CN114271504A - Application of composite dietary fiber in preparation of product for reducing serum uremia toxin and improving kidney function - Google Patents
Application of composite dietary fiber in preparation of product for reducing serum uremia toxin and improving kidney function Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of composite dietary fiber and application of the composite dietary fiber in preparation of products for reducing serum uremia toxin and improving renal function, and belongs to the technical field of food and medicine. The specific components of the composite dietary fiber comprise xylan, glucomannan and fructan, and in addition, resistant starch, bean cotyledon fiber and potato fiber can be further added. The composite dietary fiber provided by the invention has obvious effects of reducing serum uremia toxin, improving renal function and delaying the renal failure process, and has good application prospects. Particularly, the method for controlling uremic toxin by high fiber intake of the composite dietary fiber completely avoids the limitation of improving the fiber intake of uremic toxin by fruits and vegetables, achieves the high fiber intake level which is difficult to achieve by the traditional diet control, and achieves the toxin control effect and health benefit which are difficult to achieve by the traditional diet control.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of food and medicine, and particularly relates to application of composite dietary fiber in preparation of a product for reducing serum uremia toxin and improving renal function.
Background
Chronic nephropathy, in general, refers to chronic renal structural and functional disorders (renal damage) caused by a variety of causes with a history of greater than 3 months, including normal and abnormal glomerular filtration rates, abnormal blood or urine composition, and abnormal imaging examinations, or renal disease with an unexplained decrease in glomerular filtration rate (< 60ml/min 1.73m 2).
When chronic kidney disease occurs, the kidneys fail to adequately filter and expel some of the metabolites called uremic toxins from the body, and the concentrations rise significantly in the patient's body fluids, ultimately leading to uremic symptoms and multiple system dysfunction. Hundreds of species are known, of which the protein intestinal fermentation products are the most important source of uremic toxins. The level of retention of uremic toxins in the body is usually assessed by the urea, creatinine level of the serum and the degree of pathological damage of the kidney by the rate of renal microfiltration.
The impairment of renal function in chronic kidney disease is irreversible and, if the disease progression cannot be effectively controlled, a proportion of patients eventually enters the uremic phase, i.e. the patient's renal function is almost completely lost and must be maintained by dialysis, including hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, or renal transplantation.
Diet control is an essential means for reducing the uremic toxin level of chronic nephropathy patients and delaying the development process of nephropathy. Even in hemodialysis patients who enter the renal failure stage, the control effect of uremic toxins does not depend solely on the adequacy and effectiveness of dialysis, and strict dietary control remains an inexpensive and necessary scientific measure.
The low-protein diet is used simultaneously, the dietary fiber supplement can greatly improve the intake ratio of dietary fiber/protein, so that the nitrogen-containing compounds in the intestinal tract are fully converted into mycoprotein and finally discharged out of the body along with feces, and the renal function is effectively protected. However, the kidney disease patients in dialysis period can cause hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia due to the ingestion of a large amount of fruits and vegetables, which brings great risks of cardiovascular diseases and neuromuscular diseases, and only the high-fiber diet goal can be conveniently realized by using the refined dietary fiber supplement.
In particular, hemodialysis (including peritoneal dialysis) can only remove small-molecule uremic toxins, and those toxins with strong protein binding tendency cannot be removed by dialysis, and a better removal effect is achieved by purification measures such as Hemoperfusion (HP) and filtration (hemofiltration). Even so, the protein-bound toxins retained in the body, of which indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate are notorious for the high risk of complications in dialysis patients, especially cardiovascular and cerebrovascular death. High fiber diets remove protein-bound toxins more effectively than dialysis (Wu M, et al, Association beta fiber intakes and acyl sulfates/P-acyl sulfates in tissues with a chronic kidney disease: Meta-analysis and systematic review of experimental students. Clin Nutr.2019 Oct;38(5): 2016. 2022. doi: 10.1016/j. clnu.2018.09.015), and thus, only suitable for long-term, sufficient use of dietary fiber supplements could satisfy the particularly high fiber intake needs of patients with dialysis nephropathy.
Even in renal transplant patients, a high fiber diet still helps to reduce immune rejection, protect transplanted Kidney function, and prolong the life expectancy of transplanted kidneys (Wu H, Singer J, Kwan TK et al, Gut Microbial metabolism indexes Donor-Specific university of medicine allographs through analysis of T Regulatory Cells by Short-Chain fat diseases acids, J Am Soc Newrol. 2020 Jul;31(7): 1445-.
Therefore, whether the patients with early stage, middle stage and end stage chronic nephropathy or the patients with kidney transplantation have definite health functions, the dietary fiber supplement is suitable for long-term use, and can help the patients to effectively control the retention level of uremic toxin in vivo, delay the progress of chronic nephropathy, reduce the occurrence of uremic complications and improve the quality of life and health.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a preparation method of composite dietary fiber which has good availability of intestinal microorganisms and is suitable for long-term and large-scale administration, and a new application thereof in preparing medicines or health products for reducing serum uremia toxin, improving renal function, improving or delaying renal failure and preventing or relieving uremia complications.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the application of the composite dietary fiber in preparing products for reducing serum uremia toxin and improving kidney functions comprises the following specific components: xylan, glucomannan and fructan, wherein the weight percentage of both xylan + glucomannan is >50%, w/w.
Further, the specific components of the composite dietary fiber also comprise resistant starch, bean cotyledon fiber and potato fiber; the composite dietary fiber is prepared by mixing the following components in percentage by weight w/w: the ratio of xylan to glucomannan is more than 50%; the ratio of the fructan to the resistant starch is within the range of 2-15%; the ratio of the bean cotyledon fiber and the potato fiber is not more than 10%.
Preferably, the composite dietary fiber is prepared by mixing the following components in percentage by weight w/w: the ratio of xylan to glucomannan is as follows: 80 to 85 percent; the ratio of the fructan to the resistant starch is as follows: 10% -15%; the proportion of the bean cotyledon fiber and the potato fiber is as follows: 5 percent.
The invention relates to an application of composite dietary fiber in preparing products for reducing serum uremic toxin and improving renal function, which comprises the application of the composite dietary fiber in preparing medicines or health products with the functions of reducing the serum uremic toxin and improving renal function, wherein the serum uremic toxin comprises one or more of blood urea, blood creatinine, blood uric acid and inorganic phosphorus, the renal function is improved, and the renal function improvement indexes comprise one or more of improvement of glomerular filtration rate, increase of urine volume and reduction of serum cystatin C. The composite dietary fiber can be used alone or added with pharmaceutically and biologically acceptable carriers or adjuvants to prepare medicines or health products with effects of reducing serum uremia toxin and improving renal function, and the prepared medicines or health products have effects of improving or delaying renal failure and preventing or relieving uremia complications.
The specific components of the composite dietary fiber provided by the invention comprise a main component of hemicellulose of a plant cell wall, namely xylan, a second major component of the hemicellulose of the plant cell wall, namely glucomannan, and non-starch storage polysaccharide of grains, namely fructan, and in addition, a proper amount of resistant starch, bean cotyledon fiber and potato fiber can be added. These fibers are representative fiber components of human staple foods, and are fibers that are ingested in large amounts in the human diet.
The xylan in the composite dietary fiber is polysaccharide which is formed by connecting xylose residues with beta- (1 → 4) to form a polysaccharide main chain and is also connected with arabinose, glucuronic acid and other branch structures; the water-insoluble xylan with xylan content of more than 80% obtained by extraction and purification can be selected from grain bran with xylan content of not less than 40% after physicochemical treatment as a source. When the cereal bran (including wheat bran, corn bran, rice bran and the like) is selected as a source, the used cereal bran is subjected to alkali-hydrogen peroxide treatment to destroy lignin, and then is subjected to mechanical crushing to increase the specific surface area and fully improve the enzymolysis property, wherein the xylan content of the obtained product is not less than 40 percent, and the enzymolysis xylan is more than 80 percent; when the water-insoluble xylan extracted and purified from plant cell walls is selected, the xylan content is more than 80%, the xylan can be sufficiently enzymolyzed by xylanase, and the water-insoluble xylan has the obvious advantages of high content and good taste.
The glucomannan in the composite dietary fiber is prepared by polymerizing mannose and glucose into a main chain by beta- (1 → 4) and has galactose branch structure glycan. The konjac gum can be selected from commercially produced konjac purified from tubers of plants of the genus konjac (Amorphophalus Blume), or galactomannan (such as guar gum) commercially produced from seeds of certain legumes.
The fructan in the composite dietary fiber is a glycan with fructosyl connected through a beta- (2 → 1) glycosidic bond; purified product of storage polysaccharide form of tuberous root of Compositae can be selected, such as inulin commercially produced from root tuber of Cichorium intybus (Cichorium intybus) or Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus).
The resistant starch in the composite dietary fiber of the invention can be obtained commercially.
Furthermore, the pea cotyledon fiber in the composite dietary fiber, namely the residue obtained by starch processing of peeled pea cotyledon, has the typical characteristic of high arabinose content in hemicellulose, and is used after being subjected to enzymatic starch removal and superfine grinding. The potato fiber is sweet potato fiber which is residue left after processing sweet potato starch, and hemicellulose of the potato fiber has the characteristic of high galactose content and is used after being subjected to enzymatic starch removal and superfine grinding.
The pea cotyledon fiber or the potato fiber (sweet potato fiber) can be prepared by the following preparation method:
(1) heavy impurity removal: taking fresh, mildew-free and dried pea residues or sweet potato residues as raw materials, adding clear water with the weight of 10-15 times of that of the raw materials, slowly stirring and floating to remove heavy impurities precipitated to the bottom of a container, and centrifugally dewatering to obtain a fiber material with the water content of less than 60%;
(2) starch and protein removal: putting the obtained fiber material into clear water with the weight 5-7 times of that of the fiber material, adjusting the pH value to 6.0-6.5, adding high-temperature alpha-amylase according to the weight ratio of 1:1000 of the enzyme to the fiber material, heating to 90 ℃, preserving the temperature, and slowly stirring for hydrolysis for 1-1.5 hours; cooling to 52 ℃, adjusting the pH value to 6.8-7.0, adding neutral protease according to the weight ratio of enzyme to fiber material of 1-2:1000, carrying out enzymolysis at the constant temperature of 48-52 ℃ for 1 hour, dehydrating the fiber material by filtration centrifugation or extrusion dehydration, and stirring and washing with clear water twice to obtain a purified fiber material;
(3) ultra-refining: the purified fiber material is firstly ground by a colloid mill and then is subjected to ultramicro treatment by an ultrahigh pressure homogenizer to obtain ultrafine particles capable of forming stable turbid liquid, wherein the particle size of the ultrafine particles is between 100 and 1000 meshes;
(4) and (3) drying: drying the superfine particle suspension to obtain the pea cotyledon fiber superfine powder or the high-activity sweet potato fiber.
The cereal bran with the xylan content of not less than 40 percent can be prepared by the following steps:
(1) heavy impurity removal: taking a fresh, mildew-free and dry cereal bran raw material, adding clear water with the weight of 10-15 times, slowly stirring, floating, removing heavy impurities precipitated to the bottom of a container, and centrifugally dewatering to obtain a fiber material with the water content of less than 60%;
(2) starch and protein removal: putting the obtained fiber material into clear water with the weight 5-7 times of that of the fiber material, adjusting the pH value to 6.0-6.5, and adding enzyme: the fiber material is 1: adding high-temperature alpha-amylase according to the weight ratio of 1000, heating to 90 ℃, preserving heat, slowly stirring and hydrolyzing for 1-1.5 hours; cooling to 52 ℃, and adjusting the pH value to 6.8-7.0, adding enzyme: the fiber material is 1-2: adding neutral protease at the weight ratio of 1000, carrying out enzymolysis at the constant temperature of 48-52 ℃ for 1 hour, dehydrating the fiber material, stirring and washing the fiber material twice with clear water, and finally removing free liquid by using a centrifugal machine to obtain a purified fiber material;
(3) delignification: adding purified fiber material into delignification reagent (alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution, wherein the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 0.1-1%, and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is 0.3-3%)), and reacting at constant temperature for 6-10 hours under the conditions that the reaction pressure is 0.04-0.2MPa and the temperature is 60 ℃; filtering free liquid after the reaction is finished, neutralizing the solid material in clear water by using dilute acid until the pH value is 6.0, and rinsing the solid material twice by using clear water to obtain delignified fibers;
(4) ultra-refining: suspending delignified chemical fibers with pure water, grinding by a colloid mill, and performing ultramicro treatment by an ultrahigh pressure homogenizer to obtain superfine particles capable of forming stable suspension;
(5) and (3) drying: drying the superfine particle suspension to obtain the high-activity fiber superfine powder.
The extraction method of the water-insoluble xylan with the xylan content of more than 80 percent in the composite dietary fiber comprises the following steps:
(1) leaching: taking 100 parts by weight of mildew-free and dry wood fiber material raw material, crushing the natural wood fiber material properly, and then putting the crushed natural wood fiber material into 8-12 times of sodium hydroxide solution with the mass fraction of 8% -12% to soak for 2-4 hours at the temperature of 80-120 ℃; after the extraction is finished, carrying out solid-liquid separation on the centrifugal precipitate to obtain a centrifugal heavy phase and an extracting solution; and washing the centrifugal heavy phase twice with 6% sodium hydroxide solution, performing solid-liquid separation each time, and recovering the liquid phase part to obtain xylan extraction alkali liquor.
(2) Dealkalization: combining the alkali liquor extracted in the step (1), and recovering alkali in the xylan leached alkali liquor by using one or two methods of electrodialysis, diffusion dialysis, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration technologies independently or jointly to realize regeneration and cyclic utilization of the alkali liquor; neutralizing the dealkalized extract with hydrochloric acid until the pH value is 8-11; at this pH, the water-insoluble xylan is completely precipitated to obtain a xylan-depleted solution.
(3) And (3) purification: the xylan alkali-removed liquid obtained in the step (2) is subjected to microfiltration or vacuum concentration, and the concentrated solution is frozen in a proper way; freezing means used include, but are not limited to, air blast freezing, direct contact freezing, freezing with cryogenic media, and the like.
(4) And (3) drying: putting the xylan ice blocks obtained in the step (3) into a proper washing device to melt ice and wash; when the ice blocks are completely dissolved, the water-insoluble xylan is gathered and precipitated to fall down, and the lignin leaves the washing column along with flowing water; after the effluent liquid is colorless and the lignin is removed, washing until the conductance is less than 200 mus/cm; collecting the precipitate to obtain pure xylan precipitate, and dewatering and drying the pure xylan precipitate to obtain high-purity water-insoluble xylan with xylan content of over 80%.
The xylan used in the composite dietary fiber can be prepared by the following steps:
(1) leaching: taking 100 parts by weight of mildew-free and dry wood fiber material raw material, crushing the raw material, and then putting the crushed raw material into 8-12 times of sodium hydroxide solution with the mass fraction of 8% -20% to soak the raw material for 0.5-4 hours at the temperature of 80-120 ℃; after the extraction is finished, carrying out solid-liquid separation on the centrifugal precipitate to obtain a centrifugal heavy phase and an extracting solution; the centrifuged heavy phase was washed twice with 6% by mass sodium hydroxide solution and subjected to solid-liquid separation each time.
(2) Combining the 3 times of extracted alkali liquor, and carrying out dealkalization treatment by using an alkali-resistant electrodialysis membrane to realize the regeneration and cyclic utilization of the alkali liquor; neutralizing the dealkalized extract with hydrochloric acid until the pH value is 6-8; completely separating out water-insoluble xylan at the pH value, centrifuging and precipitating by using a high-speed centrifuge, washing a centrifuged heavy phase which is the water-insoluble xylan for 4-6 times by using water to remove water-soluble components, and finally drying to obtain the water-insoluble xylan with high purity and the xylan content of more than 80%.
The raw material of the wood fiber material used in the extraction method of the xylan comprises one or more of wood, bamboo, corn stalk, wheat straw, rice straw, corn cob, bagasse and the like.
Under the condition of keeping normal dietary structure, the chronic kidney disease patient can remarkably reduce the level of serum uremic toxin by taking the composite dietary fiber supplement provided by the invention according to the recommended dose. Wherein if bran is used as xylan source, the recommended dosage is 15-35 g/day; if purified, isolated, insoluble xylan is used, a dosage of 10-25 g/day is recommended. Lower fiber dosage is selected for lower protein intake, and higher fiber dosage is selected for higher protein intake.
The detection method of the product can lock the characteristics of the bran and the insoluble xylan and the sugar composition through inspection and confirmation.
In order to verify the physiological function of the composite dietary fiber, the applicant carried out the following experiments on the quality detection of the composite dietary fiber prepared by the invention:
1 xylan content detection
1.1 starch removal: accurately weighing 2.000g of sample, adding 50ml of solution with pH value of 5.6 KH2PO4-K2HPO4, 0.02g of medium-temperature a-amylase, performing enzymolysis at 65 ℃ for 30min, adjusting the pH value to 4.8 by using dilute hydrochloric acid, adding 10 mu L of glucosidase, performing enzymolysis at 52 ℃ for 1h, performing high-temperature inactivation, centrifuging at 4000rpm, discarding the supernatant, washing the precipitate with pure water for three times, and drying.
1.2 hydrolysis of xylan: 1.000g of sample was accurately weighed, 10mL of 1% H2SO4 solution was added, weighed, and the weight was recorded. Putting into a sterilizing pot, and hydrolyzing at 121 ℃ for 1 hour. Taking out the triangular flask, weighing, adding pure water to the weight before hydrolysis, mixing uniformly, centrifuging at 4000rpm, and taking the supernatant. And diluting the supernatant by 50 times with pure water, adding 10mL of the diluted supernatant into cationic resin, anionic resin and activated carbon for deacidification and decoloration, and performing HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) detection after passing through a 0.22 mu m filter membrane.
1.3 preparation of standard substance: after the xylose standard powder is dried to constant weight, 2g/L xylose standard solution is prepared by 0.02 percent H2SO4 (w/w) solution. 10mL of the xylose standard solution is taken, added with anion resin, cation resin and active carbon, shaken and filtered by a 0.22um filter membrane to obtain 2g/L xylose standard solution for HPLC detection, wherein the treatment method is the same as that of the sample.
1.4 HPLC detection conditions: an Aupus high performance liquid chromatograph APS-80, a chromatographic column Asahi Xitim Sugar-Ca column, a column temperature of 85 ℃, a mobile phase of ultrapure water, a sample introduction amount of 20 mu L, a flow rate of 0.5mL/min and a differential detector.
The liquid chromatogram of the xylose standard and xylan hydrolysate used in the present invention after the above treatment and under the present detection conditions is shown in the accompanying fig. 1-5. And calculating the xylan content according to the HPLC detection result.
2 enzymolysis rate of xylan
2.1 accurately weighing 2.000g of sample, adding 100mL of 0.1mol/L citric acid-sodium citrate buffer solution (pH 4.8), adding 1mL of xylanase solution, uniformly mixing, shaking in a 48 ℃ water bath, taking out after 24h, centrifuging at 4000rpm, taking supernatant, adding 50mL of buffer solution and 1mL of xylanase solution into enzymolysis residues, uniformly mixing, then placing in a 48 ℃ water bath, shaking in a 48 ℃ water bath, taking out after 24h, centrifuging at 4000rpm, taking supernatant, and placing supernatant obtained by twice centrifuging in a 250mL volumetric flask. Adding 30mL of pure water into the enzymolysis residues for cleaning, centrifuging at 4000rpm, pouring the supernatant into a volumetric flask, repeatedly cleaning twice, and finally fixing the volume of the volumetric flask by using the pure water.
2.2 adopting a 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetric method (DNS method) to detect reducing sugar in the enzymolysis liquid. The enzymolysis rate is calculated by the following formula:
in the formula:
e-enzymatic hydrolysis (%); m is1-the amount of reducing sugars, in grams (g);
m2-the sample contains xylan in grams (g) by weight; 0.9-conversion factor of monosaccharide to glycan.
The enzymolysis rate of xylan is the ratio of total xylan, i.e. = enzymolysis xylan (reduced sugar amount × 0.9)/sample xylan × 100%
2.3 Experimental results:
the wheat bran prepared by the preparation method of the cereal bran with the xylan content of not less than 40% has the xylan content which is increased by one time (23.5 vs 48.79) compared with that of natural wheat bran and the enzymolysis rate of the contained xylan is increased by 2 times, which shows that the impurities are greatly removed and the fermentability of intestinal microorganisms is effectively improved in the wheat bran treatment process.
The water-insoluble xylan can be sufficiently enzymolyzed by xylanase, and the enzymolysis rate of the xylan is 1.5 times of that of the processed wheat bran.
Detection of each component of composite dietary fiber
3.1 acid hydrolysis: 1.000g of sample was accurately weighed, 10mL of 1% H2SO4 solution was added, weighed, and the weight was recorded. Putting into a sterilizing pot, and hydrolyzing at 121 ℃ for 1 hour. Taking out the triangular flask, weighing, adding pure water to the weight before hydrolysis, mixing uniformly, centrifuging at 4000rpm, and taking the supernatant. Adding diluted NaOH solution into the supernatant to neutralize to be neutral, and diluting by pure water by 50 times for later use.
3.2 preparing standard substances: respectively taking a certain amount of mannose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose standard substances which are dried to constant weight, and preparing a mixed standard substance solution of 0.2g/L by pure water.
3.3 derivatization: respectively taking 200 mu L of each of the standard solution and the diluted sample solution into a glass tube with a plug, adding 200 mu L of 0.5mol/L PMP (1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone) methanol solution and 200 mu L of 0.3mol/L NaOH solution, uniformly mixing, and placing in a constant temperature water bath kettle at 70 ℃ for reaction for 70 min. Taking out, cooling to room temperature, adding 0.3 mol/L200 muL HCl for neutralization, adding 200 muL pure water to 1mL volume, adding 2mL chloroform, centrifuging at 1500rpm for 3min after vortexing, removing an organic phase, and repeatedly extracting for 3 times. The obtained aqueous phase was passed through a 0.22 μm microfiltration membrane and subjected to HPLC analysis.
3.4 chromatographic conditions: shimadzu liquid LC-2030C 3D, chromatographic column ZORBAX SB C-18 column 4.6 × 250 mm; the column temperature is 30 ℃; the flow rate is 0.7 mL/min; mobile phase a was 0.1mol/L K2HPO4-KH2PO4 buffer (pH = 6.7), mobile phase B was acetonitrile, gradient elution, time gradient 0min → 28min → 38min → 60min, corresponding concentration gradient 15% → 15% → 19% → 19% (solvent B); the ultraviolet detection wavelength is 250nm, and the sample injection volume is 10 muL.
3.5 HPLC detection result: HPLC chromatogram shows that the main monosaccharide component of the composite dietary fiber is xylose from xylan hydrolysis, and mannose and glucose from glucomannan hydrolysis. The liquid chromatogram is shown in FIGS. 6-7.
The inulin detection method refers to the fructan detection method of GB 5009.255-2016.
Important features of the product of the invention include:
(1) the total fiber content was >80% without further additions, indicating an artificially prepared high fiber diet.
(2) Can be directly hydrolyzed by xylanase to obtain rich xylose, which indicates that the xylanase contains extracted and purified xylan, or the cereal bran fiber is subjected to special delignification treatment, and the xylan is easy to be hydrolyzed by enzyme, so the xylanase has the characteristic of being fully fermented and utilized by intestinal microorganisms.
(3) The monosaccharide of the dilute acid hydrolysate takes xylose as a main component, which shows that the composition of the product improves the ratio of xylan consciously.
(4) Besides xylose, the dilute acid hydrolysate can also detect arabinose, mannose and fructose, which indicates that mannan and levan are intentionally added into the product. Because the content of mannan in hemicellulose of the gramineous plant is extremely low, the bran prepared by the invention or the xylan extracted and purified by the invention is hydrolyzed by single diluted acid, and mannose does not appear; plant cell walls also contain no fructan, unless intentionally added by hand, no fructose should be detected in dilute acid hydrolysates of bran or xylan.
The action mechanism of the product for reducing the serum uremia toxin is clear: firstly, the tea is convenient to take, the intestinal nutrition environment with high carbon/nitrogen ratio of the intestinal tract, namely excessive carbon source and deficient nitrogen source is easily created, the intestinal microorganisms are metabolized and activated due to sufficient carbon source, the food source protein in the intestinal tract is fully absorbed for cell growth, the protein is not fermented and converted into toxin, the path for converting nitrogen-containing compounds into toxin is blocked from the source, and the output level of the enterogenic uremia toxin is reduced; and secondly, the fermentation performance is good, and the short-chain fatty acid can be fully fermented and utilized by intestinal microorganisms to correspondingly generate high-level short-chain fatty acids. The absorption of short chain fatty acids into the body can reduce the synthesis of uremic toxins, reduce the level of inflammatory factors, and inhibit uremic complications.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. can meet the target requirement of renal disease people for long-term and large-scale intake of dietary fiber. The composite dietary fiber is compounded by various staple fibers of human beings, and the large amount of the composite dietary fiber is supplemented, so that the coarse grain proportion of the staple food is improved in a balanced manner, and the composite dietary fiber belongs to a health dietary mode advocated at present. Therefore, the product of the invention has no upper limit of intake amount, and can fully meet the requirement of high fiber intake for a kidney disease crowd for a long time.
2. High bioavailability and remarkable health effect. The composite dietary fiber supplement provided by the invention has the advantages that the main component of the composite dietary fiber supplement, whether the main component is water-insoluble xylan or treated cereal bran fiber, has extremely high enzymolysis rate, namely the bioavailability (bioavailability) is good, and finally, a patient suffering from nephropathy obtains remarkable health benefits, and the composite dietary fiber supplement comprises the following components: remarkably reduces the retention level of toxins in the body, improves and even reverses the early nephropathy, controls or delays the process of renal failure, reduces the series of complications of dialysis patients including uremia and skin pruritus, and remarkably improves the life quality of the patients.
3. Can completely avoid the limitation of reducing uremic toxin by improving the fiber intake of fruits and vegetables. The composite dietary fibers provided by the invention are high-purity dietary fibers and are subjected to desalination, starch removal, protein removal and degreasing treatment processes, so that uremic patients take a large amount of the composite dietary fibers to reduce and control uremic toxin, the risk of hyperkalemia accompanied by high fruit and vegetable intake can be completely avoided, the amount (weight and quality) and the type of the fiber intake can simultaneously reach the high level which is difficult to achieve by the traditional diet mode, and the health benefit which is difficult to achieve by the traditional diet control is realized.
4. The composite dietary fiber product provided by the invention has the effects of reducing serum uremia toxin, improving renal function and improving the health quality of patients, can effectively reduce the level of serum uremia toxin (including blood urea, blood creatinine, blood uric acid, inorganic phosphorus and the like), has the effects of improving renal function (including improving glomerular filtration rate, increasing urine volume, reducing serum cystatin C and the like), delaying renal failure process, preventing or relieving uremia complications (uremia skin pruritus, hypodynamia, hyperphosphatemia and the like) and the like, has the improvement effect on a series of chronic nephropathies such as diabetes-nephropathy, nephrotic syndrome, heart failure induced renal insufficiency, uremia and the like, and cannot be realized by the traditional dietary fiber product.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an acid hydrolysis HPLC chromatogram of purified xylan, in which 1-glucose, 2-xylose, 3-arabinose;
FIG. 2 is an acid hydrolysis HPLC chromatogram of cereal bran showing 1-glucose, 2-xylose, 3-arabinose;
FIG. 3 is an acid hydrolysis HPLC chromatogram of wheat bran showing 1-glucose, 2-xylose, 3-arabinose;
FIG. 4 is an acid hydrolysis HPLC chromatogram of water-insoluble xylan, showing 1-glucose, 2-xylose, 3-arabinose;
FIG. 5 is an HPLC chromatogram of xylose standard, in which 1-xylose;
FIG. 6 is an HPLC chromatogram of complex dietary fiber showing 1-mannose, 2-glucuronic acid, 3-glucose, 4-galactose, 5-xylose, 6-arabinose;
FIG. 7 is a chromatogram of mixed standards showing 1-mannose, 2-glucuronic acid, 3-glucose, 4-galactose, 5-xylose, and 6-arabinose.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples, but it should be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments.
Example 1
The application of the composite dietary fiber in preparing products for reducing serum uremia toxin and improving kidney function is characterized in that the composite dietary fiber is prepared from 73 percent by weight of xylan, glucomannan and fructan: 15%: 12 percent of the components are mixed. The xylan is water-insoluble xylan with xylan content of more than 80% obtained by extraction and purification, and the glucomannan and the fructan are obtained by the market.
Example 2
The application of composite dietary fiber in preparing products for reducing serum uremia toxin and improving kidney function is characterized in that the composite dietary fiber is prepared from high-activity cereal bran with xylan content of not less than 40%, konjac glucomannan, inulin, resistant starch, pea cotyledon fiber and potato fiber in a weight percentage ratio of 60%: 20%: 10%: 5%: 2%: 3 percent of the components are mixed. The konjac gum, the inulin and the resistant starch are commercially available. The pea cotyledon fiber, namely the residue obtained by starch processing of peeled pea cotyledon, is used after being subjected to enzymatic starch removal and superfine grinding; the potato fiber is sweet potato fiber, is residue left after processing sweet potato starch, is subjected to enzymatic starch removal and superfine grinding for use.
Example 3
The application of composite dietary fiber in preparing products for reducing serum uremia toxin and improving kidney function is characterized in that the composite dietary fiber is prepared from xylan, galactomannan, inulin, resistant starch, pea cotyledon fiber and potato fiber in a weight percentage ratio of 66%: 12%: 8%: 6%: 4%: 4 percent of the components are mixed. The xylan is water-insoluble xylan with xylan content of more than 80% obtained by extraction and purification, and the galactomannan, the inulin and the resistant starch are obtained in the market. The pea cotyledon fiber, namely the residue obtained by starch processing of peeled pea cotyledon, is used after being subjected to enzymatic starch removal and superfine grinding; the potato fiber is sweet potato fiber, is residue left after processing sweet potato starch, is subjected to enzymatic starch removal and superfine grinding for use.
Example 4
The application of composite dietary fiber in preparing products for reducing serum uremia toxin and improving kidney function is characterized in that the composite dietary fiber is prepared from water-insoluble xylan with xylan content of more than 80%, konjac glucomannan, inulin, resistant starch, pea cotyledon fiber and sweet potato fiber in a weight percentage ratio of 61%: 17%: 8%: 5%: 5%: 4 percent of the components. The fiber is a representative fiber component of human staple food, and is a fiber which is greatly taken in human daily diet. The konjac gum, the inulin and the resistant starch are commercially available.
The water-insoluble xylan with xylan content of more than 80% is obtained by removing impurities from corncobs, extracting, dealkalizing, purifying and drying, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) leaching: taking 100 parts by weight of mildew-free and dry wood fiber material raw materials, properly crushing natural wood fiber materials, and then putting the crushed natural wood fiber materials into a sodium hydroxide solution with the mass fraction of 10 percent of 9 times to soak for 3.5 hours at the temperature of 90 ℃; after the extraction is finished, carrying out solid-liquid separation on the centrifugal precipitate to obtain a centrifugal heavy phase and an extracting solution; and washing the centrifugal heavy phase twice with 6% sodium hydroxide solution, performing solid-liquid separation each time, and recovering the liquid phase part to obtain xylan extraction alkali liquor.
(2) Dealkalization: combining the extracted alkali liquor in the step (1), and recovering alkali in the xylan extraction alkali liquor by using a nanofiltration technology to realize alkali liquor regeneration and recycling; the dealkalized extract is neutralized to pH 10 with hydrochloric acid. At this pH, the water-insoluble xylan is completely precipitated to obtain a xylan-depleted solution.
(3) And (3) purification: and (3) carrying out vacuum concentration on the obtained xylan alkali-removed solution in the step (2), and freezing the concentrated solution in a proper mode. Freezing means used include, but are not limited to, air blast freezing, direct contact freezing, freezing with cryogenic media, and the like.
(4) And (3) drying: and (4) putting the xylan ice blocks obtained in the step (3) into a proper washing device to melt ice and wash. When the ice is completely boiled, the water-insoluble xylan aggregates and precipitates and falls, and the lignin leaves the washing column along with the flowing water. After the effluent liquid is colorless and the lignin is removed, washing until the conductance is less than 200 mus/cm; the pH is neutral, and the precipitate is collected to obtain pure xylan precipitation solution. And dehydrating and drying the pure xylan precipitation solution to obtain the water-insoluble xylan with high purity and xylan content of more than 80%.
The pea cotyledon fiber and the sweet potato fiber are obtained by respectively removing heavy impurities, starch and protein from pea dregs and sweet potato dregs, carrying out ultra-micro refining and drying on the pea dregs and the sweet potato dregs, and the specific preparation method comprises the following steps of:
(1) heavy impurity removal: taking fresh, mildew-free and dried pea residues or sweet potato residue raw materials, adding clean water with the weight being 11 times that of the raw materials, slowly stirring and floating for 15 minutes, removing heavy impurities precipitated to the bottom of a container, and centrifugally dewatering to obtain a fiber material with the water content being less than 60%;
(2) starch and protein removal: putting the obtained fiber material into 5 times of clear water by weight, adjusting the pH value to 6.0-6.5, adding high-temperature alpha-amylase according to the weight ratio of 1:1000 of enzyme to the fiber material, heating to 90 ℃, preserving heat, and slowly stirring for hydrolysis for 1 hour; cooling to 52 ℃, adjusting the pH value to 6.8-7.0, adding neutral protease according to the weight ratio of enzyme to fiber material of 1:1000, carrying out enzymolysis at the constant temperature of 48-52 ℃ for 1 hour, dehydrating the fiber material in an extrusion dehydration mode, and stirring and washing the fiber material twice with clear water to obtain a purified fiber material;
(3) ultra-refining: the purified fiber material is firstly ground by a colloid mill and then is subjected to ultramicro treatment by an ultrahigh pressure homogenizer to obtain ultrafine particles capable of forming stable turbid liquid, wherein the particle size of the ultrafine particles is between 100 and 1000 meshes;
(4) and (3) drying: drying the superfine particle suspension to obtain the high-activity fiber superfine powder.
Example 5
The application of composite dietary fiber in preparing products for reducing serum uremia toxin and improving kidney function is characterized in that the composite dietary fiber is prepared from high-activity cereal bran with xylan content of not less than 40%, galactomannan, inulin, resistant starch, pea cotyledon fiber and sweet potato fiber in a weight percentage ratio of 75%: 5%: 7%: 3%: 5%: 5 percent of the components. The galactomannan, inulin and resistant starch are commercially available.
The high-activity cereal bran is obtained by removing heavy impurities, starch and protein, delignification, ultra-fine refining and drying of corn bran, and the specific preparation method is as follows:
(1) heavy impurity removal: taking a fresh, mildew-free and dried corn bran raw material, adding clear water in an amount which is 13 times the weight of the corn bran raw material, slowly stirring, floating and removing heavy impurities precipitated to the bottom of a container, and centrifugally dewatering to obtain a fiber material with the water content of less than 60%;
(2) starch and protein removal: putting the obtained fiber material into clear water with the weight of 6 times, adjusting the pH value to 6.0-6.5, and adding enzyme: the fiber material is 1: adding high-temperature alpha-amylase according to the weight ratio of 1000, heating to 90 ℃, preserving heat, and slowly stirring for hydrolysis for 1.5 hours; cooling to 52 ℃, and adjusting the pH value to 6.8-7.0, adding enzyme: the fiber material is 1.5: adding neutral protease at the weight ratio of 1000, performing enzymolysis at the constant temperature of 48-52 ℃ for 1 hour, dehydrating the fiber material, stirring and washing the fiber material twice with clear water, and finally removing free liquid by using a centrifugal machine to obtain a purified fiber material;
(3) delignification: adding purified fiber material into delignification reagent (alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution, wherein the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 0.1-1%, and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is 0.3-3%), and reacting at constant temperature for 7 hours under the conditions that the reaction pressure is 0.1MPa and the temperature is 60 ℃; filtering free liquid after the reaction is finished, neutralizing the solid material in clear water by using dilute acid until the pH value is 6.0, and rinsing the solid material twice by using clear water to obtain delignified fibers;
(4) ultra-refining: suspending delignified chemical fibers with pure water, grinding by a colloid mill, and performing ultramicro treatment by an ultrahigh pressure homogenizer to obtain superfine particles capable of forming stable suspension;
(5) and (3) drying: drying the suspension to obtain high activity testa Tritici with xylan content not less than 40%.
The pea cotyledon fiber or sweet potato fiber is obtained by removing heavy impurities, removing starch and protein, ultra-refining and drying sweet potato residue and pea residue respectively, and the specific preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) heavy impurity removal: taking fresh, mildew-free and dried pea residues or sweet potato residue raw materials, adding clear water in an amount which is 13 times the weight of the raw materials, slowly stirring and floating to remove heavy impurities precipitated to the bottom of a container, and centrifugally dewatering to obtain a fiber material with the water content of less than 60%;
(2) starch and protein removal: putting the obtained fiber material into clear water with the weight of 67 times, adjusting the pH value to 6.0-6.5, adding high-temperature alpha-amylase according to the weight ratio of 1:1000 of the enzyme to the fiber material, heating to 90 ℃, preserving the temperature, and slowly stirring for hydrolysis for 1.4 hours; cooling to 52 ℃, adjusting the pH value to 6.8-7.0, adding neutral protease according to the weight ratio of enzyme to fiber material of 1.5:1000, carrying out enzymolysis at the constant temperature of 48-52 ℃ for 1 hour, dehydrating the fiber material by a filtration type centrifugal dehydration mode, and stirring and washing with clear water twice to obtain a purified fiber material;
(3) ultra-refining: the purified fiber material is firstly ground by a colloid mill and then is subjected to ultramicro treatment by an ultrahigh pressure homogenizer to obtain ultrafine particles capable of forming stable turbid liquid, wherein the particle size of the ultrafine particles is between 100 and 1000 meshes;
(4) and (3) drying: drying the superfine particle suspension to obtain the pea cotyledon fiber superfine powder or the high-activity sweet potato fiber.
Example 6
The application of a composite dietary fiber in preparing products for reducing serum uremia toxin and improving kidney function is characterized in that the composite dietary fiber is prepared from water-insoluble xylan with xylan content of more than 80%, galactomannan, fructan, resistant starch, pea cotyledon fiber and sweet potato fiber in a weight percentage ratio of 65%: 15%: 8%: 7%: 3%: 2 percent of the components. The galactomannan, the fructan and the resistant starch are commercially available.
Wherein the water-insoluble xylan with xylan content >80% is prepared by the following steps:
(1) leaching: taking 100 parts by weight of mildew-free and dry corn straw raw material, crushing the raw material, and then putting the crushed raw material into a sodium hydroxide solution with the weight 10 times that of the raw material and the mass fraction of 15%, and soaking the raw material for 2.5 hours at the temperature of 80-120 ℃; after the extraction is finished, carrying out solid-liquid separation on the centrifugal precipitate to obtain a centrifugal heavy phase and an extracting solution; the centrifuged heavy phase was washed twice with 6% by mass sodium hydroxide solution and subjected to solid-liquid separation each time.
(2) Combining the 3 times of extracted alkali liquor, and carrying out dealkalization treatment by using an alkali-resistant electrodialysis membrane to realize the regeneration and cyclic utilization of the alkali liquor; neutralizing the dealkalized extract with hydrochloric acid until the pH value is 6-8; completely separating out water-insoluble xylan at the pH value, centrifuging and precipitating by using a high-speed centrifuge, washing a centrifugation heavy phase which is the water-insoluble xylan for 5 times by using water to remove water-soluble components in the water-insoluble xylan, and finally drying to obtain the water-insoluble xylan with the high-purity xylan content of more than 80%.
The pea cotyledon fiber or the high-activity sweet potato fiber is prepared by the following preparation method:
(1) heavy impurity removal: taking fresh, mildew-free and dried pea residues or sweet potato residues as raw materials, adding clear water in an amount which is 15 times the weight of the raw materials, slowly stirring and floating to remove heavy impurities precipitated to the bottom of a container, and centrifugally dewatering to obtain a fiber material with the water content of less than 60%;
(2) starch and protein removal: putting the obtained fiber material into clear water with the weight 7 times that of the fiber material, adjusting the pH value to 6.0-6.5, adding high-temperature alpha-amylase according to the weight ratio of 1:1000 of the enzyme to the fiber material, heating to 90 ℃, preserving the heat, and slowly stirring for hydrolysis for 1.5 hours; cooling to 52 ℃, adjusting the pH value to 7.0, adding neutral protease according to the weight ratio of 2:1000 of enzyme to the fiber material, carrying out enzymolysis for 1 hour at the constant temperature of 48-52 ℃, dehydrating the fiber material in an extrusion dehydration mode, and stirring and washing the fiber material twice with clear water to obtain a purified fiber material;
(3) ultra-refining: the purified fiber material is firstly ground by a colloid mill and then is subjected to ultramicro treatment by an ultrahigh pressure homogenizer to obtain superfine particles capable of forming stable turbid liquid;
(4) and (3) drying: drying the superfine particle suspension to obtain the pea cotyledon fiber superfine powder or the high-activity sweet potato fiber.
Example 7
This example demonstrates the health benefits of chronic kidney disease patients taking the composite dietary fiber of the present invention.
1. Reversal of nephrotic syndrome
The male, 53 years old, nephrotic syndrome, membranous nephropathy, have already received the standard hormone treatment for 2 years before taking the composite fiber product of the invention, but the renal function can't resume to normal, not merely urea, creatinine are the uremic toxin represented to be in the higher level all the time, glomerular filtration rate is lower than 50 all the time, urine protein is positive, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, serum creatinine level are high, lose the basic physical stamina.
The patient takes the compound dietary fiber which is prepared according to the invention in the example 5 and takes bran as xylan source according to the dosage of 20 g/day based on the prior treatment measures. The serum uremia toxin level of the patient is obviously reduced after three months compared with that before the patient takes the fiber, and the renal function index is obviously improved. After the dietary fiber is continuously taken for one year, all indexes of renal function, blood sugar and blood fat of a patient are recovered to be normal (table 3), and the dietary fiber product can correct glycolipid metabolism and reverse nephrotic syndrome. The patient recovered normal physical performance.
2. Improving chronic renal insufficiency caused by heart failure
The patient is female, the age of 58 years old, rheumatic heart disease and chronic congestive heart failure cause renal insufficiency, the disease progresses from the 3b stage to the 4 stage, and the basic labor energy is lost. On the basis of the original treatment measures, the patient takes the composite dietary fiber prepared by the method of the embodiment 5 according to the dosage of 20 g/day, and measures the related biochemical indexes at 1 month and 2 months respectively. The results show that after the fiber of the invention is taken by patients, the renal insufficiency caused by heart failure can be effectively improved (table 4), the condition of the patients is obviously reversed, and the possibility of developing uremia is avoided.
3. Eliminating uremia and skin pruritus, and improving nutrition state
The female is 39 years old, has the period of chronic nephropathy 5 and hemodialysis 6 months, has severe uremia skin pruritus and aggravated pruritus degree in the evening, affects sleep, has poor appetite and is difficult to be qualified in housework with energy and physical strength. The original dialysis treatment scheme is maintained, and the patient takes the composite dietary fiber product prepared according to the embodiment 4 according to the dosage of 10 g/day, the uremia skin itch symptom is eliminated after 10 days, the urine volume is increased, the normal sleep can be realized, the physical strength and the appetite are obviously improved, and the normal housework ability is recovered. After the medicine is continuously taken for 2 months, the indexes of uremic toxin detection items are greatly reduced, and the nutritional indexes are obviously improved (see table 5), so that the health state of patients is effectively improved by the product.
4. Reducing uremia toxin level of hemodialysis patient, and protecting residual renal function
Male, 29 years old, chronic kidney disease stage 5, hemodialysis for 7 months, complicated by uremia, cutaneous pruritus, anuria (<50 ml/24), fatigue and weakness. After the original dialysis condition is maintained unchanged and the composite fiber product prepared according to the invention in the example 5 is taken, the skin pruritus symptom disappears after 10 days, the fatigue and weakness state is improved, and the urine volume is increased to 300-400 ml/24 h; the test results show that the serum urea and creatinine levels are both significantly reduced, and the disease condition is kept stable after three months of follow-up (table 6). Therefore, the product of the invention can further reduce the retention level of the toxin in the body, improve the complications of uremia and protect and partially restore the residual renal function on the basis of hemodialysis.
5. Protective effect on diabetic-nephropathy hemodialysis patient complications
The male patient is 54 years old, has diabetic nephropathy stage 5, has hemodialysis stage 3 years, has poor blood sugar control, and has uremia, pruritus and scratch and ulceration of the skin. The original dialysis condition is maintained unchanged, the compound dietary fiber product prepared according to the embodiment 4 of the invention is taken twice according to the dose of 15 g/day, the skin pruritus symptom disappears after 10 days, the fatigue and weakness state is improved, and the urine volume is increased to 300-400 ml/24 h; after three months of follow-up visit, the serum test results after dialysis before and after taking the product of the invention are compared, and the product of the invention is proved to be capable of remarkably reducing the postprandial blood sugar, urea and creatinine levels of patients with diabetes-nephropathy, relieving complications and keeping the state of illness stable (Table 7).
Claims (10)
1. The application of the composite dietary fiber in preparing products for reducing serum uremia toxin and improving kidney functions comprises the following specific components: xylan, glucomannan and fructan, wherein the weight percentage of both xylan + glucomannan is >50%, w/w.
2. The use of the complex dietary fiber of claim 1 in the preparation of a product for reducing serum uremic toxins and improving renal function, wherein: the specific components of the composite dietary fiber also comprise resistant starch, bean cotyledon fiber and potato fiber; the composite dietary fiber is prepared by mixing the following components in percentage by weight w/w: the ratio of xylan to glucomannan is more than 50%; the ratio of the fructan to the resistant starch is within the range of 2-15%; the ratio of the bean cotyledon fiber and the potato fiber is not more than 10%.
3. The use of the composite dietary fiber according to claim 2 for the preparation of a product for reducing serum uremic toxins and improving kidney function, wherein: further, the composite dietary fiber is prepared by mixing the following components in percentage by weight w/w: the ratio of xylan to glucomannan is as follows: 80-85%; the ratio of the fructan to the resistant starch is as follows: 10% -15%; the proportion of the bean cotyledon fiber and the potato fiber is as follows: 5 percent.
4. Use of the complex dietary fiber according to any one of claims 1 to 3 for the preparation of a product for reducing serum uremic toxins and improving renal function, characterized in that: the compound dietary fiber is used for preparing medicines or health products with the functions of reducing serum uremia toxin and improving renal function; the serum uremic toxin comprises one or more of blood urea, blood creatinine, blood uric acid and inorganic phosphorus, and the renal function is improved, wherein the renal function improvement indexes comprise one or more of improvement of glomerular filtration rate, increase of urine volume and reduction of serum cystatin C.
5. Use of the complex dietary fiber according to claim 1 or 2 for the preparation of a product for reducing serum uremic toxins and improving kidney function, characterized in that: the xylan is derived from cereal bran with xylan content of not less than 40% after physicochemical treatment, or water-insoluble xylan with xylan content of more than 80% obtained by extraction and purification.
6. Use of the complex dietary fiber according to claim 1 or 2 for the preparation of a product for reducing serum uremic toxins and improving kidney function, characterized in that: the glucomannan is selected from konjac gum purified from tubers of plants in the genus of konjac and produced in a commercial manner, or galactomannan purified from seeds of some leguminous plants and produced in a commercial manner.
7. Use of the complex dietary fiber according to claim 1 or 2 for the preparation of a product for reducing serum uremic toxins and improving kidney function, characterized in that: the fructan is a purified product of tuberous root of Compositae plant in the form of storage polysaccharide, and comprises inulin commercially produced from chicory and Jerusalem artichoke tuberous root.
8. Use of the complex dietary fiber according to claim 1 or 2 for the preparation of a product for reducing serum uremic toxins and improving kidney function, characterized in that: the pea cotyledon fiber, namely the residue obtained by starch processing of peeled pea cotyledon, is used after being subjected to enzymatic starch removal and superfine grinding; the potato fiber is sweet potato fiber, is residue left after processing sweet potato starch, is subjected to enzymatic starch removal and superfine grinding for use.
9. Use of the composite dietary fiber according to claim 5, for preparing a product for reducing serum uremic toxins and improving kidney function, wherein: the grain bran with the xylan content of not less than 40% after the physical and chemical treatment comprises the following specific treatment methods:
(1) heavy impurity removal: taking a fresh, mildew-free and dry cereal bran raw material, adding clear water with the weight of 10-15 times, slowly stirring, floating, removing heavy impurities precipitated to the bottom of a container, and centrifugally dewatering to obtain a fiber material with the water content of less than 60%;
(2) starch and protein removal: putting the obtained fiber material into clear water with the weight 5-7 times of that of the fiber material, adjusting the pH value to 6.0-6.5, adding high-temperature alpha-amylase according to the weight ratio of 1:1000 of the enzyme to the fiber material, heating to 90 ℃, preserving the temperature, and slowly stirring for hydrolysis for 1-1.5 hours; cooling to 52 ℃, adjusting the pH value to 6.8-7.0, adding neutral protease according to the weight ratio of enzyme to fiber material of 1-2:1000, carrying out enzymolysis at the constant temperature of 48-52 ℃ for 1 hour, then dehydrating the fiber material, stirring and washing with clear water for two times, and finally removing free liquid by a centrifuge to obtain a purified fiber material;
(3) delignification: adding a purified fiber material into the delignification reagent, and reacting for 6-10 hours at a constant temperature under the conditions that the reaction pressure is 0.04-0.2MPa and the temperature is 60 ℃; filtering free liquid after the reaction is finished, neutralizing the solid material in clear water by using dilute acid until the pH value is 6.0, and rinsing the solid material twice by using clear water to obtain delignified fibers;
(4) ultra-refining: suspending delignified chemical fibers with pure water, grinding by a colloid mill, and performing ultramicro treatment by an ultrahigh pressure homogenizer to obtain superfine particles capable of forming stable suspension;
(5) and (3) drying: drying the above superfine suspension to obtain the final product.
10. Use of the composite dietary fiber according to claim 5, for preparing a product for reducing serum uremic toxins and improving kidney function, wherein: the extraction method of the water-insoluble xylan with the xylan content of more than 80 percent comprises the following steps:
(1) leaching: taking 100 parts by weight of mildew-free and dry wood fiber material raw material, crushing the natural wood fiber material properly, and then putting the crushed natural wood fiber material into 8-12 times of sodium hydroxide solution with the mass fraction of 8% -12% to soak for 2-4 hours at the temperature of 80-120 ℃; after the extraction is finished, carrying out solid-liquid separation on the centrifugal precipitate to obtain a centrifugal heavy phase and an extracting solution; washing the centrifugal heavy phase twice with 6% sodium hydroxide solution, performing solid-liquid separation each time, and recovering the liquid phase to obtain xylan extraction alkali solution;
(2) dealkalization: combining the alkali liquor extracted in the step (1), and recovering alkali in the xylan leached alkali liquor by using one or two methods of electrodialysis, diffusion dialysis, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration technologies independently or jointly to realize regeneration and cyclic utilization of the alkali liquor; neutralizing the dealkalized extract with hydrochloric acid until the pH value is 8-11; completely separating out water-insoluble xylan at the pH value to obtain xylan alkali-removed liquid;
(3) and (3) purification: the xylan alkali-removed liquid obtained in the step (2) is subjected to microfiltration or vacuum concentration, and the concentrated solution is frozen in a proper way; freezing means used include, but are not limited to, air blast freezing, direct contact freezing, freezing with cryogenic media;
(4) and (3) drying: putting the xylan ice blocks obtained in the step (3) into a proper washing device to melt ice and wash; when the ice blocks are completely dissolved, the water-insoluble xylan is gathered and precipitated to fall down, and the lignin leaves the washing column along with flowing water; after the effluent liquid is colorless and the lignin is removed, washing until the conductance is less than 200 mus/cm; collecting precipitate to obtain pure xylan precipitate solution with neutral pH; and dehydrating and drying the pure xylan precipitation solution to obtain the water-insoluble xylan with the xylan content of more than 80 percent.
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