements of rigidity and strength are obtained through optimization.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the remarkable advantages that:
(1) According to the invention, aiming at the design requirement of the base and the reinforcing structure of the ship anchor machine, which have the lightest mass under the condition of ensuring the rigidity and the strength, finite element analysis software is adopted to carry out statics analysis on the base and the reinforcing structure, so that the base and the reinforcing structure are determined to have larger optimization space, and a reference is provided for solving the actual engineering problem of the lightest design of the base and the reinforcing structure.
(2) On the basis of the model statics analysis, the size of the anchor machine base and the size of the reinforcing structure are optimized firstly, the weight reduction degree is maximized under the condition of ensuring the installation and manufacturing requirements by controlling the plate thickness, then the weight is further reduced in a hole opening mode by topology optimization, and the optimized model is compared with the original model for analysis.
(3) The comparison analysis of the base and the reinforcing structure of the anchor machine before and after optimization can obtain that the overall weight of the base and the reinforcing structure of the base after optimization is reduced by 50.6 percent, the strength and rigidity requirements are met, the utilization of the material performance is improved, and the economy and the safety of the base reinforcing structure design are met.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for lightening a ship anchor base and reinforcing structure.
Fig. 2 is a view showing an overall model of the structure (half deck) before the weight reduction of the anchor base and the reinforcing structure of the ship.
FIG. 3 is a partial model view of the base and reinforcement structure of the ship anchor base and reinforcement structure prior to weight reduction.
Fig. 4 is one of the stress cloud patterns before the weight reduction of the anchor base and the reinforcement structure of the ship.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of topology optimization of a ship anchor base and reinforcement structure according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the drawings and specific embodiments.
Referring to fig. 2 to 3, the subject of the invention comprises an anchor base 2 welded to a deck 6 and a reinforcing structure 7 fixed to the lower end of the deck 6, the base portion being constituted in particular by a panel 2-1 and a bottom panel 2-2. The anchor is fixed on the anchor base 2 through a bolt group 5. And establishing a coordinate system by taking a longitudinal line 3 in the deck 6 forwards as an X axis, taking a vertical central longitudinal line 3 pointing to the port 4 as a Y axis and taking a vertical whole deck plane 6 upwards as a Z axis. A load is applied at the center of the bolt group 5.
Referring to fig. 1, the method for lightening the anchor base and the reinforcement structure of the present embodiment includes the following steps:
Step 1, establishing a finite element model: with reference to fig. 2 and 3, the invention uses CATIA software to perform three-dimensional modeling of the anchor base and the reinforcement structure, and simplifies the model by establishing 2D plate-shell units, equivalent angle steel, removing chamfers, bolt holes on the base, and the like. Then introducing HYPERMESH software to divide grids and simplifying the reinforcing ribs of the reinforcing structure below the non-base into 1D beam units so as to improve the calculation efficiency; the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure are symmetrical on the port side and the starboard side of the ship, so that only a port side model is required to be established.
Step 2, statics analysis is carried out to determine whether an optimization space exists or not: by combining fig. 2 and fig. 3, the model is subjected to statics analysis through HYPERMESH software to obtain an equivalent stress cloud picture and a deformation cloud picture, and whether the strength and the rigidity of the model meet the requirements or not is checked, and an optimization space is provided, so that a theoretical basis is provided for the light weight of the base structure; the method comprises the following steps: firstly, importing a base and a reinforced structure entity model into software, defining materials of all structures and endowing the materials with properties, wherein the specific properties comprise elastic modulus E, poisson ratio mu, yield limit sigma, density rho and plate thickness t of a 2D plate-shell unit structure; linear displacement constraints in three directions X, Y, Z are respectively added at the intersection of the deck 6 and the port 4 and at the lower end of the bulkhead 1, and linear displacement constraints in the Y direction and angular displacement constraints in the X, Z direction are added at the center longitudinal line 3. And secondly, calculating the stress of the bolt group under three working conditions of the port deck upper wave, the starboard deck upper wave and the 45% anchor chain breaking according to the standard requirements of China class society (China Classification Society, CCS), and taking the stress as the load and the working condition of the reinforced structure model. And finally submitting a calculation result in a solver of software, wherein the displacement during checking is less than 0.1% of the base length a, the stress of the 2D plate shell unit is less than the yield limit sigma, and the stress of the 1D beam unit is less than 0.6 sigma. If the analysis result shows that the average stress of the base and the reinforcing structure is far smaller than the allowable stress, the whole model can be considered to have a larger optimization space.
Step3, size optimization: the invention takes the mass M minimum of the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure as an objective function, takes the plate thicknesses t i of the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure as design variables, carries out upper and lower limit assignment on the plate thicknesses in consideration of installation and manufacturing rationality when defining the design variables, and also takes the maximum displacement s max at the bolt position, the maximum stress sigma max of the plate unit and the maximum stress tau max of the beam unit as constraint conditions, thereby properly thickening partial plates with large stress to ensure the strength requirement and reducing the thickness of the plates with most of small stress to achieve the purpose of light weight. The mathematical model for size optimization is:
Wherein t i is the plate thickness of the i-th plate, i=1, 2,3, …, n, n is the total number of plates, [ sigma ] is the plate unit allowable stress, [ tau ] is the beam unit allowable stress, a is the base length, t l represents the design minimum value of the plate thickness, and t u represents the design maximum value of the plate thickness.
And according to the setting of the conditions, submitting calculation in a solver of the software to perform size optimization, rounding the result in consideration of manufacturing manufacturability, and obtaining a final size optimized result.
Step 4, redesigning the model and performing statics analysis to determine whether there is further optimization space: redesigning the original model structure by combining the size optimized result, submitting the calculation again to carry out statics analysis, checking whether the strength and rigidity of the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure meet the requirements or not, and confirming whether the model has a further optimizing space or not;
Step 5, topology optimization: due to installation and manufacturing requirements, the dimensional optimization must give upper and lower limits to the plate thickness, which can result in weight loss up to the lower limit being impossible. The material can then be removed by topological optimisation to further reduce weight. According to the invention, the optimal material distribution and force transmission paths are searched in a given design space by adopting topological optimization based on a variable density method, and the purpose of light weight is achieved by removing materials; after the size optimization, if the stress and the displacement of each working condition are still within the allowable stress and displacement range and the utilization factor is low, the topology optimization can be performed again. The optimized working condition adopts the mode that the three working conditions are weighted in sequence, the design space is a base and a reinforced structure part, the center 5 part of the bolt group in the base and the reinforced structure part is taken as a non-design area, the design variable is the density of divided grid units, the objective function is the minimum weighted flexibility of the base and the reinforced structure, namely the maximum rigidity, the constraint condition is that the volume fraction of the base part does not exceed a certain set value alpha 1, the volume fraction of the reinforced structure part does not exceed a set value alpha 2, and the set value is determined according to actual conditions. Stress and displacement constraints are consistent when optimized in the same size. While optimizing control card CHECKER to 1 to control the generation of tessellation, DISCRETE to 2 to increase the degree of dispersion of cell density to 0 and 1, and to control the minimum member size to reduce material packing and appearance of small members. And finally, carrying out threshold limiting on the cell density in the obtained optimization result, namely deleting the grid cells smaller than the threshold value to obtain the final topology optimization result. The mathematical model of the topological optimization of the variable density method is as follows:
Wherein ρ j is the density of the jth grid cell, j=1, 2,3, …, m, m is the number of grid cells, C sum is the weighted compliance of all the working conditions, ω k is the compliance weight of the kth working condition, C k is the compliance of the kth working condition, L represents the number of working conditions, α w and α s are the volume fractions of the base and the reinforcing structure, respectively, and α 1 and α 2 are the volume fractions of the base and the reinforcing structure, respectively, setting upper limit values.
Step 6, finite element analysis and comparison of the optimized model: the invention re-submits the optimized model to statics analysis, considers actual installation and manufacturing conditions, re-designs the model and submits statics analysis, compares the model with allowable stress and displacement values required by specifications, and verifies the rationality of the model; in general, compared with the method of combining size optimization and topology optimization before optimization, the total weight of the anchor machine base and the lower reinforcing structure part thereof is greatly reduced, meets the design requirements, saves the cost and provides a certain reference for optimizing other components of the ship.
Examples
The light weight method can be applied to anchor machine bases and reinforcing structures of various ships, and can be also applied to other bases and reinforcing structures such as ship steering engine bases, crane bases and the like by slightly adjusting working conditions and the like. In order to describe the operation flow and the optimization effect of the application of the method in detail, the application of the present invention will be described in detail below by taking a specific engineering practical situation as an example.
Step 1, establishing a finite element model: with reference to fig. 2 and 3, the invention uses CATIA software to perform three-dimensional modeling of the anchor base and the reinforcement structure, and simplifies the model by establishing 2D plate-shell units, equivalent angle steel, removing chamfers, bolt holes on the base, and the like. Then introducing HYPERMESH software to divide grids and simplifying the reinforcing ribs of the reinforcing structure below the non-base into 1D beam units so as to improve the calculation efficiency; the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure are symmetrical on the port side and the starboard side of the ship, so that only a port side model is required to be established.
Step2, statics analysis is carried out to determine whether an optimization space exists or not: by combining fig. 2, 3 and 4, the model is subjected to statics analysis through HYPERMESH software to obtain an equivalent stress cloud picture and a deformation cloud picture, and whether the strength and the rigidity of the model meet the requirements or not is checked, and an optimization space is provided, so that a theoretical basis is provided for the light weight of the base structure; the method comprises the following steps: firstly, importing a base and a reinforced structure entity model into software, defining materials of all structures and endowing the materials with properties, wherein the model adopts AH36 steel as the materials, the elastic modulus is 206GPa, the Poisson ratio is 0.3, the yield limit is 355MPa, and the density is 7.89 multiplied by 10 < -9 > kg/mm < 3 >; three-directional linear displacement constraints are added at the intersection of the deck 6 and the port 4 and at the lower end of the bulkhead 1, and Y-directional linear displacement constraints and X, Z-directional angular displacement constraints are added at the centerline 3. And secondly, calculating the stress of the bolt group 5 under 3 working conditions of the port deck upper wave, the starboard deck upper wave and 45% anchor chain breaking according to the standard requirements of China class society (China Classification Society, CCS), and taking the stress as the load and the working condition of the model. And finally, submitting a calculation result in a solver of software, and combining the result in the table 1 to obtain the whole anchor machine base and reinforcing structure with the displacement smaller than 2.5mm (the base length of 2540 mm) required, wherein the maximum stress is generated at a part close to the port 4, the strength utilization factor is about 0.44, the standard requirement is met, and most unit stress is below 40N/mm 2, so that the whole model has a larger optimization space.
Table 1 analysis results of various working conditions
Step 3, size optimization: the invention takes the minimum mass M of the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure as an objective function, takes the plate thicknesses t i of the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure part as design variables, carries out upper and lower limit assignment on the plate thicknesses in consideration of installation and manufacturing rationality when defining the design variables, and the upper panel 2-1 of the anchor machine base is a main functional surface connected with the anchor machine frame through bolts, the plate thickness value range of the upper panel 2-1 is 0.5-0.8 times of the bolt diameter, and M42 hexagon head bolts are adopted when the anchor machine base is connected according to the reference drawing, so the plate thickness value of the panel is 21-34 mm; the thickness of the base bottom plate 2-2 should be 0.3-0.6 times of the bolt diameter, so the thickness of the bottom plate is 13-25 mm. The upper limit of displacement is 2.5mm, the upper limit of plate unit stress is 355N/mm 2, and the upper limit of beam unit stress is 213N/mm 2. And submitting calculation in a solver of the software to perform size optimization according to the setting of the conditions. The results show that after 4 iterations, the changes of stress, displacement and objective function tend to be stable, and the results are rounded in consideration of manufacturing manufacturability, the final size is optimized, and the results are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 initial values of variables and optimization results (Unit: mm)
It can be seen that most of the panel thickness is going down to the limit value, proving the installation and manufacturing requirements such that it cannot reach the optimal solution for light weight only by size optimization.
Step4, redesigning the model and performing statics analysis to determine whether there is further optimization space: redesigning the original model structure by combining the size optimized result, submitting the calculation again for statics analysis, obtaining the result shown in the table 3, and obtaining the strength and rigidity of the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure meeting the requirements, wherein the model can be further subjected to topology optimization;
TABLE 3 analysis results for various conditions after size optimization
Step 5, topology optimization: in connection with fig. 2 and 5, due to installation and manufacturing requirements, the dimensional optimization must give upper and lower limits to the plate thickness, which can result in weight loss up to the lower limit being impossible. The material can then be removed by topological optimisation to further reduce weight. According to the invention, the optimal material distribution and force transmission paths are searched in a given design space by adopting topological optimization based on a variable density method, and the purpose of light weight is achieved by removing materials; after the size optimization, if the stress and the displacement of each working condition are still within the allowable stress and displacement range and the utilization factor is low, the topology optimization can be performed again. The optimized working condition adopts the mode that weights are given to the three working conditions by 0.325, 0.325 and 0.25 in sequence, the design space is taken as a base and a reinforced structure part, the center 5 part of a bolt group in the base and the reinforced structure part is taken as a non-design area, the design variable is the density of divided grid units, the objective function is that the weighted flexibility of the base and the reinforced structure is minimum, namely the rigidity is maximum, and the constraint condition is that the volume fraction of the base part is not more than 0.6 and the volume fraction of the reinforced structure part is not more than 0.8. Stress and displacement constraints are consistent when optimized in the same size. While the optimization control card CHECKER is set to 1 to control the generation of the tessellation, the DISCRETE card is set to 2 to increase the degree of dispersion of the cell density to 0 and 1, and the minimum member size is controlled to 250mm to reduce the material bulk and the appearance of small members. And finally, carrying out threshold limiting of 0.5 on the unit density in the obtained optimization result, namely deleting the units smaller than the threshold value to obtain the final topology optimization result.
Step 6, finite element analysis and comparison of the optimized model: the invention re-submits the optimized model to statics analysis, considers actual installation and manufacturing conditions, re-designs the model and submits statics analysis, compares the model with allowable stress and displacement values required by specifications, and verifies the rationality of the model; as shown in table 4 below: the results show that the total weight of the anchor base and the lower reinforcing structure part thereof is reduced from 3.021t to 1.585t, and the weight is reduced by 47.53 percent through size optimization; compared with the result of size optimization, through topological optimization, the maximum stress under the conditions of port side upper waves and 45% anchor chain breaking load is increased, and the maximum stress under the condition of starboard side upper waves is reduced, but the stress under each working condition is still within the allowable stress range, the maximum displacement is below 2.5mm, and the total weight of the anchor machine base and the lower reinforcing structure part is reduced from 1.585t to 1.493t after optimization, and the weight is reduced by 5.8%; in general, compared with the method of combining size optimization and topology optimization before optimization, the total weight of the anchor machine base and the lower reinforcing structure part thereof is reduced by 50.6 percent and meets the design requirement, thereby greatly saving the cost and providing a certain reference for optimizing other components of the ship.
TABLE 4 analysis results for various conditions after topology optimization
Claims (5)
1. The light weight method for the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure is characterized by comprising the following steps:
Step 1, establishing a finite element model: establishing a port or starboard model comprising an anchor machine base and a reinforcing structure, importing the model into finite element analysis software to divide grids, and simplifying reinforcing ribs into 1D beam units;
Step 2, statics analysis is carried out to determine whether an optimization space exists or not: carrying out statics analysis on the model through finite element analysis software to obtain an equivalent stress cloud picture and a deformation cloud picture, checking whether the strength and rigidity of the model meet the requirements or not, and confirming whether the model has an optimization space or not;
Step 3, size optimization: performing size optimization on a model with an optimization space, wherein in the size optimization, the minimum mass is used as an objective function, the thickness of a plate is used as a design variable, the displacement at the bolt and the overall maximum stress are not more than the standard requirement on the displacement and allowable stress of the original structure are set as constraint conditions, and the constraint conditions are submitted to calculation for size optimization;
Step 4, redesigning the model and performing statics analysis to determine whether there is further optimization space: redesigning the original model structure by combining the size optimized result, submitting the calculation again to carry out statics analysis, checking whether the strength and rigidity of the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure meet the requirements or not, and confirming whether the model has a further optimizing space or not;
step 5, topology optimization: the design variable of the model after size optimization is the density of grid cells in a design space, the objective function is the weighted minimum flexibility of all working conditions of the structure, the constraint conditions comprise the volume fraction of the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure which are smaller than a set value except the stress and displacement constraint which are the same as those of the size optimization, and the anchor machine base and the reinforcing structure which are light and meet the requirements of rigidity and strength are obtained through optimization.
2. The method for lightening anchor chassis and reinforcing structure according to claim 1, wherein in step 2, the model built is subjected to statics analysis, specifically:
Firstly, importing a base and a reinforced structure entity model into finite element analysis software, defining materials of all structures and endowing attributes, respectively adding linear displacement constraints in X, Y, Z directions at the intersection of a deck and a port and the lower end of a bulkhead, and adding linear displacement constraints in the Y direction and angular displacement constraints in the X, Z direction at a middle longitudinal line; secondly, calculating the stress of the bolt group under three working conditions of the upper wave of the port deck, the upper wave of the starboard deck and the breaking of 45% anchor chains, and taking the stress as the load and the working condition of the reinforced structure model; finally, submitting a calculation result in a solver of software, wherein the displacement during checking is smaller than 0.1% of the base length a, the stress of the 2D plate shell unit is smaller than the yield limit sigma, and the stress of the 1D beam unit is smaller than 0.6 sigma; if the analysis result shows that the average stress of the base and the reinforcing structure is far smaller than the allowable stress, the whole model is considered to have an optimization space.
3. The method of weight reduction of anchor chassis and reinforcement structure according to claim 1, wherein the mathematical model of size optimization in step 3 is:
wherein M is the mass of the anchor base and the reinforcing structure, t i is the plate thickness of the ith plate, i=1, 2,3, …, n, n is the total number of plates, [ sigma ] is the plate unit allowable stress, [ tau ] is the beam unit allowable stress, [ sigma ] max is the plate unit maximum stress, tau max is the beam unit maximum stress, s max is the maximum displacement of the bolt, a is the base length, t represents the plate thickness of the plate-shell unit structure, t l represents the design minimum value of the plate thickness, and t u represents the design maximum value of the plate thickness.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the mathematical model of the topology optimization in step 5 is:
Wherein ρ j is the density of the jth grid cell, j=1, 2,3, …, m, m is the number of grid cells, C sum is the weighted compliance of all conditions, ω k is the compliance weight of the kth condition, C k is the compliance of the kth condition, L represents the number of conditions, [ σ ] is the plate unit allowable stress, [ τ ] is the beam unit allowable stress, σ max is the plate unit maximum stress, τ max is the beam unit maximum stress, s max is the maximum displacement at the bolt, a is the base length, α w and α s are the volume fractions of the base and the reinforcing structure, and α 1 and α 2 are the volume fractions of the base and the reinforcing structure, respectively, setting upper limits.
5. The anchor machine base and reinforcement structure weight reduction method according to claim 1, further comprising: and 6, model finite element analysis after optimization: and (3) combining the result of topology optimization, redesigning the model by considering actual installation and manufacturing conditions, submitting static analysis, and comparing with allowable stress and displacement values required by specifications to verify the rationality of the model.
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