CN114208941A - 一种高产富硒黑水虻虫粉及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种高产富硒黑水虻虫粉及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种高产富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法，包括如下步骤：(1)黑水虻孵化：黑水虻卵置于恒温培养箱，温度25～27℃，相对湿度60～70％条件下孵化，孵化3～5d；(2)饲喂条件：黑水虻孵化后给予黑水虻饲料饲喂7～14天，所述黑水虻饲料中包括亚硒酸钠；(3)幼虫烘干：分批次将黑水虻幼虫在104℃烘箱中烘干2h，再调至65℃烘干4h，烘干过程中多次翻动以保均匀受热、烘干彻底。(4)将经干燥后的富硒黑水虻幼虫和普通黑水虻幼虫倒入搅拌机中粉碎，粉碎后经8目筛子过筛，收集备用。本发明在黑水虻日粮中添加低剂量亚硒酸钠可提高黑水虻产量，且不会造成较大的毒副作用，在畜禽生产中可提高畜产品中硒的含量。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于饲料添加剂生产技术领域，具体涉及用作一种高产富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法。
背景技术
黑水虻为双翅目水虻科昆虫，是近年来在国内新兴的一种饲料蛋白质原料，其幼虫食性广泛，可将畜禽粪便、厨余垃圾等有机废弃物转化为蛋白质和脂肪，并具有繁殖周期短、生长迅速和饲料转化率高等特点。其幼虫粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量较高，是一种潜在的饲料蛋白质和脂肪源；且氨基酸组成均衡，含有的必需氨基酸模式与鱼粉相似，某些必需氨基酸含量较高，如赖氨酸含量占粗蛋白的6％～8％，常用于替代鱼粉和豆粕被添加到动物饲料中，是一种优质的蛋白质饲料原料。此外，黑水虻幼虫具有较大的药用价值。黑水虻幼虫身处较差的生活环境，但是其本身具有较强的免疫能力，能在体内消化霍乱、疟疾等多种病原微生物，保证机体的健康生长。经研究发现，黑水虻体内含有抗菌肽成分，其在黑水虻幼虫中含量丰富。有学者根据黑水虻可使鸡粪中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的量降低、黑水虻幼虫能在体内消化多种病原微生物等推断黑水虻有较强的免疫系统，并且认为发挥免疫功能的物质与抗菌肽有关。黑水虻还富含钾、钙、镁、等多种矿物质元素和养殖业所必需脂肪酸如亚油酸，是养殖饲料中的优良添加剂。研究表明，在蛋雏鸡日粮中添加3％黑水虻幼虫粉可显著提高蛋雏鸡饲养中的平均日增重，显著增加了血清中总蛋白和球蛋白含量，且显著降低了血清尿素氮含量，表明日粮添加黑水虻幼虫粉提高了蛋雏鸡对蛋白质的利用率；在对雏鸡抗氧化能力的研究中发现添加适量的黑水虻幼虫粉，可显著提高血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性，显著或极显著降低血清丙二醛的含量。因此，在畜禽生产中，添加黑水虻虫粉能够改善动物的生长性能，血清生化指标和抗氧化能力，维持机体肠道环境稳定。
硒是生物体所必需的微量元素之一，在生物体中主要以有机形式存在。硒具有重要的生物学功能，在抗衰老，增强免疫力，减弱金属毒性，调节新陈代谢，预防癌症等方面，均有着显著的作用。适量的硒可调节机体对维生素的吸收，增加机体免疫球蛋白的生成。硒也是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性中心元素，这使其在生物体中充分发挥抗氧化作用。摄入的硒源，经过肠道吸收和体内的一系列循环运输到各组织中，最终以硒蛋白质的形式被机体吸收利用，这些蛋白质大部分是酶蛋白，控制着机体内包括甲状腺素合成、机体抗氧化功能以及机体过氧化氢和脂质过氧化物清除等过程。在免疫方面，硒能够同时影响机体的非特异性免疫、细胞免疫及体液免疫功能。在非特异免疫上，硒能够激活吞噬细胞，促进巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞对病原体的杀灭作用。在细胞免疫上，硒能够增强淋巴细胞的增殖能力，显著提高T淋巴细胞转化率。在体液免疫上，有机硒可增强体液免疫功能。在与肿瘤的对抗中，硒具有举足轻重的作用。普通人缺硒，身体患肿瘤的机率大大增加，体内缺硒的肿瘤患者多有远处转移、多发性肿瘤、肿瘤分化不良、恶性程度高及生存期短的可能。我国有大部分地区处于缺硒和低硒生态环境之中，约七亿人生活在低硒、缺硒地区。人和动物对硒的摄入量普遍偏低，并且人体内存储硒的能力很弱，需要经常食用含硒较高的产品才能获得足够的硒。因此，开发富含硒产品具有重要意义。硒元素在自然界有两种存在方式：有机硒和无机硒。有机硒通常以硒核酸、硒蛋白、硒多糖、硒代蛋氨酸等形式存在。无机硒一般指亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠，通常从金属矿藏的副产品中获得。和有机硒相比，无机硒不易被人和动物吸收，且毒性较高，容易污染。而有机硒拥有使用安全性高、发生中毒率低、机体吸收转化率高、营养价值高等特点。利用生物富硒的方法，将无机硒转化成动物体中的有机硒，是生产有机硒的一种廉价有效方法。
鉴于硒和黑水虻虫粉对动物的诸多好处，生产富硒黑水虻虫粉并将其作为添加剂应用到动物饲料中，可使同一产品具有硒和黑水虻虫粉的双重益处。生产富硒黑水虻虫粉已成为未来添加剂的研究方向之一。目前生产的生物富硒产品主要有富硒五谷虫、富硒黄粉虫等。以往虽然已有富硒黑水虻的报道，如专利“一种富硒黑水虻幼虫的养殖方法”在黑水虻幼虫饲料中添加硒元素含量为10～80mg/kg；专利“一种富硒黑水虻和富硒鸡的循环养殖方法”通过喷洒浓度为20～60mg/L亚硒酸钠水溶液来生产富硒黑水虻。但以往的报道硒的添加量都较高，鉴于高剂量硒的毒性，以及硒和黑水虻虫粉对动物的健康与生产性能的双重益处，本发明研究利用较低的无机硒添加量生产富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法。所制备的富硒黑水虻虫粉将在动物饲料添加方面有广泛的应用，不仅改善动物的健康，促进动物生产性能的提高，而且可用于生产富硒蛋、富硒肉等，有利于增加畜禽产品的附加值等。
发明内容
发明目的：本发明要解决的技术问题是利用较低的无机硒添加量提供一种富硒黑水虻虫粉。
本发明还要解决的技术问题是提供上述富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法。
本发明最后要解决的技术问题是提供上述富硒黑水虻虫粉在饲料添加方面的应用。
技术方案：为解决上述技术问题，本发明采用如下技术方案：
一种富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
(1)黑水虻孵化：黑水虻卵置于恒温培养箱，温度25～27℃，相对湿度60～70％条件下孵化，孵化3～5d；
(2)饲喂条件：黑水虻孵化后给予黑水虻饲料饲喂7～14天，所述黑水虻饲料中包括亚硒酸钠；
(3)幼虫烘干：分批次将黑水虻幼虫在104℃烘箱中烘干2h，再调至65℃烘干4h，烘干过程中多次翻动以保均匀受热、烘干彻底。
(4)将经干燥后的富硒黑水虻幼虫和普通黑水虻幼虫倒入搅拌机中粉碎，粉碎后经8目筛子过筛，收集备用。
步骤(2)中，所述黑水虻粮食的配方如下豆粕、玉米、麸皮、亚硒酸钠，所述豆粕、玉米、麸皮的质量比为5:3:2，所述亚硒酸钠的含量为0.3～6mg/kg。
所述富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法制备得到的富硒黑水虻虫粉在本发明的保护范围之内。
所述富硒黑水虻虫粉在动物饲料中的应用在本发明的保护范围之内。
作为优选，所述的动物为家禽。
有益效果：
(1)在黑水虻日粮中添加亚硒酸钠可提高黑水虻虫粉的产量。
(2)在饲料中添加富硒黑水虻虫粉在改善机体免疫力方面具有重要作用。
(3)添加适量的富硒黑水虻虫粉可以改善畜禽动物肉品品质，提高肉类货架期，提高畜产品中硒的含量。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细的描述，但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
实施例1富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备
1)购买黑水虻虫卵：从浙江昆微农业科技有限公司购买黑水虻虫卵。
2)购买亚硒酸钠：从国药集团化学试剂有限公司购买亚硒酸钠(含量≥97％)。
3)购买饲料并配制基础日粮：从通州区东社镇开心田园生态农场购买豆粕、玉米、麸皮，按5:3:2的比例配制黑水虻日粮。并将饲料水分含量调整为70％。
4)黑水虻孵化：将黑水虻卵置于恒温培养箱，温度27℃，相对湿度70％条件下孵化，孵化3～5d。
5)试验分组：将黑水虻幼虫等比例分为五份，其中对照组C日粮中不额外补充硒，试验组T1、T2、T3、T4日粮中分别添加0.3mg/kg、1mg/kg、3mg/kg、6mg/kg的硒。
6)饲喂条件：保持养殖室温28～30℃，湿度60％～70％。
7)试验期：第1天起每天上午10:00按幼虫数等比例饱食投喂饲料，后期随虫体长大、摄食变化灵活增减。试验期7天。第7天投加饲料后，静置24h，然后将幼虫用8目筛筛出，使其与饲料进行分离。如表1所示，与C组相比T1组鲜重增加了22.70％、T3组增加了11.45％、T4增加了32.58％。
8)幼虫烘干：分批次将幼虫在104℃烘箱中烘干2h，烘掉虫体大量水分，再调制65℃烘干4h，烘干过程中多次翻动以保均匀受热、烘干彻底。
9)样品前处理：将经干燥后的富硒黑水虻幼虫和普通黑水虻幼虫倒入搅拌机中粉碎，粉碎后经8目筛子过筛，收集备用。如表2所示，与C组相比T1组干重增加了26.75％、T3组增加了6.49％、T4组增加了43.27％。
10)富硒黑水虻硒含量检测：将干燥后的黑水虻虫粉送到青岛科创质量检测有限公司，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定其中的硒含量。结果如表3所示。结果表明，与C组相比T1组幼虫硒含量提高了107.56％、T2组提高了670.64％、T3组提高了980.27％、T4组提高了1189.22％。应用本方案可得到富硒黑水虻虫粉，且添加微量的亚硒酸钠能提高黑水虻的鲜重和干重。
表1各组中黑水虻鲜重
| 分组 | 第7天幼虫平均鲜重/g |
| C | 0.162 |
| T1 | 0.199 |
| T2 | 0.167 |
| T3 | 0.180 |
| T4 | 0.215 |
表2各组中黑水虻干重
| 分组 | 第7天幼虫平均干重/g |
| C | 0.054 |
| T1 | 0.068 |
| T2 | 0.054 |
| T3 | 0.057 |
| T4 | 0.077 |
表3各组中硒的含量
| 分组 | 第7天幼虫体内硒含量(mg/kg) |
| C | 0.436 |
| T1 | 0.905 |
| T2 | 3.360 |
| T3 | 4.710 |
| T4 | 5.621 |
实施例2：关于本发明富硒黑水虻虫粉改善畜禽生产性能和抗氧化能力的研究
选取体重相近、健康状况良好的1日龄爱拔益加肉鸡150只，随机分为3个处理，每个处理5个重复，每个重复10只鸡。
A组为对照组，饲喂正常饲粮。
B组为黑水虻虫粉组，在饲粮中添加2％的普通黑水虻虫粉。
C组为富硒黑水虻虫粉组，在饲粮中添加2％实施例1制备的富硒黑水虻虫粉，试验期为42天。
结果表明，如表4，与对照组相比，C组肉鸡重提高了8.63％，胸肌率提高19.03％，滴水损失降低了11.11％，而与B组相比，C组肉鸡重提高了7.62％，胸肌率提高10.99％，滴水损失降低了2.33％。这表明富硒黑水虻虫粉可以促进肉鸡肉品质的提升，而且可以看出有机硒比无机硒更容易被利用，从而提升肉鸡的肉品质。
在42天时，每个重复选取一只鸡采集血液样本。从表5可以看出，与对照组相比，C组肉鸡血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)提高了19.89％，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性提高了8.23％，丙二醛(MDA)含量降低了21.89％，而与B组相比，C组肉鸡血清T-AOC提高了15.77％，GSH-Px活性提高了6.17％，丙二醛(MDA)含量降低了16.89％。从这些结果可以看出，富硒黑水虻虫粉可以提高机体的抗氧化能力，有利于提高动物的健康水平，且富硒黑水虻虫粉的作用效果优于单独使用黑水虻虫粉。
表4不同处理的畜禽生产性能和抗氧化能力对比
表5各组抗氧化指标
实施例3关于本发明富硒黑水虻虫粉改善机体免疫力的研究
试验选取40周龄、体重相近、健康状况良好的海兰褐蛋鸡120只，随机分为3个处理，每个处理8个重复，每个重复5只鸡。
A组为对照组，饲喂正常饲粮。
B组为黑水虻虫粉组，在饲粮中添加2％的普通黑水虻虫粉。
C组为富硒黑水虻虫粉组，在饲粮中添加2％实施例1制备的富硒黑水虻虫粉，试验期为42天。
在30天，每个重复选取一只鸡进行采血，测定免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白Y(IgY)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)的含量，从结果可以看出，与对照组相比，C组蛋鸡血清IgA含量提高了1.26％，IgY含量提高了24.69％，IgM含量提高了12.01％，而与B组相比，C组蛋鸡血清IgA含量提高了0.83％，IgY含量提高了13.70％，IgM含量提高了8.74％。
从这些结果可以看出，富硒黑水虻虫粉可以提高动物血清免疫球蛋白的含量，有利于提高动物的免疫力。
表6各组免疫指数
实施例4关于畜禽产品中硒含量的研究
试验选取体重相近、健康状况良好的1日龄爱拔益加肉鸡144只，随机分为3组，每组6个重复，每个重复8只鸡。
A组为对照组，饲喂正常饲粮。
B组为黑水虻虫粉组，在饲粮中添加3％的普通黑水虻虫粉。
C组为富硒黑水虻虫粉组，在饲粮中添加3％实施例1制备的富硒黑水虻虫粉，试验期为30天，每个重复随机选取2只鸡进行硒含量检测。
结果发现，A组鸡肉平均硒含量为0.14mg/kg，B组为0.15mg/kg，C组为0.38mg/kg。与A和B组相比，C组硒含量分别提高了171.4％和153.33％，本实例证明富硒黑水虻虫粉可提高鸡肉中的硒含量，用于富硒肉的生产。
实施例5关于畜禽产品中富硒蛋的生产研究
试验选取35周龄、体重相近、健康状况良好的海兰褐蛋鸡360只，随机分为3组，每组6个重复，每个重复20只鸡。
A组为对照组，饲喂正常饲粮。
B组为黑水虻虫粉组，在饲粮中添加3％的普通黑水虻虫粉。
C组为富硒黑水虻虫粉组，在饲粮中添加3％实施例1制备的富硒黑水虻虫粉，试验期为30天，每个重复随机选取2枚蛋进行硒含量检测。每天15:00收蛋，以重复为单位，记录每天的产蛋数、蛋重、破软蛋数，每周统计采食量，计算试验全期的产蛋率、破软蛋率、平均蛋重、平均日采食量及料蛋比。
结果发现，A组蛋平均硒含量为0.297mg/kg，B组为0.306mg/kg，C组为0.475mg/kg。与A和B组相比，C组硒含量分别提高了59.93％和55.22％。如表7所示，与对照组相比，C组蛋鸡产蛋率提高了2.35％，破软蛋率降低了44.93％，料蛋比降低了5.60％。与B组相比，C组蛋鸡产蛋率提高了1.72％，破软蛋率降低了26.92％，料蛋比降低了2.23％。本实例证明富硒黑水虻虫粉可提高鸡蛋中的硒含量和蛋鸡的产蛋率，降低破软蛋率及料蛋比，可用于改善蛋鸡的生产性能和富硒蛋的生产。
表7各组蛋鸡的生产性能
Claims (9)
1.一种高产富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
(1)黑水虻孵化：黑水虻卵置于恒温培养箱中孵化；
(2)饲喂条件：黑水虻孵化后给予黑水虻饲料饲喂7～14天，所述黑水虻饲料中包括亚硒酸钠；
(3)幼虫烘干：分批次将黑水虻幼虫在104℃烘箱中烘干2h，再调至65℃烘干4h，烘干过程中多次翻动以确保均匀受热、烘干彻底。
(4)将经干燥后的富硒黑水虻幼虫倒入搅拌机中粉碎，粉碎后经8目筛子过筛，得到富硒黑水虻虫粉。
2.根据权利要求1所述的富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(1)中，黑水虻卵的孵化条件如下：温度25～27℃，相对湿度60～70％。
3.根据权利要求1所述的富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(1)中，黑水虻卵孵化时间为3～5d。
4.根据权利要求1所述的富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(2)中，所述的黑水虻饲料的配方如下豆粕、玉米、麸皮、亚硒酸钠。
5.根据权利要求4所述的富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法，其特征在于，所述豆粕、玉米、麸皮的质量比为5:3:2。
6.根据权利要求4所述的富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法，其特征在于，所述亚硒酸钠的含量为0.3～6mg/kg。
7.权利要求1～6任一所述的富硒黑水虻虫粉的制备方法制备得到的富硒黑水虻虫粉。
8.权利要求6所述的富硒黑水虻虫粉在动物饲料中的应用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用，其特征在于，所述的动物为家禽。
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