CN114236397A - Echelon lithium battery residual capacity testing method - Google Patents
Echelon lithium battery residual capacity testing method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114236397A CN114236397A CN202111473239.7A CN202111473239A CN114236397A CN 114236397 A CN114236397 A CN 114236397A CN 202111473239 A CN202111473239 A CN 202111473239A CN 114236397 A CN114236397 A CN 114236397A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
- G01R31/3842—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC combining voltage and current measurements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for testing the residual capacity of a lithium battery in a echelon manner, which comprises the following steps: classifying a plurality of echelon batteries to be tested according to specification models; secondly, taking a plurality of echelon batteries corresponding to preset specification models as sample batteries, respectively carrying out preset capacity test operation on each sample battery to obtain the discharge capacity C1 of each sample battery, and respectively measuring to obtain the alternating current internal resistance R1 of each sample battery; thirdly, drawing a scatter diagram of the alternating current internal resistance R1 and the discharge capacity C1 of the sample battery; fourthly, obtaining a fitting curve and a quantitative relational expression of the alternating current internal resistance and the discharge capacity of the sample battery through fitting; and fifthly, measuring the alternating current resistance of the echelon battery with the discharge capacity to be tested, substituting the alternating current resistance into the quantitative relational expression, and obtaining the discharge capacity, namely the residual capacity, of the echelon battery. The invention can quickly and reliably detect the residual capacity of the echelon battery and improve the discrimination efficiency of the battery core state of the echelon battery.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of recycling and utilization of a echelon lithium iron phosphate battery, in particular to a method for testing the residual capacity of the echelon lithium battery.
Background
At present, retired lithium ion batteries (namely, echelon batteries) are in various states and have poor consistency. In order to realize the recycling and reuse (namely echelon utilization) of the retired lithium ion battery, a large amount of manpower is needed for disassembly, a large amount of testing equipment is equipped for the capacity testing of the battery, and then sorting and grouping are carried out, so that the echelon battery meeting the preset capacity requirement is finally obtained. Therefore, the resource investment is large, the testing time is long, the testing efficiency is low, and the recovery and the gradient utilization of the gradient batteries are influenced.
Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a method capable of rapidly and reliably detecting the residual capacity of the echelon battery, so as to discriminate the battery cell state of the echelon battery, improve the discrimination efficiency of the battery cell state of the echelon battery, and promote the recovery and echelon utilization of the echelon battery.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for testing the residual capacity of a lithium battery in a echelon mode aiming at the technical defects in the prior art.
Therefore, the invention provides a method for testing the residual capacity of a lithium battery in a echelon manner, which comprises the following steps:
step one, battery classification: classifying a plurality of echelon batteries to be tested according to specification models, and screening out a plurality of echelon batteries corresponding to each specification model;
and secondly, measuring a sample battery: selecting a preset specification model, taking a plurality of preset echelon batteries corresponding to the specification model as sample batteries, firstly, respectively carrying out preset capacity test operation on each sample battery to obtain the discharge capacity C1 of each sample battery, then, respectively measuring and obtaining the alternating current internal resistance R1 of each sample battery, and simultaneously recording the corresponding relation between the discharge capacity C1 and the alternating current internal resistance R1 of each sample battery;
thirdly, for a plurality of sample batteries, a scatter diagram of the alternating current internal resistance R1 and the discharge capacity C1 of the sample batteries is obtained by drawing in real time with the alternating current internal resistance R1 of the sample batteries as the abscissa and the discharge capacity C1 of the sample batteries as the ordinate;
fourthly, fitting the scatter diagram to obtain a fitting curve of the alternating current internal resistance R1 and the discharge capacity C1 of the sample battery, and obtain a quantitative relation between the alternating current internal resistance R1 and the discharge capacity C1 of a plurality of sample batteries in the fitting curve;
and fifthly, after each echelon battery with the same specification and model as the sample battery and the to-be-tested discharge capacity is charged to a full-charge state according to a preset charging process, measuring the alternating current resistance of each echelon battery with the to-be-tested discharge capacity respectively, and substituting the alternating current resistance into the quantitative relation obtained in the fourth step to obtain the discharge capacity of each echelon battery with the to-be-tested discharge capacity, namely the residual capacity of each echelon battery.
Preferably, after the fifth step, the following steps are further included:
and sixthly, comparing the discharge capacity of each echelon battery with the discharge capacity to be tested, wherein the echelon battery has the discharge capacity, and the discharge capacity is compared with a plurality of preset battery grading capacity ranges which are different and do not overlap, and when the discharge capacity of a certain echelon battery is within one battery grading capacity range, judging that the echelon battery is a qualified battery within the battery grading capacity range, so that battery grading is realized.
Preferably, in the first step, the preset capacity test operation specifically includes the following steps:
step 2, charging the sample battery to a preset normal charging cut-off voltage by a first current with a preset magnitude at a constant current, and then finishing the constant voltage charging to a second current with a preset magnitude;
step 3, standing for a second preset time;
step 5, standing for a third preset time;
step 6, discharging the sample battery to a preset first discharge cut-off voltage at a constant current with a preset third current;
step 7, standing for a fourth preset time;
step 8, charging the sample battery to a preset normal charging cut-off voltage at a constant current of a preset fourth current, and ending;
and 9, standing for a fifth preset time, measuring and recording the discharge capacity C1 of the sample battery, and standing in a constant-temperature environment for a sixth preset time to finish one-time capacity testing operation.
Preferably, the first preset time and the second preset time are both 1min, the third preset time, the fourth preset time and the fifth preset time are all 5min, and the sixth preset time is 12 h;
the first current with the preset magnitude, the third current with the preset magnitude and the fourth current with the preset magnitude are currents with the magnitude of 1C;
the second current with the preset magnitude is 1A;
the third current of the predetermined magnitude is a current of 0.1C.
Preferably, in the fourth step, the relationship is quantified, specifically as follows:
y＝a1+b1*x-c1*x2+d1*x3
a1, b1, c1, d1 are function coefficients;
y is the discharge capacity value C1 of the battery, and x is the alternating current internal resistance value R1 of the battery.
Preferably, in the fifth step, the preset charging process specifically includes the following steps:
a first substep of standing for a first preset duration;
a second substep, namely, a first current with a preset magnitude is used for constant-current charging to a preset normal charging cut-off voltage for each echelon battery with the discharge capacity to be tested, and then, the constant-voltage charging is finished until a second current with the preset magnitude is obtained;
and a third substep of standing for a second preset time period and then standing for a sixth preset time period in the battery storage region in the constant temperature environment.
Preferably, the first preset time and the second preset time are both 1min, and the sixth preset time is 12 h;
the first current with the preset magnitude is 1C current;
the second current of the predetermined magnitude is a current of 1A.
Compared with the prior art, the echelon lithium battery residual capacity testing method provided by the invention has the advantages that the design is scientific, the residual capacity of the echelon battery can be rapidly and reliably detected, the battery core state of the echelon battery is discriminated, the discrimination efficiency of the battery core state of the echelon battery is improved, the recovery and echelon utilization of the echelon battery are promoted, and the practical significance is great.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for testing the remaining capacity of a lithium battery in a echelon manner according to the present invention;
fig. 2 is a scatter diagram of ac internal resistance R1 and discharge capacity C1 of a plurality of sample batteries in an example of the method for testing remaining capacity of lithium batteries in an echelon manner, wherein the scatter diagram has a curve formed by fitting.
Detailed Description
In order that those skilled in the art will better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the following detailed description of the present invention is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
Referring to fig. 1, the invention provides a method for testing the residual capacity of a lithium battery in a echelon manner, which comprises the following steps:
step one, battery classification: classifying a plurality of echelon batteries to be tested according to specification models, and screening out a plurality of echelon batteries corresponding to each specification model;
and secondly, measuring a sample battery: selecting a preset specification model, taking a plurality of preset (for example, 250, that is, a plurality of batteries of the same specification model) echelon batteries corresponding to the specification model as sample batteries, firstly, respectively performing preset capacity test operation on each sample battery to obtain the discharge capacity C1 of each sample battery, then respectively measuring and obtaining the alternating current internal resistance R1 of each sample battery, and simultaneously recording the corresponding relation between the discharge capacity C1 and the alternating current internal resistance R1 of each sample battery;
thirdly, for a plurality of sample batteries, a scatter diagram of the alternating current internal resistance R1 and the discharge capacity C1 of the sample batteries is obtained by drawing in real time with the alternating current internal resistance R1 of the sample batteries as the abscissa and the discharge capacity C1 of the sample batteries as the ordinate;
fourthly, fitting the scatter diagram to obtain a fitting curve of the alternating current internal resistance R1 and the discharge capacity C1 of the sample battery, and obtain a quantitative relation between the alternating current internal resistance R1 and the discharge capacity C1 of a plurality of sample batteries in the fitting curve;
and fifthly, for each echelon battery with the same specification and model as the sample battery and to-be-tested discharge capacity, according to a preset charging process, after the battery is charged to a full-charge state, the alternating current resistance of each echelon battery with to-be-tested discharge capacity is measured, and then the alternating current resistance is substituted into the quantitative relation formula obtained in the fourth step, so that the discharge capacity of each echelon battery with to-be-tested discharge capacity can be obtained, and the discharge capacity of each echelon battery is used as the residual capacity of each echelon battery.
In the present invention, after the fifth step, the following steps are further included:
and sixthly, comparing the discharge capacity of each echelon battery with the discharge capacity to be tested, wherein the echelon battery has the discharge capacity, and the discharge capacity is compared with a plurality of preset battery grading capacity ranges which are different and do not overlap, and when the discharge capacity of a certain echelon battery is within one battery grading capacity range, judging that the echelon battery is a qualified battery within the battery grading capacity range, so that battery grading is realized.
In the first step, in particular, in terms of implementation, battery classification is performed by using the type of a battery chemical system and a battery formula as a classification criterion, and large-class classification can be performed according to rules of tracing code codes of various battery manufacturers, and preferably, classification is performed according to specification models of batteries (battery cores). For example, the plurality of cells of the same type are both 18650-sized lithium iron phosphate batteries (cylindrical lithium iron phosphate cells) or are both 306010-sized lithium iron phosphate batteries (cylindrical lithium iron phosphate cells). Of course, according to the needs of the user, it can also be: all the batteries are the same in lithium cobaltate systems with other sizes, NCM ternary systems and other systems.
In the first step, specifically, a echelon battery, preferably a echelon lithium iron phosphate battery, is implemented.
In the second step, the sample cell is a cell that has been previously subjected to the post cleaning operation.
In the second step, specifically, in terms of implementation, the preset capacity test operation specifically includes the following steps (i.e., a charging process):
step 2, charging the sample battery to a preset normal charging cut-off voltage (3.65V) by a first current (for example, a current of 1C) with a preset magnitude at a constant current, and then finishing the constant voltage charging to a second current (for example, 1A) with a preset magnitude;
it should be noted that, in step 2, 3.65V is the preset normal charge cut-off voltage of the sample battery, and when the preset normal charge cut-off voltage is reached, the battery is fully charged (the voltage is higher than the preset normal charge cut-off voltage, and the internal structure of the battery is damaged).
In step 2, 1A is the end condition of the constant voltage charging mode. The voltage of the battery can be gradually increased along with the continuous charging of the battery, and in the constant voltage mode, the charging current is gradually reduced while the voltage of the battery is increased, so that the voltage in the charging process of the battery is kept within a small range (the voltage drop of the internal resistance of the battery is eliminated, and the charging is fuller). In order to avoid an excessively long constant voltage time and a condition for determining the end of constant voltage charging, 1A is generally set.
Step 3, standing for a second preset time (for example, 1 min);
in step 4, 2.0V is the discharge cutoff voltage of the lithium iron phosphate battery as the sample battery, and when the discharge cutoff voltage is reached, the battery is considered to be discharged (when the battery voltage is lower than 2.0V, the internal structure of the battery is damaged).
Step 5, standing for a third preset time (for example, 5 min);
step 6, discharging the sample battery to a preset second discharge cut-off voltage (for example, 2.0V) at a constant current with a preset third current (for example, a current of 0.1C);
it should be noted that, in the step 6, in the large current discharging process, when the voltage at the discharging end reaches 2.0V (i.e. the preset first discharging cut-off voltage) due to the influence of the internal resistance voltage of the battery, the actual voltage of the battery does not reach 2.0V, and in order to shorten the testing time as much as possible and improve the testing accuracy, a stepped current discharging method is adopted.
In step 6, a third current with a preset magnitude is established by referring to the rated capacity of the battery cell to be tested, and is generally set to be about 0.1C when the current is set, and is adjusted according to actual conditions, for example, the third current may be correspondingly set to be 3A according to the capacity of the battery cell.
Step 7, standing for a fourth preset time (for example, 5 min);
step 8, finishing constant-current charging of the sample battery to a preset normal charging cut-off voltage (3.65V) by using a preset fourth current (for example, a current of 1C);
it should be noted that, in step 8, 3.65V is the preset normal charge cut-off voltage of the sample battery, and when the voltage is reached, the battery is fully charged (the internal structure of the lithium iron phosphate battery is damaged above the voltage). In order to shorten the testing time and keep the consistency of the electric quantity of the battery cell, the full-charge state is selected.
Step 9, standing for a fifth preset time (for example, 5min), measuring and recording the discharge capacity C1 of the sample battery (specifically, the discharge capacity C1 can be measured by the existing Hangzhou chemical synthesis equipment), and standing for a sixth preset time (for example, 12h) in a constant temperature environment (the ambient temperature change is required to be within 4 ℃), so as to complete one capacity test operation;
in the second step, specifically, a hang-down transformable device (i.e., a conventional charge-discharge cycle testing device) is used to charge all sample batteries to a full-charge state according to the above charging process.
It should be noted that, for the present invention, the discharge capacity, voltage, current and other data of the sample battery can be collected through conventional charge-discharge cycle testing equipment such as Arbin and hangzhou chemical synthesis equipment.
In the second step, specifically, in implementation, the ac internal resistance R1 of the sample battery is measured, specifically, by using an existing battery tester of japanese BT3562 model. The specific operation method can be as follows: using a battery tester of japanese BT3562 model, in cooperation with the "4-terminal test line (model 9770)", the measurement function was set to: "Ω V", range is set to: "30 m Ω", the sampling speed is set to: "SLOW", zero set to: and then using a meter pen to be vertical to the pole direction, contacting the red meter pen with the positive pole of the sample battery, and contacting the black meter pen with the negative pole of the sample battery, so that the alternating current internal resistance R1 of the sample battery can be measured and recorded. Meanwhile, the cell bar code, the open-circuit voltage V1 and the environmental temperature data of the sample battery can be further measured and recorded.
In the fourth step, in terms of specific implementation, a fitting curve of the alternating-current internal resistance R1 and the discharge capacity C1 of the sample battery is drawn and obtained according to the alternating-current internal resistances R1 and the discharge capacities C1 of the plurality of sample batteries by using the existing Minitab software (a data statistical analysis software).
For Minitab software (a data statistical analysis software), a fitting curve close to a graph can be generated by a method of a fitting curve graph of a regression analysis tool in a statistics tool of the software (95% confidence interval and prediction interval are calculated at the same time), the R-Sq value is more than 80%, the fitting degree is good, and meanwhile, a calculation expression of the fitting curve, namely a quantitative relational expression, is obtained, and the method is specifically as follows:
y＝a1+b1*x-c1*x2+d1*x3
a1, b1, c1, d1 are function coefficients;
y is the discharge capacity value C1 of the battery, and x is the alternating current internal resistance value R1 of the battery;
in the formula, a1, b1, c1 and d1 are constants and can be directly obtained by a line-fitting function of MiniTab software.
For example, in one embodiment, in the second step, if 250 batteries in steps (specifically, a battery with a 20Ah LP2770134 square lithium iron phosphate battery cell) are selected as the sample battery, the quantitative relationship obtained in the fourth step is: c1 ═ 483.7+376.8 ═ R1-93.06 ═ R12+7.508*R13. Can roughlyEstimating the battery cell capacity range: about C1 ± 0.75Ah, the range determined by the actual 95% confidence interval, see figure 2. Referring to fig. 2, -483.7, 376.8, 93.06 and 7.508, etc., are all constant values, and are obtained by fitting the measured data of the sample cell through a line graph function by minitab software. The fitting results of different sample cells are different, and the corresponding constant values are different.
In fig. 2, the 95% confidence intervals are: the interval in which the probability of 95% of the average value of the discharge capacity C1 of the battery is likely to be; the 95% prediction interval is: the discharge capacity C1 value of the battery may be in the interval of 95%.
In fig. 2, solid line: is a regression line, is a graphical representation of a mathematical expression; long dotted line a: to represent a 95% confidence interval; short dashed line B: to represent the 95% prediction interval (approximately 95% of observations fall within 2 times the standard error range). S: the standard error value (the average distance of the observed value to the regression line, reflecting the average error of the prediction) is represented. The smaller the value of S, the better the equation formula predicts the response parameters. R-Sq: representing the goodness (0-100%) of model fitting data; R-Sq (corrected): the influence of large R-Sq value caused by too many samples is eliminated, and the closer the R-Sq (correction) value is to the R-Sq value, the better the fitting degree of the model is.
In the fourth step, in the concrete implementation, a preset alternating current internal resistance difference value can be used as an interval division unit, and a relation table of battery discharge capacity range-alternating current internal resistance range is formulated; and selecting a sample battery which is close to the fitting curve and is positioned in the middle of the interval as a 'reference battery' for correcting the sorting parameters in each interval.
In the present invention, in the fifth step, the preset charging process specifically includes the following steps:
a first substep of resting for a first preset duration (for example 1 min);
a second substep, namely, charging each echelon battery with the discharge capacity to be tested to a preset normal charging cut-off voltage (3.65V) at a constant current for a preset first current (for example, a current with the magnitude of 1C, for example, the current value of 20A when the LP2770134 square lithium iron phosphate battery cell with the magnitude of 20Ah performs 1C discharge), and then, finishing the constant-voltage charging to a second current with the magnitude of preset (for example, 1A);
it should be noted that, in the second substep, 3.65V is the preset normal charge cut-off voltage of each echelon battery of the discharge capacity to be tested, so as to save the test time and ensure the consistency of the charge amount of the battery cell, and it is determined that the full charge state of the battery cell is the final state.
In the second substep, the first current with the preset magnitude may be 20A, which is a current value when the LP2770134 square lithium iron phosphate cell with 20Ah performs 1C discharge, and is a current value comprehensively selected in combination with the test time, the test accuracy, and the device capability.
In the second sub-step, 1A may be set as a stop condition of the constant voltage charging step, and it should be theoretically constant-voltage to end with a current of 0A, but it is most appropriate to comprehensively determine that 1A ends in consideration of too long test time, equipment control accuracy limitation, and influence on the test result.
And a third substep of standing for a second preset time (e.g., 1min), and then standing the battery storage region in a constant temperature environment (the change in the ambient temperature is required to be within 4 ℃) for a sixth preset time (e.g., 12 h).
The three substeps can be specifically carried out by the existing Hangzhou 5V40A formation equipment.
In the invention, in order to realize the sorting of the batteries, the bar code of each battery can be scanned and input through a code scanning gun, and the bar code and the alternating current resistance uploaded by a battery tester are exported to an Excel table together. When sorting (grading) of the battery is performed, specific grading adjustment may further include an ac resistance difference value, a voltage difference value, and the like.
The invention can be concretely realized by further having a temperature influence correction function (correcting the integral point once per hour), and correcting the alternating current internal resistance test result of the echelon battery with the discharge capacity to be tested after the average value of the alternating current resistance of the 'reference battery' is taken in each hour by measuring and recording the alternating current internal resistance of the 'reference battery'.
Compared with the prior art, the echelon lithium battery residual capacity testing method provided by the invention has the advantages that the design is scientific, the residual capacity of the echelon battery can be rapidly and reliably detected, the battery core state of the echelon battery is discriminated, the discrimination efficiency of the battery core state of the echelon battery is improved, the recovery and echelon utilization of the echelon battery are promoted, and the practical significance is great.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A echelon lithium battery residual capacity test method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, battery classification: classifying a plurality of echelon batteries to be tested according to specification models, and screening out a plurality of echelon batteries corresponding to each specification model;
and secondly, measuring a sample battery: selecting a preset specification model, taking a plurality of preset echelon batteries corresponding to the specification model as sample batteries, firstly, respectively carrying out preset capacity test operation on each sample battery to obtain the discharge capacity C1 of each sample battery, then, respectively measuring and obtaining the alternating current internal resistance R1 of each sample battery, and simultaneously recording the corresponding relation between the discharge capacity C1 and the alternating current internal resistance R1 of each sample battery;
thirdly, for a plurality of sample batteries, a scatter diagram of the alternating current internal resistance R1 and the discharge capacity C1 of the sample batteries is obtained by drawing in real time with the alternating current internal resistance R1 of the sample batteries as the abscissa and the discharge capacity C1 of the sample batteries as the ordinate;
fourthly, fitting the scatter diagram to obtain a fitting curve of the alternating current internal resistance R1 and the discharge capacity C1 of the sample battery, and obtain a quantitative relation between the alternating current internal resistance R1 and the discharge capacity C1 of a plurality of sample batteries in the fitting curve;
and fifthly, after each echelon battery with the same specification and model as the sample battery and the to-be-tested discharge capacity is charged to a full-charge state according to a preset charging process, measuring the alternating current resistance of each echelon battery with the to-be-tested discharge capacity respectively, and substituting the alternating current resistance into the quantitative relation obtained in the fourth step to obtain the discharge capacity of each echelon battery with the to-be-tested discharge capacity, namely the residual capacity of each echelon battery.
2. The echelon lithium battery residual capacity test method as set forth in claim 1, further comprising, after the fifth step, the steps of:
and sixthly, comparing the discharge capacity of each echelon battery with the discharge capacity to be tested, wherein the echelon battery has the discharge capacity, and the discharge capacity is compared with a plurality of preset battery grading capacity ranges which are different and do not overlap, and when the discharge capacity of a certain echelon battery is within one battery grading capacity range, judging that the echelon battery is a qualified battery within the battery grading capacity range, so that battery grading is realized.
3. The echelon lithium battery residual capacity test method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein in the first step, the preset capacity test operation specifically includes the steps of:
step 1, standing for a first preset time;
step 2, charging the sample battery to a preset normal charging cut-off voltage by a first current with a preset magnitude at a constant current, and then finishing the constant voltage charging to a second current with a preset magnitude;
step 3, standing for a second preset time;
step 4, discharging the sample battery to a preset first discharge cut-off voltage at a constant current with a preset third current;
step 5, standing for a third preset time;
step 6, discharging the sample battery to a preset first discharge cut-off voltage at a constant current with a preset third current;
step 7, standing for a fourth preset time;
step 8, charging the sample battery to a preset normal charging cut-off voltage at a constant current of a preset fourth current, and ending;
and 9, standing for a fifth preset time, measuring and recording the discharge capacity C1 of the sample battery, and standing in a constant-temperature environment for a sixth preset time to finish one-time capacity testing operation.
4. The echelon lithium battery residual capacity test method as recited in claim 3, wherein the first preset time period and the second preset time period are both 1min, the third preset time period, the fourth preset time period and the fifth preset time period are all 5min, and the sixth preset time period is 12 h;
the first current with the preset magnitude, the third current with the preset magnitude and the fourth current with the preset magnitude are currents with the magnitude of 1C;
the second current with the preset magnitude is 1A;
the third current of the predetermined magnitude is a current of 0.1C.
5. The gradation lithium battery residual capacity test method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein in the fourth step, the quantitative relational expression is as follows:
y＝a1+b1*x-c1*x2+d1*x3
a1, b1, c1, d1 are function coefficients;
y is the discharge capacity value C1 of the battery, and x is the alternating current internal resistance value R1 of the battery.
6. The echelon lithium battery residual capacity test method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein in the fifth step, the preset charging process specifically comprises the following steps:
a first substep of standing for a first preset duration;
a second substep, namely, a first current with a preset magnitude is used for constant-current charging to a preset normal charging cut-off voltage for each echelon battery with the discharge capacity to be tested, and then, the constant-voltage charging is finished until a second current with the preset magnitude is obtained;
and a third substep of standing for a second preset time period and then standing for a sixth preset time period in the battery storage region in the constant temperature environment.
7. The echelon lithium battery residual capacity test method as recited in claim 6, wherein the first preset time period and the second preset time period are both 1min, and the sixth preset time period is 12 h;
the first current with the preset magnitude is 1C current;
the second current of the predetermined magnitude is a current of 1A.
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