CN114278384B - Axial thrust balancing structure and method for adjustable extraction steam turbine - Google Patents
Axial thrust balancing structure and method for adjustable extraction steam turbine Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a cogeneration steam turbine, and particularly discloses an adjustable extraction steam turbine axial thrust balance structure and an adjustable extraction steam turbine axial thrust balance method. The balance structure comprises a rotor and a cylinder provided with the rotor, wherein the cylinder is provided with a steam extraction device capable of adjusting steam extraction, a steam seal at a steam extraction position is arranged between the steam extraction device and the rotor, a balance piston at the steam extraction position, which is provided with a rotor shoulder structure, is arranged on the rotor corresponding to the steam seal at the steam extraction position, and the rotor is in dynamic seal fit with the steam seal at the steam extraction position through a rotor shoulder of the balance piston at the steam extraction position. The axial thrust of the adjustable steam extraction turbine can be reliably self-balanced, so that the axial thrust range of the whole turbine under the maximum steam inlet condition and the maximum steam outlet condition is reduced, the adjustable steam extraction turbine can stably and safely operate in the two extreme conditions, and the generated energy and the heat supply are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a cogeneration steam turbine, in particular to an axial thrust balance structure and method of an adjustable extraction steam turbine.
Background
An adjustable (regulating) extraction steam turbine is used as one of the heat and power co-generation technologies, and part of steam with certain pressure is extracted after a certain working stage to supply heat to the outside so as to meet the technical requirement of heat users on heat supply pressure.
The adjustable extraction turbine needs to meet the safe operation of two working conditions, namely safe operation under the non-extraction working condition (simple power generation mode) and safe operation under the extraction working condition (simultaneous power generation and heat supply).
In recent years, with the continuous development of the electric power industry, the heat supply requirement of the cogeneration turbine is increasing in addition to the increase of the electricity requirement. This requires an adjustable extraction turbine that can operate stably and safely under maximum steam admission conditions and maximum extraction conditions, i.e., an adjustable extraction turbine that can operate stably and safely under both extreme conditions, non-extraction conditions at maximum steam admission and maximum extraction conditions at maximum steam admission.
The key factor affecting the safe operation of the adjustable extraction turbine in two extreme conditions is how to control the balance of the axial thrust and reduce the axial thrust range under the two extreme conditions.
The axial thrust range of the operation in the two extreme working conditions can be multiplied, if the control is not good, the axial thrust range is far beyond the bearing capacity of the current thrust tile, and meanwhile, the power consumption loss of the operation can be increased. This is because:
under the non-extraction working condition, the balance piston is arranged at the front shaft seal close to the steam inlet position, negative thrust (opposite to the main steam flow direction, the main steam flow direction is positive) is generated on the axial direction of the rotor through the leaked steam, the balance piston is arranged at the rear shaft seal close to the steam outlet position, positive thrust is generated on the axial direction of the rotor through the main steam flowing in the positive direction, and the axial thrust of the whole steam turbine can be basically self-balanced, and the operation is stable and safe;
under the condition of steam extraction (the setting is basically consistent with the main steam parameters of the non-steam extraction condition), the thrust variation of the balance piston at the front shaft seal on the axial direction of the rotor is small, and when the steam extraction amount is large (for example, the rated steam extraction amount is more than 50% of the main steam, the steam extraction pressure is more than 30% of the main steam pressure), particularly the maximum steam extraction amount, the positive thrust of the steam on the axial direction of the rotor after the steam extraction opening is suddenly reduced, and the negative thrust born by the rotor is multiplied at the moment, so that the self-balancing is difficult;
therefore, under the condition of the same main steam parameters, the axial thrust range of the same adjustable steam extraction turbine corresponding to the two working conditions of non-extraction and extraction is multiplied, the axial thrust is greatly changed, and the bearing capacity of the conventional thrust bearing is exceeded.
Aiming at the technical problems, the current general technical measures adopted in the industry are that the large-area thrust tiles with the area being multiplied by that of the current thrust tiles are replaced according to the limit amount of the axial thrust range of the two working conditions, so that the cost of the adjustable extraction steam turbine is greatly increased, and the power consumption loss of the operation of the steam turbine is increased. Even so, the adjustable extraction steam turbine is difficult to stably and safely operate under the non-extraction condition under the maximum steam inlet condition and the maximum extraction condition under the maximum steam inlet condition, and the two extreme conditions are unfavorable for improving the generated energy and the heat supply quantity.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical purpose of the invention is that: aiming at the special operation of the adjustable steam extraction turbine in the non-steam extraction working condition and the defects of the prior art, the structure and the method for economically and reliably self-balancing the axial thrust of the adjustable steam extraction turbine without replacing a thrust shoe are provided.
The technical aim of the invention is achieved by the following technical scheme that the axial thrust balance structure of the steam turbine with adjustable extraction comprises a rotor and a cylinder provided with the rotor, wherein the cylinder is provided with an extraction device with adjustable extraction, a steam seal at an extraction position is arranged between the extraction device and the rotor, a balance piston at the extraction position of a rotor shoulder structure is arranged on the rotor corresponding to the steam seal at the extraction position, and the rotor is in dynamic seal fit with the steam seal at the extraction position through a rotor shoulder of the balance piston at the extraction position.
The steam extraction device is a steam extraction regulating valve. Or, the steam extraction device is a steam extraction rotary partition board.
The axial thrust balancing method of the adjustable extraction turbine is that a rotor shoulder structure which can form dynamic seal fit with the steam seal of the extraction device is arranged on a rotor corresponding to the steam seal of the extraction device, and a balancing piston is formed at the extraction device;
under the steam extraction working condition, the pressure difference between the front side and the rear side of the balance piston is increased, so that forward flowing steam can generate forward thrust to the axial direction of the rotor through the balance piston, and the forward thrust is increased along with the increase of the steam extraction quantity.
As one of the preferable schemes, the diameter of the balance piston at the steam extraction device satisfies the following relation:
D2-opt＝SQRT((|ΔF1’|+ΔF3)/((P1-P2)*π/4)+D1^2)；
wherein D2-opt is the diameter of a balance piston at the steam extraction position;
Δf1' is the increase in negative thrust generated by the rotor axis under maximum extraction conditions;
Δf3 is the forward thrust generated by the balance piston on the rotor axis under the non-extraction condition;
p1 is the pressure generated before the balance piston at the steam extraction position under the maximum steam extraction working condition;
p2 is the pressure generated after the piston is balanced at the steam extraction position under the maximum steam extraction working condition;
d1 is the diameter of the rotor through-flow portion;
4 is a constant.
Further, the negative thrust increment value Δf1' generated by the rotor axial direction under the maximum steam extraction working condition satisfies the following relation:
ΔF1’＝F2’-F1’；
wherein F2' is the axial thrust of the rotor under the maximum steam extraction working condition;
f1' is the axial thrust of the rotor under the non-steam extraction working condition.
The beneficial technical effects of the invention are as follows: the technical measures are aimed at the particularity of operation of the adjustable steam extraction turbine in two working conditions of non-steam extraction and steam extraction, and the balance piston at the steam extraction position formed by the rotor shoulder structure is arranged on the rotor corresponding to the steam seal of the steam extraction device, so that the pressure difference which can be changed along with the steam extraction quantity is formed before and after the steam seal of the steam extraction device, namely, the pressure difference is larger as the steam extraction quantity is larger before and after the steam seal of the steam extraction device. In other words, under the non-steam extraction working condition, the pressure difference between the front and the rear of the steam seal of the steam extraction device is relatively small, and at the moment, the forward thrust generated by the balance piston at the steam extraction position on the axial direction of the rotor is relatively small, so that the axial thrust cannot be greatly changed. Under the steam extraction working condition, the pressure difference between the front and the rear of the steam seal of the steam extraction device changes along with the steam extraction quantity, and the radial area of the balance piston at the steam extraction position can generate positive thrust along the steam flow direction on the rotor under the action of the front and the rear pressure differences at the moment so as to compensate the positive thrust of the through-flow stage on the rotor, which is reduced due to the pressure reduction after the steam extraction, namely, the negative thrust increment during the steam extraction working condition is reduced.
Therefore, in the steam extraction operation, the technical measures exert an effect through the existence of a larger pressure difference between the front through-flow stage and the rear through-flow stage, the pertinence to the adjustable steam extraction turbine is strong, the axial thrust of the adjustable steam extraction turbine can be reliably self-balanced under the condition that a thrust tile (or an oversized thrust tile) is not required to be replaced, namely, the self-balancing can be realized without replacing the thrust tile, the axial thrust range of the whole turbine under two extreme working conditions is reduced through self-balancing, and the adjustable steam extraction turbine can stably and safely operate under the non-steam extraction working condition under the maximum steam inlet condition and the maximum steam extraction working condition under the maximum steam inlet condition, so that the generated energy and the heat supply are improved.
Compared with the technical measure of replacing the thrust bearing, the method has good economy, does not increase the power consumption loss of the operation of the steam turbine, and is beneficial to improving the generated energy.
According to the method for determining the diameter of the balance piston at the steam extraction device, the balance piston at the steam extraction position which is finally determined can keep small change of the positive thrust under the non-steam extraction working condition on the one hand on the premise of not influencing the critical rotation speed of the rotor strength, the feasibility cooperation of the balance piston and the position of the balance hole and the like, and provide enough positive thrust under the steam extraction working condition on the other hand so as to reduce the negative thrust under the maximum steam extraction working condition, thereby ensuring the axial thrust range of the whole adjustable steam extraction turbine under two extreme working conditions.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view (steam extraction adjusting valve structure) of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a matching structure between the rotor and the steam seal of the steam extraction device in fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a partial enlarged view of fig. 2.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the matching relationship between the diameters of the balance piston at the steam extraction position shown in fig. 1, 2 and 3, the front and rear pressures of the balance piston at the steam extraction position and the diameter of the rotor ventilation part.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of another embodiment of the present invention (a rotary partition structure for extracting steam)
Fig. 6 is a partial enlarged view of fig. 5.
The meaning of the symbols in the figures: 1-a rotor; 2-cylinder; 3-a front shaft seal; 4-balancing pistons at the front shaft seal; 5-a main steam valve; 6, a through-flow stage before steam extraction; 7, a steam extraction regulating valve; 8, a through-flow stage after steam extraction; 9-rear shaft seal; 10-balancing pistons at the rear shaft seal; 11-balancing pistons at the steam extraction positions; 12, steam sealing at the steam extraction position; 13-a steam extraction rotary baffle.
Detailed Description
The invention relates to a cogeneration turbine, in particular to an axial thrust balance structure and method of an adjustable extraction turbine, and the main technical content of the invention is described in detail by a plurality of embodiments. Wherein, embodiment 1 is combined with the attached drawings of the specification, namely, fig. 1, fig. 2, fig. 3 and fig. 4 to clearly and specifically explain the technical scheme of the invention; example 2 the technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and specifically explained with reference to the drawings in the specification, namely, fig. 5 and fig. 6.
It is to be noted here in particular that the figures of the invention are schematic, which for the sake of clarity have simplified unnecessary details in order to avoid obscuring the technical solutions of the invention which contribute to the state of the art.
Example 1
The steam extraction mode of the adjustable steam extraction turbine is a steam extraction adjusting valve structure, and is shown in fig. 1, 2 and 3, and comprises a rotor 1 and a cylinder 2.
The front end steam inlet of the cylinder 2 is connected with a main steam valve 5, and the middle steam extraction opening of the cylinder 2 is connected with a steam extraction regulating valve 7.
The front end of the rotor 1 is provided with a balancing piston 4 at the front shaft seal of the rotor shoulder structure, and the rear end of the rotor 1 is provided with a balancing piston 10 at the rear shaft seal of the rotor shoulder structure.
The rotor 1 is assembled in the cylinder 2 through the supporting structural members at two ends, a front shaft seal 3 is arranged between the front end of the cylinder 2 and the front end of the rotor 1, a rear shaft seal 9 is arranged between the rear end of the cylinder 2 and the rear end of the rotor 1, a steam seal 12 at a steam extraction position (namely, a steam seal of a steam extraction device) is arranged between a steam inlet chamber of the steam extraction regulating valve 7 and the rotor 1, a steam extraction front through-flow stage 6 is arranged between the cylinder 2 and the rotor 1 before the steam extraction device, and a steam extraction rear through-flow stage 8 is arranged between the cylinder 2 and the rotor 1 after the steam extraction device.
On the basis of the structure, in order to cope with the steam extraction working condition and realize the self-balancing of the axial thrust, a balancing piston 11 at the steam extraction position of a radial evagination-namely rotor shoulder structure is arranged in the main shaft area of the rotor 1 matched with the steam seal 12 at the steam extraction position, and the diameter of the balancing piston 11 at the steam extraction position is larger than that of the through-flow area of the rotor 1, so that the rotor 1 is in dynamic seal fit with the steam seal 12 at the steam extraction position through the rotor shoulder of the balancing piston 11 at the steam extraction position.
That is, on the basis of the structure of the conventional adjustable steam extraction turbine, a rotor shoulder which can form dynamic seal fit with the steam seal of the steam extraction device is arranged on the rotor corresponding to the steam seal of the steam extraction device, and a balance piston is formed at the steam extraction device. Under the steam extraction working condition, the front side and the rear side of the balance piston of the steam extraction device generate larger pressure difference due to throttling phenomenon when the main steam flow is outdated, so that the steam flowing in the forward direction can generate larger forward thrust to the axial direction of the rotor through the balance piston, the forward thrust changes along with the change of the steam extraction quantity, namely the steam extraction quantity is increased, the forward thrust is increased along with the increase of the steam extraction quantity, and otherwise, the forward thrust is reduced.
Referring to fig. 4, the working principle of the invention is:
compared with a balance piston at a front shaft seal and a balance piston at a rear shaft seal, the balance piston 11 at the steam extraction position generates pressure difference through different pressure interfaces at the front shaft seal and the rear shaft seal, and the pressure difference is generated by throttling when main steam flows through the steam seal at the steam extraction position, namely, the pressure difference is generated through the change of the steam extraction amount, and the change range of the pressure difference is increased along with the increase of the steam extraction amount;
under the non-extraction condition, the pressure difference between the front and the rear of the steam seal 12 at the extraction position is smaller, and the generated forward thrust is also relatively smaller, so that the larger change of the axial thrust is not caused;
under the condition of steam extraction, the pressure difference between the front and the rear of the steam seal 12 at the steam extraction position changes along with the steam extraction amount, and at this time, the radial area of the balance piston 11 at the steam extraction position generates positive thrust along the steam flow direction on the rotor 1 under the action of the front and the rear pressure differences, so as to compensate the positive thrust of the through-flow stage on the rotor 1, which is reduced due to the pressure reduction after the steam extraction, namely, the negative thrust increment during the steam extraction condition is reduced. Therefore, in the operation working condition of the whole steam turbine, the axial thrust range under two extreme working conditions is effectively reduced.
The diameter of the balance piston at the steam extraction device is determined according to the following logic process:
calculating the axial thrust of the through-flow rotor of the steam turbine under the non-extraction working condition according to a conventional thrust calculation formula, and adjusting the thought by the conventional axial thrust until the self-balancing of the axial thrust of the rotor is realized, namely the axial thrust F1 of the rotor is zero or a smaller thrust value meeting the requirement;
-further accounting, on the basis of the above method, for the thrust value F2 at which the maximum extraction conditions are met, under the same main steam parameters;
the result Δf1 obtained by subtracting F1 from F2 is the rotor axial thrust variation value at maximum extraction conditions, i.e. the rotor axial thrust negative increase value, since extracting a portion of the steam flow results in a reduction of the rotor positive thrust after extraction;
in order to realize the axial thrust self-balancing or smaller thrust value under the working condition of large-proportion steam extraction (for example, the rated steam extraction amount is more than 50% of the main steam, the steam extraction pressure is more than 30% of the main steam pressure), a balance piston at the steam extraction device is required to be arranged, a large pressure difference exists between the front part and the rear part of the balance piston at the steam extraction device, and the diameter D2 of the balance piston at the steam extraction device is adjusted to change the forward thrust caused by the increase of the radial area of the shoulder structure, so that the thrust in the opposite direction to the delta F1 is formed to offset the thrust;
determining the diameter D2 of the balance piston at the steam extraction device, namely calculating the increased forward thrust delta F2 according to the front and rear pressure difference delta P and the area difference delta S of the balance piston at the steam extraction device under the large-proportion steam extraction working condition, so that the absolute values of the delta F2 and the delta F1 are equivalent, and at the moment, D2 is the preliminary selected diameter D2-pre of the balance piston at the steam extraction device;
the diameter D2-pre of the balance piston at the preliminary selected steam extraction device is brought into a thrust calculation formula, and the axial thrust F1' of the rotor under the non-steam extraction working condition and the axial thrust F2' of the rotor under the steam extraction working condition are calculated, and the axial thrust change value delta F1' of the rotor during steam extraction is calculated; and the axial forward thrust delta F3 of the balance piston at the steam extraction device under the non-steam extraction working condition is obtained due to the front and rear pressure difference delta P' of the balance piston at the steam extraction device caused by the structural pressure loss of the steam extraction device.
Thus, the balance piston optimal diameter at the extraction means is such that |Δf1 '|=Δf2' - Δf3.
Repeating the calculation process, wherein the diameter of the balance piston at the steam extraction device is D2-opt, and the D2-opt meets the following relation:
D2-opt＝SQRT((|ΔF1’|+ΔF3)/((P1-P2)*π/4)+D1^2)；
wherein D2-opt is the diameter of a balance piston at the steam extraction position;
Δf1' is the increase in negative thrust generated by the rotor axis under maximum extraction conditions; wherein Δf1' should satisfy the following relation: Δf1 '=f2' -F1', where F2' is the rotor axial thrust under maximum extraction conditions; f1' is the axial thrust of the rotor under the non-steam extraction working condition;
Δf3 is the forward thrust generated by the balance piston on the rotor axis under the non-extraction condition;
p1 is the pressure generated before the balance piston at the steam extraction position under the maximum steam extraction working condition;
p2 is the pressure generated after the piston is balanced at the steam extraction position under the maximum steam extraction working condition;
d1 is the diameter of the rotor through-flow portion;
4 is a constant.
According to the technical scheme, a certain single-cylinder reaction type back extraction turbine (model CB 60/30-13.23-5.5-2.5) is used as a test object to calculate, and the obtained axial thrust calculation and comparison result is shown in the following table:
| other conditions are the same | Thrust force | Working condition of steam extraction | Non-extraction conditions | Thrust range |
| Balance piston with steam extraction part | kgf | -4995 | 8201 | 13196 |
| Balance piston without steam extraction | kgf | -23742 | 3933 | 27675 |
The test result shows that the balance piston at the steam extraction position can reliably self-balance the axial thrust of the adjustable steam extraction turbine. Compared with a steam turbine without a balance piston at the steam extraction position, the axial thrust range of the whole steam turbine under two extreme working conditions is effectively reduced.
Example 2
The steam extraction mode of the adjustable steam extraction turbine is a steam extraction rotary baffle structure, and is shown in fig. 5 and 6, and comprises a rotor 1 and a cylinder 2.
The front end steam inlet of the cylinder is connected with a main steam valve, and a steam extraction rotary baffle plate 13 is arranged at the middle steam extraction opening of the cylinder 2.
The front end of the rotor is provided with a balancing piston at the front shaft seal of the rotor shoulder structure, and the rear end of the rotor is provided with a balancing piston at the rear shaft seal of the rotor shoulder structure.
The rotor is assembled in the cylinder through the supporting structure at both ends, is provided with front shaft seal between cylinder front end and the rotor front end, is provided with back shaft seal between cylinder rear end and the rotor rear end, is provided with the steam seal of extraction department between rotatory baffle of extraction and the rotor, is provided with the through-flow stage 6 before the extraction department between cylinder and the rotor before the extraction department, is provided with the through-flow stage 8 after the extraction department between cylinder and the rotor.
On the basis of the structure, in order to cope with the steam extraction working condition and realize the self-balancing of the axial thrust, a balancing piston 11 at the steam extraction position is arranged in the main shaft area of the rotor 1, which is matched with the steam seal 12 at the steam extraction position, and the diameter of the shoulder structure of the balancing piston 11 at the steam extraction position is larger than that of the through-flow area of the rotor 1, so that the rotor 1 is in dynamic seal fit with the steam seal 12 at the steam extraction position through the shoulder of the balancing piston 11 at the steam extraction position.
That is, on the basis of the structure of the conventional adjustable steam extraction turbine, a rotor shoulder structure which can form dynamic seal fit with the steam seal of the steam extraction device is arranged on the rotor corresponding to the steam seal of the steam extraction device, and a balance piston is formed at the steam extraction device. Under the steam extraction working condition, the front side and the rear side of the balance piston of the steam extraction device generate larger pressure difference due to throttling phenomenon when the main steam flow is outdated, so that the steam flowing in the forward direction can generate larger forward thrust to the axial direction of the rotor through the balance piston, the forward thrust changes along with the change of the steam extraction quantity, namely the steam extraction quantity is increased, the forward thrust is increased along with the increase of the steam extraction quantity, and otherwise, the forward thrust is reduced.
Other contents of this embodiment are the same as those of embodiment 1, and will not be described here again.
According to the technical scheme, the impulse type condensing turbine (model CN 150/100-16.7-2.5-0.007) with a certain condensing double-cylinder structure is used as a test object for calculation, and the obtained axial thrust calculation comparison result is shown in the following table:
| other conditions are the same | Thrust force | Working condition of steam extraction | Non-extraction conditions | Thrust range |
| Balance piston with steam extraction part | kgf | -15656 | 14626 | 30282 |
| Balance piston without steam extraction | kgf | -50045 | 7667 | 57712 |
The test result shows that the balance piston at the steam extraction position can reliably self-balance the axial thrust of the adjustable steam extraction turbine. Compared with a steam turbine without a balance piston at the steam extraction position, the axial thrust range of the whole steam turbine under two extreme working conditions is effectively reduced.
The above examples are only intended to illustrate the present invention, not to limit it.
Although the invention has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: it can be modified or some of the technical features can be replaced with equivalents; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. The utility model provides an adjustable steam extraction formula steam turbine axial thrust balanced structure, includes rotor (1) and assembly cylinder (2) of rotor (1), be provided with the extraction device of adjustable steam extraction on cylinder (2), be provided with extraction department gland (12) between extraction device and rotor (1), its characterized in that, be provided with rotor shoulder structure's extraction department balance piston (11) on rotor (1) that extraction department gland (12) corresponds, rotor (1) are through the rotor shoulder of extraction department balance piston (11) with extraction department gland (12) dynamic seal cooperation.
2. The axial thrust balancing structure of the adjustable extraction turbine according to claim 1, wherein the extraction device is an extraction regulating valve (7).
3. The axial thrust balancing structure of the adjustable extraction turbine according to claim 1, wherein the extraction device is an extraction rotating partition (13).
4. The axial thrust balancing method of the adjustable extraction steam turbine is characterized in that a rotor shoulder structure which can form dynamic seal fit with the steam seal of the extraction device is arranged on a rotor corresponding to the steam seal of the extraction device, and a balancing piston is formed at the extraction device;
under the steam extraction working condition, the pressure difference between the front side and the rear side of the balance piston is increased, so that forward flowing steam can generate forward thrust to the axial direction of the rotor through the balance piston, and the forward thrust is increased along with the increase of the steam extraction quantity.
5. The method of axial thrust balancing for an adjustable extraction turbine of claim 4, wherein the balancing piston diameter at the extraction means satisfies the relationship:
D2-opt=SQRT（（|ΔF1’|+ΔF3)/((P1-P2)*π/4）+D1^2）；
wherein D2-opt is the diameter of a balance piston at the steam extraction position;
Δf1' is the increase in negative thrust generated by the rotor axis under maximum extraction conditions;
Δf3 is the forward thrust generated by the balance piston on the rotor axis under the non-extraction condition;
p1 is the pressure generated before the balance piston at the steam extraction position under the maximum steam extraction working condition;
p2 is the pressure generated after the piston is balanced at the steam extraction position under the maximum steam extraction working condition;
d1 is the diameter of the rotor through-flow portion;
4 is a constant.
6. The method for balancing axial thrust of an adjustable extraction turbine according to claim 5, wherein the negative thrust increase Δf1' generated by the rotor axis under the maximum extraction condition satisfies the following relationship:
ΔF1’=F2’-F1’；
wherein F2' is the axial thrust of the rotor under the maximum steam extraction working condition;
f1' is the axial thrust of the rotor under the non-steam extraction working condition.
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