CN114191615B - 促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种促进关节软骨‑钙化层‑软骨下骨损伤修复的多层复合材料及制备方法。该材料从上到下依次由多孔聚合物基复合物单元、梯度纤维膜单元和多孔陶瓷单元组成。多孔聚合物基复合物单元由负载生长因子的纤维蛋白凝胶灌注于聚合物孔道网络中的复合物构成,梯度纤维膜单元由双层超细纤维微孔膜构成,多孔陶瓷单元由生物活性无机物陶瓷构成;其中多孔聚合物单元内的干细胞可以经所载生长因子诱导分化为软骨细胞,梯度纤维膜单元的上层含有促进软骨再生功能分子,下层中含有生物活性无机物微粒,多孔陶瓷单元的孔道尺度为200~800μm。本发明的多层复合材料可以促进关节软骨‑钙化层‑软骨下骨全层缺损的修复重建并防止慢性炎性反应或感染发生的多种生物学功效。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物医用植入材料领域的一种多层复合材料及其制备方法,具体是涉及了一种促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
在我国,有上千万人正在遭受关节病变和关节损伤的痛苦。关节部位的关节软骨-骨在诸如创伤、老化、激烈运动、肿瘤以及炎症等条件下较容易发生包括关节表面软骨至软骨下骨的病变,从而对患者的正常生活造成了很大影响甚至可能导致终身残疾。当前的传统外科治疗手段,如微骨折法、自体细胞(干细胞或软骨细胞)移植只能提供有限的功能恢复,难以达到组织完全再生,而人工关节替换的成本过高,且仍有不少失败案例以及并发症或后遗症的产生。
在过去几十年里,生物材料和组织工程的发展使得基于生物材料诱导组织生长和组织功能修复的研究和应用取了长足的进步,关节损伤再生治疗的相关研究逐渐从单纯的软骨修复转到软骨-骨一体化再生修复,并开展了深入研究和临床尝试。然而,由于无法模拟天然关节软骨-骨组织在组成和结构上的各向异性,目前报道的生物材料和组织工程方法很少能将受损组织恢复到正常状态。通过全面剖析关节软骨的结构和组成,人们认识到钙化软骨层的存在,以及其在软组织向硬组织解剖结构过渡方面的重要屏障作用。天然关节软骨-骨组织由几个连续但不同的区域组成,可简要分为非钙化软骨层、软骨钙化层以及软骨下骨层,其在细胞表型、细胞外基质(ECM)组成、微观结构和力学性能方面具有较大差异。浅层软骨细胞表达软骨标志物(SOX9)和浅层软骨蛋白(SZP),为关节提供润滑功能;而软骨钙化层细胞表达高水平的糖胺聚糖和II型胶原蛋白(Col II),同时包含无机成分如低晶态羟基磷灰石,该层在传导应力和软骨-骨之间的物质传输中起到重要作用;软骨下骨带富含骨细胞表达的碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)和骨钙素(osteocn,OCN),为关节软骨-骨组织提供机械支持。
为设计更加接近关节软骨-骨结构的材料结构,研究者尝试了多种办法,诸如细胞梯度分布材料、刚度梯度材料以及组成梯度材料。考虑到促进关节软骨损伤修复的多层或梯度材料需要兼顾浅层软骨层、软骨钙化层以及软骨下骨的修复,因此需要根据现有技术和研究结果设计一种在组成、结构、理化性能及生物学效应上均满足关节关节软骨-骨损伤高效修复的多功能性梯度材料,满足关节软骨-骨不同层级结构的修复需要。
发明内容
为了解决背景技术中缺失的技术空白,本发明提出了一种促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料及制备方法。仿照关节软骨中软骨、软骨钙化层、软骨下骨的结构和组成变化,多层复合材料由多孔聚合物基复合物单元、梯度纤维膜单元、多孔陶瓷单元组成。其中上层主体为多孔聚合物基复合物单元,孔隙中填充有负载骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)和促进BMSCs向软骨细胞分化的转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的纤维蛋白凝胶。中间层为梯度纤维膜单元,由双层超细纤维微孔膜构成,上下层分别为有机纤维微孔膜和有机-无机复合纤维微孔膜。其中上层膜含有促进软骨愈合的组分,下层膜含有可抑制炎症、防控感染并促进软骨钙化层再生修复的多功能性无机微粒,整个梯度纤维膜通过两步静电纺丝工艺制备而成。多孔陶瓷单元由钙硅酸盐生物陶瓷组成,通过湿化学法、溶胶-凝胶法制备得到超细颗粒粉体,再基于数字光学加工三维打印技术制备多孔且孔道尺度在80~800μm的多孔陶瓷支架,经过高温烧结得到最终支架材料。本发明方法可针对从关节软骨-骨全层缺损类型的损伤问题,对促进软骨、软骨下骨和钙化层组织愈合再生具有重要作用。
本发明采用的技术方案是:
一、一种促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料:
所述促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料从上到下依次由多孔聚合物基复合物单元、梯度纤维膜单元和多孔陶瓷单元组成。其中,上层的多孔聚合物基复合单元由多孔聚合物和纤维蛋白凝胶复合,孔隙中填充有负载骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)和促进BMSCs向软骨细胞分化的转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)的纤维蛋白原水凝胶。中间层为梯度纤维膜单元为双层结构,分别为由含有促进软骨再生功能分子的超细纤维微孔膜构成的上层和含钙-硅基无机微粒的超细纤维微孔膜构成的下层构成,所述的钙-硅基无机微粒具体为钙-硅基生物玻璃微粒或生物陶瓷微粒。多孔陶瓷单元为低含量异质离子共掺杂的钙硅酸盐,经三维打印和烧结制备的多孔陶瓷支架。
促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料多孔聚合物基复合物单元中聚合物组分为聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA),所负载的骨髓间充质干细胞为关节软骨-骨缺损修复实验所用动物的同种动物体内提取分离而得。
促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料梯度纤维膜单元中所用钙-硅基生物玻璃和生物陶瓷微粒的颗粒度为40纳米~10微米,所述纤维膜中的超细纤维的直径为0.1~8.0微米,整体梯度纤维膜材料的微孔尺度小于100微米。
促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料所述的梯度纤维膜单元中涉及的钙-硅基生物玻璃微粒是采用溶胶-凝胶方法制备的可降解性生物玻璃,微粒中包含有CaO、SiO2、MgO、ZnO以外,还含有P2O5、SrO、CuO、B2O3、Li2O、Na2O、K2O、Mn2O3中至少一种氧化物;
所述的钙-硅基生物陶瓷微粒为异质离子掺杂的硅灰石、镁黄长石、白硅钙石、锌黄长石化合物,所述的异质离子为锶、锌、镁、铜、磷、钠、钾、硼、锰、锂中的一种或者几种的组合。
促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料所述的梯度纤维膜单元中的钙-硅基生物陶瓷微粒中金属离子和酸根离子的摩尔份数为:
SiO3 2-24~60份
Ca2+20~60份
Mg2+0~40份
Zn2+0~30份
PO4 3-0~15份
BO3 -0~15份
Cu2+0~10份
Mn3+0~5份
Sr2+0~12份
Li+0~8份
Na+0~8份
K+0~8份
除Ca2+、SiO3 2-以外的金属离子或者酸根离子,至少有一种离子不同时为0,其余为结晶水。
促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料所述的梯度纤维膜单元含有的钙-硅基生物玻璃微粒组分以氧化物形式表示的摩尔份数为:
SiO2 30~78份
CaO 16~48份
MgO 1~30份
P2O5 0~20份
B2O3 0~30份
ZnO 0.5~10份
CuO 0~5份
MnO 0~5份
SrO 0~10份
Li2O 0~10份
Na2O 0~15份
K2O 0~10份
除了CaO、SiO2、ZnO、MgO以外的其它氧化物,至少有一种不同时为0。
所述的梯度纤维膜单元中促进软骨愈合功能物质为硫酸软骨素、氨基葡萄糖、I型胶原蛋白、II型胶原蛋白、转化生长因子、血管内皮生长因子、骨形态发生蛋白中的一种或几种的组合物。
促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料多孔陶瓷单元是由低含量异质离子共掺杂的钙硅酸盐经三维打印和烧结制备的材料。
促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料所述的多孔陶瓷是由低含量异质离子硼和/或锌与镁部分替代钙硅酸盐晶体中的钙、硅或掺杂于晶格空位。
促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料多孔陶瓷单元的孔道尺度为80~800μm,孔道壁宽度与孔道尺度之比为1:(0.4~10)。
促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料多孔陶瓷单元中各组分以氧化物形式表示的质量百分数含量为:
CaO 44~52%
SiO2 47~54%
B2O3 0~3.0%
ZnO 0~3.4%
MgO 0.2~4.8%
其中B2O3和ZnO不同时为0,MgO含量与B2O3和ZnO含量之和的比为1:(0.2~5)。
促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料所述钙硅酸盐是β-硅酸钙、α-硅酸钙或两者任意比例的复合物。
促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料所述多孔陶瓷的孔道形态可呈四方形、三角形、蜂窝形、多边形、圆形、阿基米德弧形中的一种或任意组合,相邻孔道之间的贯通孔的尺度为40~600μm。
二、一种促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将钙-硅基无机微粒加入到聚合物溶液中充分搅拌,钙-硅基无机微粒与聚合物的质量比为1:(4~40),配制成颗粒浓度为1~400mg/ml的混合溶液。将复合物溶液装入注射器并置于静电纺丝机储液器中,设置纺丝间距为6~25cm,在纺丝电压为8~25kV下,按0.20~1.50ml/h的纺丝液挤出速度进行高压静电纺丝,在静电纺丝的接收载体上形成超细纤维微孔膜;当接收载体上的超细纤维微孔膜厚度达到50~200微米时,停止静电纺丝;
2)将含有促进软骨再生的功能物质加入含电纺聚合物的溶液中并充分混合,促进软骨愈合功能物质与电纺聚合物的质量比为1:(20~500),获得混合溶液,然后将混合溶液加入到上述步骤1)的静电纺丝储液器中,调制电纺参数继续进行高压静电纺丝,将电纺丝沉积在步骤1)制备的超细纤维微孔膜上表面;当接收载体上新增加的电纺丝微孔膜的厚度为达到80~400微米时,停止静电纺丝,得到总厚度为110~600微米的中间层梯度纤维膜单元。
4)将总摩尔浓度为0.1~0.50mol/L的含Ca2+无机盐和异质离子无机盐的混合水溶液滴入到等体积的等摩尔浓度pH值为10.0~11的含SiO3 2-和HBO3水溶液中,Ca2+与正电荷异质金属离子的摩尔浓度之比1:(0.0025~0.20),将反应沉积物过滤、去离子水洗涤后,再用无水乙醇洗涤,烘干,经800~1300℃下煅烧和球磨处理,从而获得低含量异质离子Zn和/或B与Mg共掺杂的钙硅酸盐粉体;
5)将低含量异质离子掺杂的钙硅酸盐粉体分散到光敏树脂中,无机-有机比例为1:(0.3~1.0),充分搅拌形成混匀糊状物,再将糊状物转移到数字光学加工三维打印的料池,按预先设计的三维多孔模型开启打印机进行打印,模型打印完成后用水清洗掉未固化的树脂浆料,再进行干燥除去水分,然后在1000~1320℃下烧结1~8小时处理,从而得到可生物降解的钙硅酸盐构成的下层多孔陶瓷单元。
6)用标准筛筛出一定粒径的明胶微粒致孔剂。取明胶微粒置于圆柱体容器中并使颗粒紧密堆积,用注射器将体积分数85%的乙醇水溶液注入颗粒堆积物中,再移至70℃烘箱中保持8min,在微粒之间相互发生粘结后,取出明胶微粒堆积物,用滤纸吸收残留乙醇水溶液并再进行冻干处理;将PLGA按质量分数12%溶于二氧六环,将冻干后的明胶微粒块放入PLGA的二氧六环溶液中,反复用水泵抽真空3-6次,使PLGA溶液能够完全进入明胶微粒堆积体内部,然后取出明胶微粒块,用滤纸除去表面多余的PLGA溶液冻干,将冻干的材料放于37℃水浴中5天,即得到可去除明胶的多孔PLGA支架材料。
7)将计数后的骨髓间充质干细胞离心分离后,用含有转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的纤维蛋白原/磷酸缓冲液将细胞分散。反复用水泵抽真空3-6次,通过负压将骨髓间充质干细胞/转化生长因子-β1/纤维蛋白原溶液导入灭菌处理后的PLGA多孔支架中,再通过同样方法将含氯化钙的凝血酶溶液导入PLGA多孔支架中,使用无菌纱布吸去支架表面多余液体。将支架置于37℃环境下使之成胶,成胶后将支架材料放入孔板中,每孔加入适量杜氏改良培养基(Dulbecco's modified eagle medium,DMEM)培养基,在体外培养12-24h后可得到所需的PLGA/纤维蛋白水凝胶/骨髓间充质干细胞/转化生长因子-β1构成的多孔聚合物基复合物单元。
8)将将多孔聚合物基复合物单元和灭菌后的梯度纤维膜单元和多孔陶瓷单元分别按上层、中间层、下层单元依次叠加组装后,得到所述的一种促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料,可用于关节软骨-骨缺损修复。
所述的明胶微粒致孔剂的直径在280-450μm范围内,纤维蛋白原的溶液浓度为20-50mg/mL,TGF-β1在纤维蛋白原溶液中的浓度为1-2mg/mL,凝血酶浓度为5-15U/mL,氯化钙浓度为0.02-0.04mol/L,BMSCs在纤维蛋白原溶液中的最终浓度为500-2000万/mL。
所述的接收载体为多孔性金属滚筒,孔尺度为10~2500微米,孔形态没有严格限制。
所述的聚合物为明胶、壳聚糖、聚乳酸、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物、聚己内酯、聚L-丙交酯-己内酯、海藻酸钠、透明质酸、聚甲基丙烯酸、硫酸葡聚糖、羧甲基纤维素钠、纤维素、聚丙烯酸、聚苯乙烯磺酸、聚乙烯磺酸和聚乙烯磷酸中的一种物质或者几种的复合物。
所述的电纺液中有机聚合物的浓度没有严格限制,以优良可纺性为条件的复合溶液的浓度水平;所述的电纺液的溶剂也没有严格限制,以有机聚合物完全溶解的液态物质为溶剂。。
所述含Ca2+无机盐是Ca(CH3COO)2、CaCl2、Ca(NO3)2中的一种或者几者的任意组合;所述异质离子无机盐是ZnCl2、Zn(NO3)2;MgCl2和Mg(NO3)2。
所述烧结处理过程为一步或者两步烧结。
本发明所述促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料,基于关节关节软骨-骨的分层结构设计,针对软骨层、钙化层和软骨下骨层设计相应的多孔聚合物基复合物单元、梯度纤维膜单元和多孔陶瓷单元,其成分均具有良好的生物相容性和生物功能性。多孔聚合物基复合物单元负载有BMSCs和诱导BMSCs分化成为软骨细胞的因子TGF-β1,有利于软骨层的修复;梯度纤维膜单元内部基于成分分为双层结构,其上层含有促进软骨再生的功能性分子,下层含有的无机颗粒中具有特殊的无机离子,有利促进软骨下骨一层的再生修复,进而促进整个软骨钙化层的修复;3D打印多孔陶瓷单元主要由无机组分组成,其成分、结构和降解离子产物均有利于软骨下骨组织的再生。
本发明所述促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料,不存在严格的应用范围限制,可以应用于人体任意关节部位的损伤修复治疗中,促进从表面软骨至软骨下骨层的修复,可根据其损伤部位实际情况,调整三层单元的高度分布。
附图说明
图1本发明中的多层复合材料的一种结构示意图;
图2兔膝关节关节软骨-骨缺损模型术后8周对比图:左图:植入多层复合材料;右图:未植入材料。
图3兔膝关节关节软骨-骨缺损模型术后16周micro-CT对缺损部位扫描对比图:分别为实验组(三层复合材料组)、多孔陶瓷支架组、无梯度纤维膜组、纯缺损组。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例进一步阐明本发明的内容,但这些实施例并不限制本发明的范围,凡基于本发明上述内容所实现的技术和制备的材料均属于本发明的保护范围。实施例所使用试剂纯度均不低于其分析纯试剂纯度指标。
本发明的实施例如下:
实施例1:
1)将250mL的0.28mol/L Ca(NO3)2、0.014mol/L ZnCl2、0.014mol/L Mg(NO3)2水溶液的pH值调节到为10.6,再将该溶液逐滴滴加到pH为10.6、体积为250mL的0.308mol/LNa2SiO3水溶液中,滴加完毕后继续搅拌120分钟,然后将反应沉积物过滤,用去离子水洗涤2次,再用无水乙醇洗涤3次,在80℃下烘干,经1000℃下煅烧3小时,再球磨4小时,从而获得颗粒度在0.5~3μm的锌、镁共掺杂β-硅酸钙粉体。
2)将低含量异质离子掺杂的钙硅酸盐粉体分散到光敏树脂中,无机-有机比例为1:0.5,充分搅拌形成混匀糊状物,再将糊状物转移到数字光学加工三维打印的料池,按预先设计的三维多孔模型开启打印机进行打印,模型打印完成后用水清洗掉未固化的树脂浆料,再进行干燥除去水分,然后在1000℃下烧结1~8小时处理,从而得到可生物降解的钙硅酸盐构成的下层多孔陶瓷单元。
3)将颗粒度分布为0.20~1.25微米的镁、锌共掺杂硅灰石粉体(镁和锌的含量分别为0.95%和0.62%)加入到质量之比为3:7的透明质酸-明胶复合水溶液中搅拌均匀,陶瓷粉体与有机物的质量比为1:8,配制成陶瓷粉体浓度为12.5mg/ml的有机-无机复合物溶液,然后转移到高压静电纺丝的储液池中,设置纺丝间距为12厘米,纺丝电压为14kV下,按0.7ml/h的速度进行静电纺丝,当多孔铝箔滚筒载体上纤维膜厚度达到100微米时停止电纺;
4)将硫酸软骨素的加入到质量之比为1:3的羧化壳聚糖-明胶水溶液中搅拌均匀,形成羧化壳聚糖和硫酸软骨素浓度分别为2%和0.25%的混合溶液,然后进行复合物溶液静电纺丝,将超细纤维沉积在步骤3)制备的PLCL膜上,纺丝间距为16厘米,纺丝电压为12kV,纺丝速度为0.3ml/h,形成总厚度为400微米的双层超细纤维微孔膜,裁剪成直径4mm的圆片。
5)用标准筛筛出粒径在300-400μm的明胶微粒致孔剂。取明胶微粒置于直径4mm的圆柱体容器中,轻轻敲打使颗粒紧密堆积,用注射器将体积分数85%的乙醇水溶液注入上述颗粒堆积物中,移至70℃烘箱中保持8min,利用高温使微粒之间相互粘结后取出明胶微粒堆积物,用滤纸轻压其表面吸收残留乙醇水溶液,将粘结好的明胶粒子进行冻干。将PLGA按质量分数12%溶于二氧六环,将冻干后的明胶微粒块放入PLGA的二氧六环溶液中,反复用水泵抽真空3次,使PLGA溶液能够完全进入明胶微粒块内部。取出明胶微粒块,用滤纸除去表面多余的PLGA溶液并冻干。将冻干的材料放于37℃水浴中5天,即得到可去除明胶的多孔PLGA支架材料,将多孔PLGA支架切割至高度2mm。
6)从实验动物体内提取BMSCs,将已知数量的BMSCs离心分离后,用含有TGF-β1的纤维蛋白原/PBS溶液将细胞分散,其中纤维蛋白原溶液浓度为20mg/mL,TGF-β1浓度为1mg/mL,BMSCs的浓度为1000万/mL。反复用水泵抽真空3次,通过负压将BMSCs/TGF-β1/纤维蛋白原溶液导入灭菌处理后的PLGA多孔支架中,再通过水泵抽真空3次,将含氯化钙的凝血酶溶液导入PLGA多孔支架中,其中氯化钙浓度为0.025mol/L,凝血酶浓度为5U/mL。使用无菌纱布吸去支架表面多余液体。将支架置于37℃环境下使之成胶,成胶后将支架材料放入孔板中,每孔加入适量DMEM培养基,在体外培养24h后可得到所需的PLGA/纤维蛋白水凝胶/BMSCs/TGF-β1多孔支架。
7)将多孔聚合物基复合物单元和灭菌后的梯度纤维膜单元和多孔陶瓷单元分别按上、中、下三层叠加组装后,得到所需的一种促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料。
实施例2:
1)将250mL的0.32mol/L Ca(NO3)2、0.008mol/L ZnCl2、0.032mol/L Mg(NO3)2水溶液的pH值调节到为10.6,再将该溶液逐滴滴加到pH为10.6、体积为250mL的0.36mol/LNa2SiO3水溶液中,滴加完毕后继续搅拌120分钟,然后将反应沉积物过滤,用去离子水洗涤2次,再用无水乙醇洗涤3次,在80℃下烘干,经1000℃下煅烧3小时,再球磨4小时,从而获得颗粒度在0.5~3μm的锌、镁共掺杂β-硅酸钙粉体。
2)将低含量异质离子掺杂的钙硅酸盐粉体分散到光敏树脂中,无机-有机比例为1:1,充分搅拌形成混匀糊状物,再将糊状物转移到数字光学加工三维打印的料池,按预先设计的三维多孔模型开启打印机进行打印,模型打印完成后用水清洗掉未固化的树脂浆料,再进行干燥除去水分,然后在1200℃下烧结1~8小时处理,从而得到可生物降解的钙硅酸盐构成的下层多孔陶瓷单元。
3)将将颗粒度为0.10~0.65微米的生物玻璃粉体(化学组成为28CaO-42SiO2-12B2O3-4P2O5-6MgO-1CuO-2ZnO-4Na2O-1K2O)加入到含6%明胶-4%聚乙烯磺酸的有机聚合物溶液中并充分搅拌,无机微粒与有机聚合物的质量比为1:15,配制成生物玻璃微粒浓度为18mg/ml的有机-无机复合物溶液,然后加入到高压静电纺丝的储料容器中,设置纺丝间距为12厘米,在纺丝电压为15kV下,按0.8ml/h的速度进行高压静电纺丝,直到纤维膜厚度达到150微米时停止电纺;
4)将含有等质量的硫酸软骨素、转化生长因子加入到质量比为1:5的透明质酸-明胶复合水溶液中并充分搅拌,明胶的含量为4.5%,硫酸软骨素-转化生长因子总质量与透明质酸-明胶的质量比为1:80,然后将该溶液加入到上述步骤3)的高压静电纺丝装备的储料容器中,设置纺丝间距为13厘米,在纺丝电压为8kV下,按0.2ml/h速度进行高压静电纺丝,将电纺丝沉积在步骤3)制备的中间层膜上表面,当上层电纺丝膜厚度为达到150微米水平时停止电纺,得到厚度为290微米的梯度膜材料,裁剪成直径4mm的圆片。
5)用标准筛筛出粒径在300-400μm的明胶微粒致孔剂。取明胶微粒置于直径4mm的圆柱体容器中,轻轻敲打使颗粒紧密堆积,用注射器将体积分数85%的乙醇水溶液注入上述颗粒堆积物中,移至70℃烘箱中保持8min,利用高温使微粒之间相互粘结后取出明胶微粒堆积物,用滤纸轻压其表面吸收残留乙醇水溶液,将粘结好的明胶粒子进行冻干。将PLGA按质量分数12%溶于二氧六环,将冻干后的明胶微粒块放入PLGA的二氧六环溶液中,反复用水泵抽真空3次,使PLGA溶液能够完全进入明胶微粒块内部。取出明胶微粒块,用滤纸除去表面多余的PLGA溶液并冻干。将冻干的材料放于37℃水浴中5天,即得到可去除明胶的多孔PLGA支架材料,将多孔PLGA支架切割至高度2mm。
7)从实验动物体内提取BMSCs,将已知数量的BMSCs离心分离后,用含有TGF-β1的纤维蛋白原/PBS溶液将细胞分散,其中纤维蛋白原溶液浓度为30mg/mL,TGF-β1浓度为1.5mg/mL,BMSCs的浓度为1500万/mL。反复用水泵抽真空3次,通过负压将BMSCs/TGF-β1/纤维蛋白原溶液导入灭菌处理后的PLGA多孔支架中,再通过水泵抽真空3次,将含氯化钙的凝血酶溶液导入PLGA多孔支架中,其中氯化钙浓度为0.025mol/L,凝血酶浓度为5U/mL。使用无菌纱布吸去支架表面多余液体。将支架置于37℃环境下使之成胶,成胶后将支架材料放入孔板中,每孔加入适量DMEM培养基,在体外培养24h后可得到所需的PLGA/纤维蛋白水凝胶/BMSCs/TGF-β1多孔支架。
8)将多孔聚合物基复合物单元和灭菌后的梯度纤维膜单元和多孔陶瓷单元分别按上、中、下三层叠加组装后,得到所需的一种促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料。
实施例3:
1)将250mL的0.32mol/L Ca(NO3)2、0.008mol/L ZnCl2、0.032mol/L Mg(NO3)2水溶液的pH值调节到为10.6,再将该溶液逐滴滴加到pH为10.6、体积为250mL的0.36mol/LNa2SiO3水溶液中,滴加完毕后继续搅拌120分钟,然后将反应沉积物过滤,用去离子水洗涤2次,再用无水乙醇洗涤3次,在80℃下烘干,经1000℃下煅烧3小时,再球磨4小时,从而获得颗粒度在0.5~3μm的锌、镁共掺杂β-硅酸钙粉体。
2)将低含量异质离子掺杂的钙硅酸盐粉体分散到光敏树脂中,无机-有机比例为1:0.7,充分搅拌形成混匀糊状物,再将糊状物转移到数字光学加工三维打印的料池,按预先设计的三维多孔模型开启打印机进行打印,模型打印完成后用水清洗掉未固化的树脂浆料,再进行干燥除去水分,然后在1200℃下烧结1~8小时处理,从而得到可生物降解的钙硅酸盐构成的下层多孔陶瓷单元。
3)将将颗粒度为0.80~4.25微米的锌、磷共掺杂镁黄长石粉体(锌、磷含量分别为1.2%和3.4%)加入到含6%聚L-丙交酯-己内酯(PLCL)的溶液中并充分搅拌,无机微粒与PLCL的质量比为1:5,配制成陶瓷粉体浓度为40mg/ml的有机-无机复合物溶液,然后加入到高压静电纺丝的储料容器中,设置纺丝间距为14厘米,在纺丝电压为12kV下,按0.6ml/h的速度进行高压静电纺丝,直到PLCL纤维膜厚度达到250微米时停止电纺;
4)将硫酸软骨素加入到质量比为1:5的透明质酸-海藻酸钠复合的溶液中并充分搅拌,透明质酸的含量为0.4%,硫酸软骨素质量与透明质酸-明胶的质量比为1:50,然后将该溶液加入到上述步骤3)的高压静电纺丝装备的储料容器中,设置纺丝间距为10厘米,在纺丝电压为10kV下,按0.6ml/h的速度进行高压静电纺丝,将电纺丝沉积在步骤3)制备的中间层膜上表面,当上层电纺丝膜厚度为达到80微米水平时停止电纺,得到总厚度为450微米的梯度微孔膜材料,裁剪成直径10mm的圆片。
6)用标准筛筛出粒径在300-400μm的明胶微粒致孔剂。取明胶微粒置于直径10mm的圆柱体容器中,轻轻敲打使颗粒紧密堆积,用注射器将体积分数85%的乙醇水溶液注入上述颗粒堆积物中,移至70℃烘箱中保持8min,利用高温使微粒之间相互粘结后取出明胶微粒堆积物,用滤纸轻压其表面吸收残留乙醇水溶液,将粘结好的明胶粒子进行冻干。将PLGA按质量分数12%溶于二氧六环,将冻干后的明胶微粒块放入PLGA的二氧六环溶液中,反复用水泵抽真空3次,使PLGA溶液能够完全进入明胶微粒块内部。取出明胶微粒块,用滤纸除去表面多余的PLGA溶液并冻干。将冻干的材料放于37℃水浴中5天,即得到可去除明胶的多孔PLGA支架材料,将多孔PLGA支架切割至高度2mm。
7)从实验动物体内提取BMSCs,将已知数量的BMSCs离心分离后,用含有TGF-β1的纤维蛋白原/PBS溶液将细胞分散,其中纤维蛋白原溶液浓度为40mg/mL,TGF-β1浓度为2mg/mL,BMSCs的浓度为1500万/mL。反复用水泵抽真空3次,通过负压将BMSCs/TGF-β1/纤维蛋白原溶液导入灭菌处理后的PLGA多孔支架中,再通过水泵抽真空3次,将含氯化钙的凝血酶溶液导入PLGA多孔支架中,其中氯化钙浓度为0.025mol/L,凝血酶浓度为10U/mL。使用无菌纱布吸去支架表面多余液体。将支架置于37℃环境下使之成胶,成胶后将支架材料放入孔板中,每孔加入适量DMEM培养基,在体外培养24h后可得到所需的PLGA/纤维蛋白水凝胶/BMSCs/TGF-β1多孔支架。
8)将多孔聚合物基复合物单元和灭菌后的梯度纤维膜单元和多孔陶瓷单元分别按上、中、下三层叠加组装后,得到所需的一种促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料。
关节炎动物膝关节关节软骨-骨全层缺损修复实验
取关节炎成年新西兰大白兔活体动物模型,体重为2.8公斤左右,静脉注射戊巴比妥钠,麻醉后仰面固定于手术台上。剥离股骨膝关节,对关节部位构建直径为4毫米,深度4毫米的关节软骨-骨缺损,并植入实施例1构建的用于关节软骨-骨修复的多层复合材料,对照组为纯缺损组、多孔陶瓷支架组、无梯度纤维膜组。所有模型按常规步骤缝合创面和术后管理。试验结果显示,在此期间所有动物生命体征良好,存活率100%,对关节关节软骨-骨全层损伤的多层结构再生修复重建具有显著促进效果(图2)。图3提供了micro-CT对术后16周时兔关节缺损部位不同角度的扫描结果,从整体修复情况、软骨层再生情况、骨组织再生情况以及陶瓷支架与周边骨组织整合情况可反映出三层支架比其他对照组具有更好的促骨软骨再生效果。
Claims (9)
1.一种促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料,其特征在于:
所述促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料从上到下依次由多孔聚合物基复合物单元、梯度纤维膜单元和多孔陶瓷单元组成;上层多孔聚合物基复合物单元为由负载有转化生长因子β1的纤维蛋白凝胶灌注于聚合物孔道网络中形成的复合物,中间层的梯度纤维膜单元为由含促进软骨再生的功能分子的超细纤维微孔膜和含生物活性无机物微粒的超细纤维微孔膜构成双层膜结构,下层的多孔陶瓷单元为高活性的可降解生物陶瓷。
2.根据权利要求1所述的促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料,其特征在于:所述的上层中纤维蛋白胶中还可以负载骨髓间充质干细胞,所述的上层中的聚合物为聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物,所述中间层的双层膜中生物活性无机物微粒为钙-硅生物玻璃微粒或钙-硅生物陶瓷微粒,所述的下层高活性可降解生物陶瓷中对掺杂功能离子的种类和掺杂剂量没有严格限制;所述中间层的双层膜的上、下两层的厚度没有严格的限制,双层膜的总厚度为100~600微米。
3.根据权利要求1所述的促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料,其特征在于:所述的上层的多孔聚合物基复合物单元采用如下方法制得:
以粒径为280~450μm的明胶微粒为致孔剂,置于圆柱体容器中并使颗粒紧密堆积,将含85%的乙醇水溶液注入其中,再将其在70℃环境中热处理使得微粒之间接触界面发生粘结,再取出明胶微粒堆积物并用滤纸吸收残留乙醇水溶液并进行冻干处理;将聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物按质量分数12%溶于二氧六环,将冻干后的明胶微粒块放入聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物的二氧六环溶液中,反复用水泵抽真空3~6次,使聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物的二氧六环溶液完全进入明胶微粒堆积体内部,然后取出明胶微粒块,用滤纸除去表面多余的聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物的二氧六环溶液,将冻干的材料放于37℃水浴中5天,得到去除明胶的多孔聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物支架材料;
用含有转化生长因子-β1的纤维蛋白原/磷酸缓冲液将计数后的骨髓间充质干细胞进行分散,通过负压抽吸法将含骨髓间充质干细胞及转化生长因子-β1的纤维蛋白原溶液吸入无菌聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物支架的多孔网络内,再将含氯化钙的凝血酶溶液吸入支架的多孔网络内,再将支架置于37℃环境下使孔道内填充物成胶,然后将支架材料放入孔板中,并加入杜氏改良培养基后在体外培养12~24h,从而得到多孔聚合物基复合物单元。
4.根据权利要求3所述的促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料,其特征在于:所述的纤维蛋白原溶液中纤维蛋白原的浓度为20~50mg/mL,转化生长因子-β1的浓度为1~2mg/mL,骨髓间充质干细胞在纤维蛋白原溶液中的最终浓度为500~2000万/mL;所述凝血酶溶液中凝血酶浓度为5~15U/mL,氯化钙浓度为0.02-0.04mol/L。
5.根据权利要求1所述的促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料,其特征在于:所述的超细纤维微孔膜为聚L-丙交酯-己内酯与明胶的复合物,所述的纤维膜的纤维直径为0.1~8.0微米,纤维膜的微孔尺度为20纳米~100微米,所述的生物活性无机物微粒的颗粒度为40纳米~10微米。
6.根据权利要求1所述的促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料,其特征在于:所述的促进软骨再生的功能分子为硫酸软骨素、氨基葡萄糖、I型胶原蛋白、II型胶原蛋白、转化生长因子、血管内皮生长因子、骨形态发生蛋白中的一种或几种的组合物。
7.根据权利要求2所述的促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料,其特征在于:所述的钙-硅生物玻璃微粒是采用溶胶-凝胶方法制备的可降解性生物玻璃,微粒中包含有CaO、SiO2、MgO、ZnO以外,还含有P2O5、SrO、CuO、B2O3、Li2O、Na2O、K2O、Mn2O3中至少一种氧化物;所述的钙-硅生物陶瓷微粒为异质离子掺杂的硅灰石、镁黄长石、白硅钙石或锌黄长石化合物,所述的异质离子为锶、锌、镁、铜、磷、硼、锰、锂中的一种或者几种的组合。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料,其特征在于:所述的多孔陶瓷单元为锶、锌、镁、铜、磷、钠、钾、硼、锰、和/或锂部分替代钙硅酸盐晶体中的钙、硅或掺杂于晶格空位。
9.如权利要求1~8任一项所述的促进关节软骨-钙化层-软骨下骨修复的多层复合材料的应用,其特征在于:该材料用于制备促进关节部位的软骨、钙化层及软骨下骨同步再生修复并改善软骨和软骨下骨的修复重建的支架或药物。
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