CN114260105B

CN114260105B - Exosome extraction element

Info

Publication number: CN114260105B
Application number: CN202111490228.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王争光; 陈曦; 张云超
Original assignee: Zhejiang University ZJU
Current assignee: Zhejiang University ZJU
Priority date: 2021-12-08
Filing date: 2021-12-08
Publication date: 2022-12-20
Anticipated expiration: 2041-12-08
Also published as: CN114260105A

Abstract

The invention discloses an exosome extracting device which comprises a box body and a box cover; a supporting cylinder is fixed in the box body; a base is inserted in the supporting cylinder; a centrifugal component is arranged on the base; a motor is fixed on the base; the bottom of the box body is provided with a fixed part; a first spring is fixed in the supporting cylinder; a sealing ring is fixed on the part of the base inserted into the supporting cylinder; a plurality of communicating grooves are formed in the inner wall of the supporting cylinder; when the centrifuge tube is used, the first spring drives the base to integrally move out of the box body by opening the box cover, so that the movement of the spring is buffered by the arranged communicating groove in the centrifuge tube taking process, the base is stably moved upwards, the exosome is prevented from absorbing shock, and the centrifugal effect is ensured; then press centrifugal subassembly and make the spring pressurized, through the setting of fixed part, restrict first spring to make the base stabilize the centrifugal separation operation that has accomplished the exosome in the box.

Description

Exosome extraction element

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of exosome extraction, and particularly relates to an exosome extraction device.

Background

Exosomes are usually minute membrane vesicles of 30-150 nm, have lipid bilayer structures, are derived from the luminal membrane of the multivesicular body in almost all normal cells and tumor cells, and are thought to participate in communication between cells by loading proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids, etc. from original cells, which can be released into extracellular space after fusion with cell membranes, and many cell surface membrane proteins can be detected on exosomes, some of which are commonly used for early detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of cancer, and the separation and extraction method of exosomes is ultracentrifugation, which requires the use of an ultracentrifuge.

Among the prior art, the ultracentrifuge structure is complicated, and the centrifuge tube is placed inside the ultracentrifuge to the position of placing of centrifuge tube, lays the centrifuge tube and has a great deal of inconvenience, especially when taking, causes the shock of centrifuge tube easily to make the exosome dispersion of separation, the influence draws the effect.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides an exosome extraction device convenient for taking a centrifuge tube in order to overcome the defects of the prior art.

The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows: an exosome extraction device comprises a box body and a box cover hinged to the top of the box body; a supporting cylinder is fixed in the box body; a base is inserted in the supporting cylinder; a centrifugal assembly is arranged on the base; a motor for driving the centrifugal assembly to rotate is fixed on the base; the bottom of the box body is provided with a fixing part for fixing the base; a first spring is fixed between the supporting cylinder and the bottom of the base; a sealing ring is fixed on the part of the base inserted into the supporting cylinder; a plurality of communicating grooves are formed in the inner wall of the supporting cylinder; the bottom of the supporting cylinder is provided with a through hole; and a one-way valve is arranged in the through hole.

When the device is used, the centrifugal tube is arranged on the centrifugal assembly, and the motor drives the centrifugal assembly to rotate at a high speed after the box cover is closed, so that exosome in the centrifugal tube is separated and extracted; after the operation is finished, the box cover is opened, the first spring is driven to reset through the arranged fixing part, the base and the centrifugal assembly are driven to synchronously move upwards, and the centrifugal tube extends out of the box body, so that the centrifugal tube is convenient to take; in the process, the first spring has larger elasticity at the beginning, and the inside of the supporting cylinder is in a sealing state through the arrangement of the sealing ring and the one-way valve to block the resetting of the first spring, so that the base can stably and slowly move upwards, and the exosome is prevented from being vibrated and dispersed; when the base moves upwards to the inner side of the communicating groove, the elastic force of the first spring is small, and the supporting barrel is communicated with the outside through the communicating groove, so that the first spring can be reset smoothly, the centrifugal tube is moved out of the box body to the maximum extent, and the centrifugal tube is convenient to take; then, the centrifugal tube filled with substances needing to extract exosome is remounted on the centrifugal assembly, the base is moved downwards by pressing the centrifugal assembly, when the base moves to the lowest position, the fixing assembly fixes the position of the base and limits the reset of the first spring, so that the centrifugal assembly is stabilized in the box body, the separation and extraction operation of exosome is convenient to perform, the one-way valve is opened in the process, the air inside and outside the support cylinder is communicated, the air pressure in the support cylinder is prevented from blocking the movement of the base, and the operation is convenient; compared with the prior art, the centrifuge tube extracting device can conveniently take and use the centrifuge tube when in use, avoids the oscillation of the centrifuge tube in the process that the centrifuge tube leaves the box body, and ensures the extracting effect of exosomes.

Furthermore, the fixing part comprises a coil spring, one end of the coil spring is fixed on the outer side of the bottom of the supporting cylinder, a rotary cylinder, a pull rope, the bottom end of the pull rope is wound on the rotary cylinder, a plurality of clamping teeth and a torsion spring, wherein the clamping teeth are hinged to the top of the rotary cylinder; the rotary drum is sleeved outside the supporting drum and is rotationally connected with the box body; the top end of the pull rope is wound on the box cover; a plurality of straight rods are arranged at the bottom of the base; each straight rod penetrates through the support cylinder, and the bottom ends of the straight rods are connected through the bottom plate; the bottom plate is provided with first return grooves corresponding to the clamping teeth one by one; the latch can pass through the first return groove; a second returning groove is formed in one side of the first returning groove; the width of the second circular groove is larger than that of the first circular groove.

Furthermore, the centrifugal assembly comprises a base plate which is fixed on the motor spindle and is rotationally connected with the base, a threaded sleeve which is arranged in the middle of the base plate, a screw which is in threaded connection with the threaded sleeve, a plurality of sleeves which are arranged on the base plate, bottom rods which are inserted into the sleeves and are in sliding connection with the sleeves, a rotary table which is fixed at the top of each bottom rod, and a plurality of clamping parts which are arranged on the rotary table and are used for fixing the centrifugal tube; the screw penetrates through the middle of the rotary table and is provided with a tray; the tray is supported at the bottom of the turntable; the turntable is provided with inclined holes which correspond to the clamping assemblies one by one; a circular hole is formed in the inclined hole; the clamping component comprises a plurality of clamping blocks which are connected in the round hole in a sliding manner, a flexible sleeve arranged on the inner side of each clamping block, a first elastic rope which is inserted between the clamping blocks and a locking component which is used for fixing the clamping blocks; the bottom of the clamping block is provided with a slot; the bottom of the round hole is provided with a plurality of inserting strips which correspond to the clamping blocks one by one; the inserting strip is connected in the inserting groove in a sliding mode.

Furthermore, sliding grooves which correspond to the clamping blocks one to one are formed in the tops of the round holes; a ring block is arranged outside the sliding chute; a first tooth-shaped strip is arranged at the top of the clamping block; the first tooth-shaped strip is connected in the sliding groove in a sliding manner; the locking part comprises a rotating ring sleeved outside the ring block, a pressing ring rotatably connected with the rotating ring, a wedge block connected to the bottom of the pressing ring in a sliding manner, a second spring fixed between the pressing ring and the ring block, and a sliding part

The second rack bar is connected in the sliding groove, the sliding block is arranged at the top of the second rack bar, the first elastic sheet is fixed on one side of the sliding block, and the second elastic sheet is fixed at the top of the sliding block; sliding sheets are arranged at the end parts of the first elastic sheet and the second elastic sheet; the two sliding sheets are respectively abutted against the inner wall of the sliding chute and the bottom of the compression ring; the top of the sliding chute is provided with a notch; the sliding block passes through the notch; the wedge-shaped block is propped against the side surface of the sliding chute and is inserted into the notch; a plurality of L-shaped grooves are formed in the ring block; the bottom of the L-shaped groove is provided with a plurality of hollow flanges; the bottom of the swivel is provided with a plurality of locking blocks which correspond to the L-shaped grooves one by one; the locking block is connected in the L-shaped groove in a sliding manner; the top of the locking block is provided with a plurality of notches which are in one-to-one correspondence with the hollow flanges.

Furthermore, a plurality of sliding grooves which correspond to the inclined holes one by one are arranged on the chassis; an auxiliary component is arranged in the sliding groove; the auxiliary component comprises a circular ring which is connected in the sliding groove in a sliding manner, a circular hole which is formed in the circular ring, a plurality of retaining blocks which are connected in the circular hole in a sliding manner, a second elastic rope which penetrates through the circular hole and is arranged among the retaining blocks, and a groove which is formed in the bottom of the circular hole; one side of the circular ring is provided with a conical block; third springs are respectively fixed on two sides of the conical block; the end part of the third spring is fixed at the end part of the sliding groove; the bottom of the tray is provided with a conical ring block; the surface of the conical ring block is abutted against the surface of the conical block.

Furthermore, a tooth groove is formed in the middle of the rotary table; two long grooves are symmetrically formed in the top of the stud; two short grooves are symmetrically arranged at the top of the stud; a hand wheel is connected to the outer side of the top of the stud in a sliding manner; two sliding blocks are symmetrically arranged on the inner side of the hand wheel; the two sliding blocks are inserted into the two long grooves in a one-to-one correspondence manner and are connected through circular plates; the bottom of the hand wheel is provided with ring teeth; the ring teeth and the tooth grooves are mutually embedded.

In conclusion, when the centrifuge tube is used, the first spring drives the base to integrally move out of the box body by opening the box cover, so that the movement of the spring is buffered through the arranged communicating groove in the centrifuge tube taking process, the base is stably moved upwards, the exosome is prevented from shaking, and the centrifugal effect is ensured; then the centrifugal component is pressed to press the spring, and the first spring is limited by the arrangement of the fixing part, so that the base is stabilized in the box body to finish the centrifugal separation operation of the exosome; compare prior art, made things convenient for taking and placing the centrifuging tube.

Drawings

Figure 1 is an isometric cross-sectional view of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a partially enlarged view of a portion a in fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a partially enlarged view of a portion B in fig. 1.

Fig. 4 is a partially enlarged view of a portion C in fig. 1.

Fig. 5 is a partially enlarged view of a portion D in fig. 3.

Fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of the base in fig. 1.

Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the centrifugal module of fig. 1.

Fig. 8 is an exploded view of the turntable and stud of the present invention.

Detailed Description

In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention.

As shown in fig. 1-8, an exosome extraction device comprises a box body 1 and a box cover 2; the box cover 2 is positioned at the top of the box body 1, and one end of the box cover is hinged on the box body 1; a supporting cylinder 3 is fixed in the box body 1, a base 4 is inserted in the supporting cylinder 3, and the base 4 is connected with the supporting cylinder 3 in a sliding manner; a centrifugal assembly 5 is arranged on the base 4, and the centrifugal assembly 5 is used for installing a centrifugal tube; a motor 6 is fixed on the base 4, and the motor 6 is connected with the centrifugal component 5 and used for driving the centrifugal component 5 to rotate so as to complete the extraction of exosomes; the bottom of the box body 1 is provided with a fixing part 587 for fixing the base 4; a first spring 41 is fixed between the inside of the supporting cylinder 3 and the bottom of the base 4; a sealing ring 42 is fixed at the part of the base 4 inserted into the supporting cylinder 3, and the sealing ring 42 is contacted with the inner wall of the supporting cylinder 3 to seal the inner space of the supporting cylinder 3; a plurality of communicating grooves 31 are formed in the inner wall of the supporting cylinder 3, before the sealing ring moves upwards to the inner side of the communicating grooves 31, the negative pressure in the supporting cylinder 3 limits the resetting of the first spring 41, so that the base 4 slowly and stably moves upwards, after the sealing ring moves upwards to the inner side of the communicating grooves 31, the air inside and outside the supporting cylinder 3 circulates, and the first spring 41 can be normally reset; the bottom of the supporting cylinder 3 is provided with a through hole 32, a one-way valve 33 is installed in the through hole 32, the one-way valve 33 is purchased from the market, the one-way valve 33 is closed when the first spring 41 pushes the base 4 to move upwards, the through hole 32 is closed, the one-way valve 33 is opened when the base 4 moves downwards, and the situation that the air pressure in the supporting cylinder 3 obstructs the movement of the base 4 is avoided.

Further, the fixing part 587 includes a coil spring 71, a drum 72 fixed to the other end of the coil spring 71, a pull cord 73, a plurality of latches 74 hinged to the top of the drum 72, a torsion spring 75 fixed between the latches 74 and the drum 72; one end of the coil spring 71 is fixed at the outer side of the bottom of the supporting cylinder 3, and the other end of the coil spring is fixed on the rotary cylinder 72; the rotary drum 72 is sleeved outside the supporting drum 3 and is rotationally connected with the box body 1; the bottom end of the pull rope 73 is wound on the drum 72, the top end of the pull rope 73 is wound on the box cover 2, when the box cover 2 is opened, the drum 72 can be rotated by pulling the pull rope 73 by the box cover 2, and when the box cover 2 is closed, the drum 72 is driven by the coil spring 71 to reset; the bottom of the base 4 is provided with a plurality of straight rods 43, each straight rod 43 penetrates through the support cylinder 3 and is used for preventing the base 4 from rotating relative to the support cylinder 3, and the bottom ends of the straight rods 43 are connected through a bottom plate 44; the bottom plate 44 is provided with first return grooves 45 corresponding to the latch teeth 74 one by one, and the latch teeth 74 can pass through the first return grooves 45; a second circular groove 46 is arranged on one side of the first circular groove 45, and the width of the second circular groove 46 is larger than that of the first circular groove 45; when the base 4 moves downwards to the bottom, the latch 74 passes through the first return groove 45 and is pressed against the surface of the bottom plate 44 under the driving of the torsion spring 75 to limit the movement of the bottom plate 44, so that the base 4 is prevented from moving upwards, and the separation assembly is stabilized in the box body 1 to extract exosomes; when the cover 2 is opened, the latch 74 moves into the second return groove 46 along with the rotation of the drum 72 and disengages from the surface of the bottom plate 44, so that the centrifuge tube on the separating assembly is taken out after the first spring 41 pushes the base 4 to move upward.

Further, the centrifuge assembly 5 comprises a bottom plate 51, a threaded sleeve 52, a screw 53, a sleeve 54, a bottom rod 55, a rotating disk 56, a plurality of clamping members 57 mounted on the rotating disk 56 for fixing centrifuge tubes; the chassis 51 is fixed on the main shaft of the motor 6 and is rotationally connected with the base 4, and the threaded sleeve 52 is arranged in the middle of the chassis 51; the screw 53 is inserted from the top of the screw sleeve 52 and is in threaded connection with the screw sleeve 52; the plurality of sleeves 54 are circumferentially distributed on the base plate 51; the bottom rods 55 correspond to the sleeves 54 one by one, are inserted in the sleeves 54 and are in sliding connection with the sleeves, and the top of each bottom rod 55 is fixed on the turntable 56; the screw 53 penetrates through the middle part of the turntable 56 and is provided with a tray 531, and the tray 531 is supported at the bottom of the turntable 56; the turntable 56 is provided with inclined holes 561 corresponding to the clamping assemblies one by one, and the centrifugal tube passes through the inclined holes 561 when being installed; a circular hole 562 is arranged in the inclined hole 561; the clamping member 57 comprises a plurality of clamping blocks 571 slidably connected in the circular hole 562, a flexible sleeve 572 arranged inside the clamping blocks 571, a first elastic rope 573 inserted between the clamping blocks 571, and a member for fixing and locking the clamping blocks 571; the bottom of the clamping block 571 is provided with an insertion groove 574; the bottom of the round hole 562 is provided with a plurality of inserting bars 563 in one-to-one correspondence with the clamping blocks 571; the insert 563 is slidably connected in the slot 574; each clamping block 571 is circumferentially distributed in the circular hole 562, and the sliding direction of the clamping blocks 571 is limited by the matching of the insert 563 and the slot 574; the centrifuge tube is arranged in the inclined hole 561 and then inserted between the flexible sleeves 572, the flexible sleeves 572 are latex products, the flexible sleeves 572 are in contact with the surface of the centrifuge tube due to the elasticity of the first elastic rope 573, and friction force between the flexible sleeves 572 and the centrifuge tube plays a role in fixing the centrifuge tube, so that centrifuge tubes of different specifications can be conveniently fixed; the cooperation of screw 53 and swivel nut 52 makes the height-adjustable of carousel 56 to the adaptation is to the fixed of the centrifuging tube of different length, improves the fixed effect to the centrifuging tube.

Furthermore, the top of the circular hole 562 is provided with sliding grooves 564 corresponding to the clamping blocks 571 one by one; a ring block 565 is arranged outside the sliding groove 564; the top of the clamping block 571 is provided with a first toothed bar 566; the first toothed bar 566 is slidably connected within the sliding slot 564; the locking part comprises a rotating ring 581 sleeved outside the ring block 565, a pressing ring 582 rotationally connected with the rotating ring 581, a wedge-shaped block 583 connected to the bottom of the pressing ring 582 in a sliding manner, a second spring 584 fixed between the pressing ring 582 and the ring block 565, a second rack 585 connected in the sliding groove 564 in a sliding manner, a sliding block 586 arranged at the top of the second rack 585, a first elastic sheet 587 fixed at one side of the sliding block 586, and a second elastic sheet 588 fixed at the top of the sliding block 586; the ends of the first elastic sheet 587 and the second elastic sheet 588 are provided with sliding sheets 589; the two sliding sheets 589 are respectively abutted against the inner wall of the sliding groove 564 and the bottom of the pressing ring 582; a notch 567 is arranged at the top of the sliding groove 564; the slide 586 passes through the notch 567; the wedge-shaped block 583 abuts against the side surface of the sliding groove 564 and is inserted into the notch 567; a plurality of L-shaped grooves 568 are formed in the ring 565; the bottom of the L-shaped slot 568 is provided with a plurality of hollow flanges 569; the bottom of the rotating ring 581 is provided with a plurality of locking blocks 5811 which are in one-to-one correspondence with the L-shaped grooves 568; lock block 5811 is slidably connected in L-shaped slot 568; the top of the locking block 5811 is provided with a plurality of notches 5812 corresponding to the hollow flanges 569 one to one.

When centrifuge tubes with different diameters are clamped, the centrifuge tubes contact the flexible sleeve 572 to enable the clamping block 571 to slide, and the second toothed strip 585 and the first toothed strip 566 are mutually embedded under the action of the second elastic sheet 588; then, when the rotating ring 581 is pressed, the locking block 5811 moves downwards along the L-shaped groove 568, the second elastic piece 588 presses the second toothed bar 585, so that the relative sliding between the first toothed bar 566 and the second toothed bar 585 is limited, then the wedge block 583 is inserted into the notch 567 and contacts with the side wall of the notch 567 to slide, and the sliding block 586 is pushed to move transversely, so that each flexible sleeve 572 presses the centrifuge tube, and the fixing effect is improved; then, the rotating ring 581 is rotated to enable the lock block 5811 to move transversely along the L-shaped groove 568, the hollow flange 569 is embedded into the notch 5812, the hollow flange 569 is made of rubber and can deform in surface, after the hollow flange 569 is embedded into the notch 5812, the hollow flange 569 is matched with the notch 5812, the movement of the rotating block is limited by the elastic force of the second spring 584, the rotating ring 581 is kept at a low position in the pressing ring 582, and therefore, the flexible sleeve 572 can be kept in close fit with the centrifuge tube all the time during the centrifugation process, and the centrifuge tube can be firmly installed in the box body 1; after centrifugation is finished, the base 4 moves upwards by opening the box cover 2, at the moment, the rotating ring 581 is rotated to enable the hollow flange 569 to be separated from the notch 5812, the second spring 584 pushes the rotating ring 581 to move upwards to reset, the wedge block 583 is separated from the notch 567, the first elastic piece 587 pushes the sliding block 586 and the wedge block 583 to reset, the clamping force of the flexible sleeve 572 on the centrifuge tube is reduced, and the centrifuge tube is convenient to take down; the sliding sheet 589 is used for isolating the first elastic sheet 587 from the inner wall of the sliding groove 564 and isolating the second elastic sheet 588 from the pressing ring 582, so as to prevent the corresponding first elastic sheet 587 or the second elastic sheet 588 from being damaged.

Further, the chassis 51 is provided with a plurality of sliding grooves 8 corresponding to the inclined holes 561 one to one; an auxiliary member 59 is mounted in the slide groove 8; the auxiliary member 59 includes a ring 591 slidably coupled in the sliding groove 8, an eyelet 592 disposed in the ring 591, a plurality of holding blocks 593 slidably coupled in the eyelet 592, a second elastic cord 594 threaded between the plurality of holding blocks 593, a groove 595 disposed at the bottom of the eyelet 592; one side of the circular ring 591 is provided with a conical block 596; a third spring 597 is respectively fixed on two sides of the conical block 596; the end of the third spring 597 is fixed at the end of the sliding groove 8; a conical ring block 532 is arranged at the bottom of the tray 531; the surface of the conical ring block 532 abuts the surface of the conical block 596.

Through setting up auxiliary component 59, when installing the centrifuging tube of different specifications, according to the length of centrifuging tube, rotate the double-screw bolt and make the chassis 51 highly adapt to the length change of centrifuging tube, tray 531 drives toper slider 586 and removes simultaneously, toper piece 596 laminates with toper ring piece 532 all the time under the effect of third spring 597, thereby drive ring 591 sideslip, insert between each holding block 593 centrifuging tube bottom, its bottom and recess 595 surface contact, each grip block 571 grasps the centrifuging tube bottom under the pulling force of second elastic rope 594, supplementary centre gripping has been passed to the centrifuging tube, through the sideslip of ring 591, make the centrifuging tube of different specifications wear to insert between inclined hole 561 and recess 595 in the slope attitude, so that make centrifugal subassembly 5 adapt to the specification change of centrifuging tube, guarantee the effect of separation and extraction.

Furthermore, a tooth groove 560 is arranged in the middle of the rotating disc 56; two elongated slots 533 are symmetrically arranged at the top of the stud; two short grooves 534 are symmetrically arranged at the top of the stud; a hand wheel 535 is connected to the outer side of the top of the stud in a sliding way; two sliding blocks 536 are symmetrically arranged on the inner side of the hand wheel 535; the two sliding blocks 536 are inserted into the two long slots 533 in a one-to-one correspondence and connected by a circular plate 537; the bottom of the handwheel 535 is provided with ring teeth 538; the ring teeth 538 and the teeth grooves 560 are engaged with each other.

In the process of extracting exosomes, the relative rotation of the hand wheel 535 and the rotary disc 56 is limited by the embedding of the annular teeth 538 and the tooth grooves 560, the relative rotation of the base 4 and the rotary disc 56 is limited by the matching of the sleeve 54 and the bottom rod 55, the relative rotation of the hand wheel 535 and the stud is limited by the matching of the elongated slot 533 and the sliding block 536, so that the stud and the screw sleeve 52 form rotation-stopping connection, the damage to a centrifugal tube caused by the relative movement of the screw sleeve 52 and the stud in the centrifugal separation extraction process is avoided, and the centrifugal tube is kept stable in the extraction process; after the centrifugal work is finished, the box cover 2 is opened to replace the centrifugal tube, the hand wheel 535 is moved upwards by pulling the circular plate 537, the circular plate 537 is rotated to enable the sliding block 536 to fall into the short groove 534, the depth of the short groove 534 is smaller than that of the long groove 533, when the sliding block 536 falls into the short groove 534, the annular tooth 538 is separated from the tooth groove 560, at the moment, the stud can be driven to rotate by rotating the hand wheel 535, and then the height of the rotating disc 56 is adjusted to adapt to the change of the specification of the centrifugal tube.

The foregoing has described preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the claims. The present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and the specific structure thereof is allowed to vary, and various changes made within the scope of the independent claims of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. An exosome extraction device comprises a box body (1) and a box cover (2) hinged to the top of the box body (1); the method is characterized in that: a supporting cylinder (3) is fixed in the box body (1); a base (4) is inserted in the supporting cylinder (3); a centrifugal component (5) is arranged on the base (4); a motor (6) for driving the centrifugal assembly (5) to rotate is fixed on the base (4); a fixing part (7) for fixing the base (4) is arranged at the bottom of the box body (1); a first spring (41) is fixed between the support cylinder (3) and the bottom of the base (4); a sealing ring (42) is fixed on the part of the base (4) inserted into the supporting cylinder (3); a plurality of communicating grooves (31) are formed in the inner wall of the supporting cylinder (3); the bottom of the supporting cylinder (3) is provided with a through hole (32); a one-way valve (33) is arranged in the through hole (32);

the fixed component (7) comprises a coil spring (71) with one end fixed on the outer side of the bottom of the support cylinder (3), a rotary drum (72) fixed at the other end of the coil spring (71), a pull rope (73) with the bottom end wound on the rotary drum (72), a plurality of latch teeth (74) hinged at the top of the rotary drum (72), and a torsion spring (75) fixed between the latch teeth (74) and the rotary drum (72); the rotary drum (72) is sleeved outside the supporting drum (3) and is rotationally connected with the box body (1); the top end of the pull rope (73) is wound on the box cover (2); a plurality of straight rods (43) are arranged at the bottom of the base (4); each straight rod (43) penetrates through the support cylinder (3) and the bottom ends of the straight rods are connected through the bottom plate (44); the bottom plate (44) is provided with first return grooves (45) which correspond to the clamping teeth (74) one by one; the latch (74) can pass through the first return groove (45); a second return groove (46) is formed in one side of the first return groove (45); the width of the second return groove (46) is larger than that of the first return groove (45).

2. An exosome extraction device according to claim 1, characterised in that: the centrifugal assembly (5) comprises a base plate (51) which is fixed on a main shaft of the motor (6) and is rotationally connected with the base (4), a threaded sleeve (52) arranged in the middle of the base plate (51), a screw rod (53) in threaded connection with the threaded sleeve (52), a plurality of sleeves (54) arranged on the base plate (51), bottom rods (55) which are inserted in the sleeves (54) and are in sliding connection with the sleeves, a rotary table (56) fixed at the top of each bottom rod (55), and a plurality of clamping parts (57) which are arranged on the rotary table (56) and are used for fixing a centrifugal tube; the screw (53) penetrates through the middle part of the turntable (56) and is provided with a tray (531); the tray (531) is supported at the bottom of the turntable (56); the turntable (56) is provided with inclined holes (561) which correspond to the clamping parts one by one; a round hole (562) is arranged in the inclined hole (561); the clamping component (57) comprises a plurality of clamping blocks (571) which are connected in the round hole (562) in a sliding mode, a flexible sleeve (572) arranged on the inner side of each clamping block (571), a first elastic rope (573) inserted between the clamping blocks (571), and a locking component (58) used for fixing the clamping blocks (571); the bottom of the clamping block (571) is provided with an insertion groove (574); the bottom of the round hole (562) is provided with a plurality of inserting strips (563) which correspond to the clamping blocks (571) one by one; the inserting bar (563) is connected in the slot (574) in a sliding mode.

3. An exosome extraction device according to claim 2, characterised in that: the top of the round hole (562) is provided with sliding grooves (564) which are in one-to-one correspondence with the clamping blocks (571); a ring block (565) is arranged outside the sliding groove (564); a first toothed bar (566) is arranged at the top of the clamping block (571); the first toothed strip (566) is connected in a sliding way (564) in a sliding way; the locking component (58) comprises a rotating ring (581) sleeved outside the ring block (565), a pressing ring (582) rotatably connected with the rotating ring (581), a wedge block (583) connected to the bottom of the pressing ring (582) in a sliding manner, a second spring (584) fixed between the pressing ring (582) and the ring block (565), a second rack (585) connected in a sliding manner in the sliding groove (564) in a sliding manner, a sliding block (586) arranged at the top of the second rack (585), a first elastic sheet (587) fixed on one side of the sliding block (586), and a second elastic sheet (588) fixed at the top of the sliding block (586); the end parts of the first elastic sheet (587) and the second elastic sheet (588) are provided with sliding sheets (589); the two sliding sheets (589) are respectively abutted against the inner wall of the sliding groove (564) and the bottom of the pressing ring (582); a notch (567) is arranged at the top of the sliding groove (564); the slide block (586) passes through the notch (567); the wedge-shaped block (583) is abutted against the side surface of the sliding groove (564) and is inserted into the notch (567); a plurality of L-shaped grooves (568) are formed in the ring block (565); the bottom of the L-shaped groove (568) is provided with a plurality of hollow flanges (569); the bottom of the rotating ring (581) is provided with a plurality of locking blocks (5811) which are in one-to-one correspondence with the L-shaped grooves (568); the lock block (5811) is connected in the L-shaped groove (568) in a sliding mode; the top of the locking block (5811) is provided with a plurality of notches (5812) which correspond to the hollow flanges (569) one by one.

4. An exosome extraction device according to claim 2, characterised in that: a plurality of sliding grooves (8) which correspond to the inclined holes (561) one by one are arranged on the chassis (51); an auxiliary component (59) is arranged in the sliding groove (8); the auxiliary component (59) comprises a circular ring (591) which is slidably connected in the sliding groove (8), a circular hole (592) which is arranged in the circular ring (591), a plurality of retaining blocks (593) which are slidably connected in the circular hole (592), a second elastic rope (594) which is arranged between the retaining blocks (593) in a penetrating mode, and a groove (595) which is arranged at the bottom of the circular hole (592); one side of the circular ring (591) is provided with a conical block (596); third springs (597) are respectively fixed on two sides of the conical block (596); the end part of the third spring (597) is fixed at the end part of the sliding groove (8); a conical ring block (532) is arranged at the bottom of the tray (531); the surface of the conical ring block (532) is abutted against the surface of the conical block (596).

5. An exosome extraction device according to claim 2, characterised in that: the middle part of the rotary disc (56) is provided with a tooth groove (560); two elongated slots (533) are symmetrically arranged at the top of the stud; two short grooves (534) are symmetrically arranged at the top of the stud; a hand wheel (535) is connected to the outer side of the top of the stud in a sliding manner; two sliding blocks (536) are symmetrically arranged on the inner side of the hand wheel (535); the two sliding blocks (536) are inserted into the two long grooves (533) in a one-to-one correspondence manner and are connected through a circular plate (537); the bottom of the hand wheel (535) is provided with ring teeth (538); the ring teeth (538) and the tooth grooves (560) are mutually embedded.