CN114264889B - High-power millimeter wave power measurement calibration device - Google Patents
High-power millimeter wave power measurement calibration device Download PDFInfo
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- CN114264889B CN114264889B CN202111540346.7A CN202111540346A CN114264889B CN 114264889 B CN114264889 B CN 114264889B CN 202111540346 A CN202111540346 A CN 202111540346A CN 114264889 B CN114264889 B CN 114264889B
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Abstract
The invention discloses a high-power millimeter wave power measurement calibration device, wherein two ends of a calibrated system are provided with a liquid inlet pipe and a liquid outlet pipe; the power measurement calibration device is arranged on the liquid inlet pipe and is positioned at the same positionBetween the first measuring unit and the calibrated system; the power measurement calibration device completes heating of liquid in the constant-temperature water tank through the heating and refrigerating module in the constant-temperature water tank, and obtains the heat stored in the liquid in the constant-temperature water tank as Q s As standard heat for calibration; when the calibrated system is in an empty state, the liquid of the constant-temperature water tank enters the calibrated system, and at the moment, the calibrated system finishes the heat change Q of the liquid flowing through the calibrated system based on the measured temperature and flow information at the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet m The calibrated system energy measurement error Δq is: Δq=q m ‑Q s . Therefore, the calibrated millimeter wave power can be obtained by combining the error value with the millimeter wave pulse width, and the calibration of the calibrated system is completed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the power measurement calibration of a high-power millimeter wave source or a system, is suitable for the power measurement calibration work of a high-power millimeter wave gyrotron, and particularly relates to a high-power millimeter wave power measurement calibration device.
Background
In the experimental study of magnetic confinement thermonuclear fusion, high-power millimeter waves are needed to carry out electron cyclotron resonance heating. The high power millimeter wave source is typically an electric vacuum device, known as a gyrotron. The electromagnetic wave power output by the gyrotron is typically up to the order of hundreds of kilowatts or even megawatts. The measurement of high power millimeter wave power is typically based on fluid calorimetry using an absorption load to convert incident millimeter wave energy into thermal energy. In the measuring process, water temperature and flow data of the water inlet and the water outlet of the absorption load are required to be monitored, and the data processing is carried out by using the formula (1) to realize power measurement.
Wherein C is the specific heat capacity of the fluid, F is the flow, tout (t) is the temperature of the water outlet at t, tin (t) is the temperature of the water inlet at t, t n ＝t 0 +τ 1 +τ 2 ，τ 1 Is to test the millimeter wave pulse duration, τ 2 Is the time when the temperature difference between the water outlet and the water inlet is zero. However, in the actual measurement process, factors such as temperature drift of water temperature, heat dissipation during water flow, response time of a temperature sensor and the like can influence the measurement result. Therefore, power measurements need to be calibrated to reduce measurement errors due to the reasons described above.
Currently, the calibration method commonly used is calorimeter: will know the power P k And a certain pulse width D k The cooling water is heated by a resistance wire arranged in the calorimeter, then the water in the calorimeter is injected into a measuring system at the time of no load, and the power measurement is carried out by the measuring system to obtain P. By P k And P obtains a calibration coefficient k to finish the calibration of the measurement system.
The energy injected by the calorimeter in the prior art cannot be accurately estimated, and the calibration of millimeter wave power is affected by lower electric power due to energy dissipation possibly generated in the heating process.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a high-power millimeter wave power measurement calibration device.
The aim of the invention is achieved by the following technical scheme:
the high-power millimeter wave power measurement calibration device is characterized in that a liquid inlet pipe and a liquid outlet pipe are arranged at two ends of a calibrated system, a first measurement unit is arranged at a liquid inlet of the liquid inlet pipe and used for measuring liquid inlet flow and liquid inlet temperature, and a second measurement unit is arranged at a liquid outlet of the liquid outlet pipe and used for measuring liquid outlet flow and liquid outlet temperature; the power measurement calibration device is connected to the liquid inlet pipe through a three-way valve and is positioned between the first measurement unit and the calibrated system; the power measurement calibration device comprises: the device comprises a constant-temperature water tank, a thermometer and liquid arranged in the constant-temperature water tank, wherein the thermometer is arranged in the constant-temperature water tank and immersed in the liquid; the power measurement calibration device completes heating of liquid in the constant-temperature water tank through the heating and refrigerating module in the constant-temperature water tank, and obtains the heat stored in the liquid in the constant-temperature water tank as Q s As standard heat for calibration;
when the calibrated system is in an empty state, the liquid of the constant-temperature water tank enters the calibrated system, and at the moment, the calibrated system finishes the heat change Q of the liquid flowing through the calibrated system based on the measured temperature and flow information at the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet m Is used for the measurement of (a),
the calibrated system energy measurement error Δq is: Δq=q m -Q s The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the And the flow state of the calibrated system when the calibrated system is calibrated is equivalent to the flow state of the calibrated system when the calibrated system works.
According to a preferred embodiment, the stored heat of the liquid in the thermostatic water tank is:
Q s ＝cm(T s -T 0 )＝cρV s (T s -T 0 )
q in s Is the heat stored by the constant temperature water tank, c is the specific heat capacity of the liquid; m is the mass of liquid in the thermostatic water tank; t (T) s Is the temperature of the liquid in the constant temperature water tank after heating; t (T) 0 Is flowed into constant temperature water tankIs a temperature of the liquid; ρ is the density of water; v (V) s Is the volume of the constant temperature water tank.
According to a preferred embodiment, the measured change in heat of the liquid is:
Q m ＝∫cρT 1 (t)S 1 (t)dt-∫cρT 0 (t)S 0 (t)dt
wherein Q is m Is the energy measured by the calibrated system; t (T) 1 (t) is the temperature of the liquid outlet of the calibrated system; s is S 1 (t) is the flow rate of the liquid outlet of the calibrated system; t (T) 0 (t) is the inlet temperature of the system to be calibrated and is also the initial temperature of the liquid flowing into the constant temperature water tank; s is S 0 And (t) is the flow rate of the liquid inlet of the calibrated system.
According to a preferred embodiment, a stirring device is further arranged in the constant temperature water tank, and is used for stirring the liquid in the tank.
According to a preferred embodiment, the liquid flowing into the calibrated system and the power measurement calibration device is not limited to water.
According to a preferred embodiment, the first and second measuring units are shown with flow and temperature sensors built in.
The foregoing inventive concepts and various further alternatives thereof may be freely combined to form multiple concepts, all of which are contemplated and claimed herein. Various combinations will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the present disclosure, and are not intended to be exhaustive or all of the present disclosure.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the power measurement calibration device provides standard heat for the calibrated system, and the calibrated system measures the standard heat, so that the energy measurement error of the calibrated system is obtained based on the difference value between the measured value and the standard heat, and the calibrated millimeter wave power can be obtained by combining the error value and the millimeter wave pulse width, thereby completing the calibration of the calibrated system. And the standard energy of the liquid in the power measurement calibration device is accurate and can be traced to the source through the basic quantity such as temperature and quality.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a power measurement calibration device according to the present invention in a working principle configuration;
the device comprises a 101-calibrated system, a 102-liquid inlet pipe, a 103-first measuring unit, a 104-liquid outlet pipe, a 105-second measuring unit, a 201-constant temperature water tank, a 202-heating resistor and a 203-stirring device.
Detailed Description
Other advantages and effects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following disclosure, which describes the embodiments of the present invention with reference to specific examples. The invention may be practiced or carried out in other embodiments that depart from the specific details, and the details of the present description may be modified or varied from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It should be noted that the following embodiments and features in the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.
It should be noted that, for the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more clear, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments.
In the description of the present invention, it should also be noted that, unless explicitly specified and limited otherwise, the terms "disposed," "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, and may be, for example, fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; can be mechanically or electrically connected; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and can be communication between two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention will be understood in specific cases by those of ordinary skill in the art.
In addition, in the present invention, if a specific structure, connection relationship, position relationship, power source relationship, etc. are not specifically written, the structure, connection relationship, position relationship, power source relationship, etc. related to the present invention can be known by those skilled in the art without any creative effort.
Example 1:
referring to fig. 1, the invention discloses a high-power millimeter wave power measurement calibration device. The heat measurement calibration function of the calibrated system 101 is realized through the power measurement calibration device disclosed by the invention.
Wherein, the two ends of the calibrated system 101 are provided with a liquid inlet pipe 102 and a liquid outlet pipe 104 for realizing the inflow and outflow of liquid.
The liquid inlet of the liquid inlet pipe 102 is provided with a first measuring unit 103 for measuring liquid inlet flow and liquid inlet temperature, and the liquid outlet of the liquid outlet pipe 104 is provided with a second measuring unit 105 for measuring liquid outlet flow and liquid outlet temperature.
Further, the first measuring unit 103 and the second measuring unit 105 are shown with built-in flow sensors and temperature sensors.
Preferably, the power measurement calibration device is connected to the liquid inlet pipe 102 via a three-way valve 202 and is located between the first measurement unit 103 and the calibrated system 101. The liquid for storing heat flows through the inlet pipe 102 into the power measurement calibration device, which is used to provide standard heat (the carrier of the heat is the liquid) to the calibrated system 101.
Specifically, the power measurement calibration device includes: a constant temperature water tank 201, a thermometer, and a liquid provided in the constant temperature water tank 201.
A thermometer is placed in the thermostatic water tank 201 and immersed in the liquid.
The power measurement calibration device completes the heating of the liquid in the constant temperature water tank 201 through the heating and refrigerating module in the constant temperature water tank 201, and obtains the heat stored in the liquid in the constant temperature water tank 201 as Q s As standard heat for calibration. The thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the liquid in the thermostatic water tank 201.
A stirring device is also arranged in the constant temperature water tank 201 and is used for realizing the stirring of the liquid in the tank. Thereby helping the heating resistor 202 to achieve uniform heating of the liquid.
Specifically, the stored heat of the liquid in the thermostatic water tank 201 (stored heat with respect to the initial temperature) is:
Q s ＝cm(T s -T 0 )＝cρV s (T s -T 0 )
wherein c is the specific heat capacity of the liquid; m is the mass of liquid in the thermostatic waterbox 201; t (T) s Is the heated temperature of the liquid in the thermostatic waterbox 201; t (T) 0 Is the initial temperature of the liquid flowing into the thermostatic water tank 201 (general case T 0 I.e. room temperature); ρ is the density of water; v (V) s Is the volume of the thermostatic waterbox 201.
Preferably, in the present embodiment, the liquid flowing into the calibrated system 101 and the power measurement calibration device is not limited to water, or a liquid having a large loss tangent in the millimeter wave band may be used.
In the no-load state of the calibrated system 101, the liquid in the constant-temperature water tank 201 enters the calibrated system 101, and at this time, the calibrated system 101 completes the heat variation Q of the liquid flowing through the calibrated system 101 based on the measured temperature and flow information at the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet m Is a measurement of (a).
The measured liquid heat change was:
Q m ＝∫cρT 1 (t)S 1 (t)dt-∫cρT 0 (t)S 0 (t)dt
wherein Q is m Is the energy measured by the calibration system 101; t (T) 1 (t) is the temperature of the liquid outlet of the calibrated system 101; s is S 1 (t) is the flow rate of the liquid outlet of the calibrated system 101; t (T) 0 (t) is the inlet temperature of the system 101 being calibrated, and is also the initial temperature of the liquid flowing into the thermostatic water tank 201; s is S 0 And (t) is the flow rate of the liquid inlet of the calibrated system 101.
The calibrated system 101 energy measurement error Δq is: Δq=q m -Q s . And then the millimeter wave pulse width is combined to obtain the calibrated millimeter wave power, so that the calibration of the calibrated system 101 is completed.
And the flow state of the calibrated system when the calibrated system is calibrated is equivalent to the flow state of the calibrated system when the calibrated system works. That is, the flow condition when calibrated should be maintained as much as the flow condition when the calibrated system is in operation, so that the energy measurement error is accurate
The power measurement calibration device provides standard heat for the calibrated system, and the calibrated system measures the standard heat, so that the energy measurement error of the calibrated system is obtained based on the difference value between the measured value and the standard heat, and the calibrated millimeter wave power can be obtained by combining the error value and the millimeter wave pulse width, thereby completing the calibration of the calibrated system. And the standard energy of the liquid in the power measurement calibration device is accurate and the magnitude can be traced.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to be limiting, but rather is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. The high-power millimeter wave power measurement calibration device is characterized in that liquid inlet pipes (102) and liquid outlet pipes (104) are arranged at two ends of a calibrated system (101), a first measurement unit (103) is arranged at a liquid inlet of the liquid inlet pipe (102) and is used for realizing liquid inlet flow and liquid inlet temperature measurement, and a second measurement unit (105) is arranged at a liquid outlet of the liquid outlet pipe (104) and is used for realizing liquid outlet flow and liquid outlet temperature measurement;
it is characterized in that the method comprises the steps of,
the power measurement calibration device is connected to the liquid inlet pipe (102) through a three-way valve (202) and is positioned between the first measurement unit (103) and the calibrated system (101);
the power measurement calibration device comprises: a constant temperature water tank (201), a thermometer and liquid arranged in the constant temperature water tank (201), wherein the thermometer is arranged in the constant temperature water tank (201) and immersed in the liquid;
the power measurement calibration device completes liquid heating in the constant temperature water tank (201) through a heating and refrigerating module in the constant temperature water tank (201) and obtains that the heat stored in the liquid in the constant temperature water tank (201) is Q s As standard heat for calibration;
in the idle state of the calibrated system (101)The liquid of the constant temperature water tank (201) enters the calibrated system (101), and at the moment, the calibrated system (101) completes the heat change Q of the liquid flowing through the calibrated system (101) based on the measured temperature and flow information at the liquid inlet and the liquid outlet m Is used for the measurement of (a),
the calibrated system energy measurement error Δq is: Δq=q m -Q s ；
The flow state when the calibrated system (101) performs calibration is equivalent to the flow state when the calibrated system (101) works;
the measured liquid heat change was:
Q m ＝∫cρT 1 (t)S 1 (t)dt-∫cρT 0 (t)S 0 (t)dt
wherein Q is m Is the energy measured by the calibration system (101); t (T) 1 (t) is the temperature of the liquid outlet of the calibrated system (101); s is S 1 (t) is the flow rate of the liquid outlet of the calibrated system (101); t (T) 0 (t) is the temperature of the liquid inlet of the calibrated system (101) and is also the initial temperature of the liquid flowing into the constant temperature water tank (201); s is S 0 And (t) is the flow rate of the liquid inlet of the calibrated system (101).
2. The power measurement calibration device according to claim 1, wherein the stored heat of the liquid in the thermostatic water tank (201) is:
Q s ＝cm(T s -T 0 )＝cρV s (T s -T 0 )
q in s Is the heat stored by the constant temperature water tank (201), c is the specific heat capacity of the liquid; m is the mass of liquid in the thermostatic water tank; t (T) s Is the temperature of the liquid in the constant temperature water tank (201) after heating; t (T) 0 Is the initial temperature of the liquid flowing into the thermostatic water tank (201); ρ is the density of water; v (V) s Is the volume of the constant temperature water tank.
3. A power measurement calibration device according to claim 1, characterized in that the thermostatic water tank (201) is further provided with stirring means (203) for achieving stirring of the liquid in the tank.
4. A power measurement calibration device according to claim 1, characterized in that the liquid flowing into the calibrated system (101) and the power measurement calibration device is not limited to water.
5. The power measurement calibration device according to claim 1, characterized in that the first measurement unit (103) and the second measurement unit (105) are built-in with a flow sensor and a temperature sensor.
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| WO2013087174A1 (en) * | 2011-12-12 | 2013-06-20 | Karlsruher Institut für Technologie | Device and method for determining the mass-flow of a fluid |
| DE102015115761A1 (en) * | 2015-09-18 | 2017-03-23 | Endress + Hauser Flowtec Ag | Method for on-site calibration of a thermal flow measuring device, method for carrying out a temperature-compensated flow measurement and thermal flow meter |
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