CN114152891A - Estimation method for determining electrolyte content required by lithium ion battery to reach certain cycle life - Google Patents
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 182
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010812 external standard method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of lithium battery tests, and particularly relates to an estimation method for determining the electrolyte content required by a lithium ion battery to reach a certain cycle life, which comprises the following steps: measuring the minimum threshold value of the electrolyte content required by the battery circulation; the second step is that: measuring the electrolyte consumption rate of the battery to be measured during steady-state circulation; the third step: calculating the amount of electrolyte consumed by the battery to be tested before the battery reaches steady-state circulation; the fourth step: calculating the amount of electrolyte required by the battery to be tested to reach N times of cycle life, and recording the amount as m = mi+mLThe method for estimating the amount of electrolyte required by the lithium ion battery corresponding to the cycle life under a certain standard uses an in-situ device to test the electrolyte content and the electrolyte concentration before and after the cycle, and estimates the amount of the required electrolyte according to the required cycle life, a threshold value and a consumption rate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of lithium battery tests, and particularly relates to an estimation method for determining the electrolyte content required by a lithium ion battery to reach a certain cycle life.
Background
Lithium ion batteries have been widely used in digital products, electric vehicles, and energy storage fields due to their advantages of high energy density, good cycle performance, greenness, no pollution, etc. After the 21 st century, higher requirements are put forward on the aspects of capacity, density, safety, service life and the like of lithium batteries, and the service life is particularly important for power batteries. With the recycling of the lithium ion battery, the electrolyte in the lithium ion battery is continuously consumed to react with the anode and the cathode, and the consumption is continuously carried out along with the recycling of the battery. Once the electrolyte volume is depleted to a level insufficient to maintain a uniform liquid electrolyte transport environment within the cell, the cell will experience a dramatic performance degradation and end of life. In the prior art, the amount of electrolyte required for the cycle life cannot be simply and rapidly estimated.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects and provide an estimation method for determining the electrolyte content required by a lithium ion battery to reach a certain cycle life.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
an estimation method for determining the electrolyte content required by a lithium ion battery to reach a certain cycle life, the first step is: determination of minimum threshold of electrolyte content required for battery cycling:
step 1: taking a battery to be tested to perform a cycle test according to a cycle system to be evaluated and an environment requirement; recording the cycle times and discharge capacity data of the battery;
step 2: drawing a cycle curve of the battery by taking the cycle times as an abscissa and the discharge capacity as an ordinate according to the data collected in the step 1; when the battery cycle curve begins to have a descending inflection point and deviates from the original attenuation rule, stopping the cycle test;
the second step is that: and (3) measuring the electrolyte consumption rate of the battery to be measured in steady-state circulation:
step 1: the method comprises the following steps that a battery to be tested is circulated for a short time according to a circulation system to be evaluated, an in-situ detection device is used for testing the electrolyte content and the electrolyte concentration in the battery according to a certain circulation time interval, and after the test is finished, the battery is continuously circulated according to an original customized system;
when the cycle number of the battery is n1When the electrolyte consumption rate is stable, the electrolyte content is m measured by an in-situ detection device1Electrolyte concentration of c1The battery continues to cycle to n2Secondly, the electrolyte content is m measured by an in-situ detection device2Electrolyte concentration of c2From the electrolyte consumption during this phase, the steady state electrolyte consumption rate during the linear decay of the cell is calculated as: v ═ m1*c1-m2*c2)/(n2-n1)；
The third step: calculation of the amount of electrolyte consumed before the cell under test reached steady state cycling:
calculating the original electrolyte quantity M of the battery to be tested according to the initial electrolyte injection quantity M and the electrolyte concentration C of the batterycMC; in the second step, when the cycle number of the battery is n1When the electrolyte consumption rate is stable, the in-situ detection device is used for detecting that the electrolyte content is m1Then the calculation loops to n1The amount of electrolyte consumed by the secondary cell is mi＝mc-m1；
The fourth step: calculating the amount of electrolyte required by the battery to be tested to reach N times of cycle life, and recording the amount as m ═ mi+mL+ v × N; wherein m is the amount of electrolyte required by the battery to be tested when the cycle life of the battery reaches N times under the cycle standard to be evaluated; m isiCycling the battery to n1Amount of electrolyte consumed in the next time, mLAnd v is the electrolyte consumption rate under the stable circulation of the battery, and N is the number of circulation times of the battery to be tested under the circulation standard to be evaluated.
The method for testing the content of the battery electrolyte by the in-situ detection device comprises the following steps:
step 2.1: determination of the electrolyte content in the battery:
step 2.1.1: making a reference battery Ref Cell2 according to the model of the battery to be tested; the difference between the reference battery and the normal battery is that absolute ethyl alcohol or other organic solvents with the solidification temperature lower than the solidification temperature range of the electrolyte are injected into the reference battery, and the electrolyte is injected into the normal battery and then packaged according to the normal process;
step 2.1.2: and (5) manufacturing series batteries with different electrolyte contents. In order to quantitatively calculate the content of the electrolyte in the battery, a series of batteries with different electrolyte contents, namely Std Cell 1, Std Cell2 and Std Cell 3 … …, are manufactured according to the test principle of an external standard method;
step 2.1.3: a reference battery and batteries with different electrolyte contents are respectively tested and analyzed by an in-situ detection device for the electrolyte contents of the lithium ion battery;
step 2.1.4: and drawing a temperature difference versus temperature curve of each battery by taking the battery temperature as an abscissa and the temperature difference of each battery relative to a reference battery as an ordinate, and performing peak area integration on the temperature difference versus temperature curves of the batteries with different electrolyte contents. Drawing a scatter diagram by taking the peak area as an abscissa and the electrolyte content in the battery as an ordinate, and performing linear fitting to obtain a relational expression between the peak area s and the electrolyte content m, wherein m is k1s+a；
Step 2.2: the method for testing the concentration of the electrolyte in the electrolyte comprises the following steps:
step 2.2.1: and (4) making a reference Cell Ref Cell2 according to the model of the Cell to be tested. The difference between the reference battery and the normal battery is that absolute ethyl alcohol or other organic solvents with the solidification temperature lower than the solidification temperature range of the electrolyte are injected into the reference battery, and the electrolyte is injected into the normal battery and then packaged according to the normal process;
step 2.2.2: and (5) manufacturing series batteries with different electrolyte concentrations. In order to quantitatively calculate the electrolyte concentration of the electrolyte in the battery, a series of batteries with different electrolyte concentrations, namely Std Cell a, Std Cell b and Std Cell c … …, are manufactured according to the test principle of an external standard method;
step 2.2.3: respectively testing and analyzing a reference battery and batteries with different electrolyte concentrations by using an established in-situ detection device for the electrolyte content of the lithium ion battery to obtain onset temperatures of the batteries with different electrolyte concentrations;
step 2.2.4: drawing a scatter diagram by taking the onset temperature of the battery as an abscissa and the electrolyte concentration in the battery as an ordinate, and performing linear fitting to obtain a relational expression between the electrolyte concentration c and the onset temperature t, wherein c is k2t+b；
Step 2.3: the electrolyte content m in the battery is measured according to the steps 2.1 and 2.2eAnd electrolyte concentration ceCalculating the minimum threshold value m of the electrolyte required by the lithium ion battery of the model in normal circulationL。＝me·ce。
Preferably, n is1≥100。
V is the rate of consumption when the battery has reached a cycling steady state; the battery is in a stable circulating state, namely the consumption rate of the electrolyte is basically unchanged, and the amount of the electrolyte is linearly reduced.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method for estimating the amount of the electrolyte required by the corresponding cycle life of the lithium ion battery under a certain standard uses an in-situ device to test the electrolyte content and the electrolyte concentration before and after the cycle, and estimates the amount of the required electrolyte according to the required cycle life, threshold value and consumption rate. The method can obtain the required electrolyte amount without disassembling the battery and carrying out a large number of tests, and has certain popularization significance in the lithium ion battery industry.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the peak area and the amount of injected liquid in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the onset temperature versus electrolyte concentration for example 1;
fig. 3 is a graph of the cycle curve of the battery with different liquid injection amounts.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood by those skilled in the art, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments.
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to an 21700 battery with a poured dose of 7.1g as an example to further illustrate the essential features and significant advantages of the present invention.
The first step is as follows: determination of minimum threshold of electrolyte content required for battery cycling:
step 1: and taking different batteries to be tested to perform cycle test according to the cycle system to be evaluated and the environmental requirements. And recording the cycle number and discharge capacity data of the battery.
Step 2: and (3) drawing a cycle curve of the battery by taking the cycle times as an abscissa and the discharge capacity as an ordinate according to the data collected in the step 1. And when the battery cycle curve begins to have a descending inflection point and deviates from the original attenuation rule, stopping the cycle test. As shown in fig. 3. Testing and calculating the electrolyte content and the electrolyte concentration in the battery with the fastest battery cycle attenuation by using an in-situ detection device;
step 2.1: and (3) testing the electrolyte content:
step 2.1.1: and (4) making a reference Cell Ref Cell according to the model of the battery to be tested. The difference between the reference battery and the normal battery is that absolute ethyl alcohol or other organic solvents with the solidification temperature lower than the solidification temperature range of the electrolyte are injected into the reference battery, and the electrolyte is injected into the normal battery and then packaged according to the normal process.
Step 2.1.2: and (5) manufacturing series batteries with different electrolyte contents. In order to quantitatively calculate the electrolyte content in the battery, a series of batteries with different electrolyte contents were prepared according to the test principle of the external standard method, and the injection amounts of Std Cell a, Std Cell b, Std Cell c and Std Cell d were 7.1g, 6.4g, 5.8g and 4.9g, respectively.
Step 2.1.3: and respectively carrying out test analysis on a reference battery and batteries with different electrolyte contents by using an established in-situ detection device for the electrolyte contents of the lithium ion battery to obtain differential peak areas of the batteries with different electrolyte contents. 1.87, 1.79, 1.70 and 1.64 respectively. The detailed data of the batteries with different injection amounts are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
| Battery numbering | Injection amount/g | Peak |
| Std Cell | ||
| 1 | 7.1 | 1.87 |
| |
6.4 | 1.79 |
| Std Cell 3 | 5.8 | 1.70 |
| |
4.9 | 1.64 |
Step 2.1.4: and drawing a temperature difference versus temperature curve of each battery by taking the battery temperature as an abscissa and the temperature difference of each battery relative to a reference battery as an ordinate, and performing peak area integration on the temperature difference versus temperature curves of the batteries with different electrolyte contents. And drawing a scatter diagram by taking the peak area as an abscissa and the electrolyte content in the battery as an ordinate, and performing linear fitting to obtain a relational expression between the peak area s and the electrolyte content m, wherein m is 9.0735s-9.8321 and is a unit g. As shown in fig. 1.
Step 2.2: testing of electrolyte concentration in electrolyte:
step 2.2.1: and (4) making a reference Cell Ref Cell according to the model of the battery to be tested. The difference between the reference battery and the normal battery is that absolute ethyl alcohol or other organic solvents with the solidification temperature lower than the solidification temperature range of the electrolyte are injected into the reference battery, and the electrolyte is injected into the normal battery and then packaged according to the normal process.
Step 2.2.2: and (5) manufacturing series batteries with different electrolyte contents. In order to quantitatively calculate the electrolyte content in the battery, a series of batteries with different electrolyte contents were prepared according to the test principle of the external standard method, and the electrolyte concentrations of Std Cell a, Std Cell b, Std Cell c, Std Cell d and Std Cell e were 14.2%, 12.9%, 12.1%, 10.2% and 8.1%, respectively.
Step 2.2.3: and respectively testing and analyzing the reference battery and the batteries with different electrolyte contents by using the established in-situ detection device for the electrolyte contents of the lithium ion battery to obtain the onset temperatures of the batteries with different electrolyte contents. The detailed data of the batteries with different injection amounts are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2
| Battery numbering | Electrolyte concentration/% | onset temperature/. degree.C |
| Std Cell a | 14.2 | -22.46 |
| Std Cell b | 12.9 | -21.32 |
| Std Cell c | 12.1 | -19.79 |
| Std Cell d | 10.2 | -17.96 |
| Std Cell e | 8.1 | -15.31 |
Step 2.2.4: a scatter plot was plotted with the battery onset temperature as the abscissa and the electrolyte concentration in the battery as the ordinate, and a linear fit was performed to obtain a relational expression between the electrolyte concentration c and the onset temperature t, c being-0.8426 t-4.8174. As shown in fig. 2;
step 2.3: and (3) determining the lowest threshold of the electrolyte content, namely, taking the cycle times and the discharge capacity of the data collected in the first step as a battery cycle curve, wherein the cycle times are abscissa and the discharge capacity is ordinate. As shown in fig. 3. Periodically updating data, rapidly attenuating the battery cycle, stopping the cycle when the battery cycle curve has an inflection point, testing the residual quality of the electrolyte and the electrolyte concentration by using an established in-situ detection device for the electrolyte content of the lithium ion battery to obtain a peak area of 1.62 and an onset temperature of-15.7 ℃, and calculating the electrolyte content m at the moment by using formulas in the first step and the second stepe9.0735 × 1.62-9.8321 × 4.6g, electrolyte concentration ce-0.8426 (-15.7) -4.8174 ═ 8.4 (%), minimum threshold mL＝4.9*8.4％＝0.412g。
The second step is that: and (3) measuring the electrolyte consumption rate of the battery to be measured in steady-state circulation:
step 1: testing short-term cycle reaching n of sample battery by using established in-situ detection device for electrolyte content of lithium ion battery1When the electrolyte content is 200 times, the electrolyte content is m16.81g, concentration c1＝13.5％。
Step 2: sample cellRecycled in a cyclic manner to reach n2When 300 times, the sample cell is tested by an in-situ detection device, and the content of electrolyte m26.75g, concentration c2＝13.1％。
And 3, step 3: determination of short-term cycling electrolyte consumption rate of sample cell: the rate of consumption of the electrolyte was calculated,
v＝(6.81*13.5％-6.75*13.1％)/(300-200)＝0.35mg/cycle。
the third step: calculation of the amount of electrolyte consumed before the cell under test reached steady state cycling.
Calculating the original electrolyte amount M of the battery to be tested according to the initial electrolyte injection amount M of the battery being 7.1g and the electrolyte concentration C being 14 percentc7.1 × 14% ═ 0.994 g; in the second step, when the cycle number of the battery is n1When the electrolyte consumption rate is stable at 200 times, the electrolyte content is measured to be 0.919g by an in-situ detection device, and the amount of the electrolyte consumed by the battery when the battery is circulated to 200 times is calculated to be mi＝0.994-0.919＝0.075g；
The fourth step: calculating the amount of electrolyte required by the battery to be tested to reach N times of cycle life:
and calculating the required electrolyte quantity m of the battery to be tested to be 0.075+0.412+0.35 + 1000-0.837 g according to the preset cycle life N of 1000 cycles.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. An estimation method for determining the electrolyte content required for a lithium ion battery to reach a certain cycle life, comprising the steps of:
the first step is as follows: determination of minimum threshold of electrolyte content required for battery cycling:
step 1: taking a battery to be tested to perform a cycle test according to a cycle system to be evaluated and an environment requirement; recording the cycle times and discharge capacity data of the battery;
step 2: drawing a cycle curve of the battery by taking the cycle times as an abscissa and the discharge capacity as an ordinate according to the data collected in the step 1; when the battery cycle curve begins to have a descending inflection point and deviates from the original attenuation rule, stopping the cycle test;
the second step is that: and (3) measuring the electrolyte consumption rate of the battery to be measured in steady-state circulation:
step 1: the method comprises the following steps that a battery to be tested is circulated for a short time according to a circulation system to be evaluated, an in-situ detection device is used for testing the electrolyte content and the electrolyte concentration in the battery according to a certain circulation time interval, and after the test is finished, the battery is continuously circulated according to an original customized system;
when the cycle number of the battery is n1When the electrolyte consumption rate is stable, the electrolyte content is m measured by an in-situ detection device1Electrolyte concentration of c1The battery continues to cycle to n2Secondly, the electrolyte content is m measured by an in-situ detection device2Electrolyte concentration of c2From the electrolyte consumption during this phase, the steady state electrolyte consumption rate during the linear decay of the cell is calculated as: v ═ m1*c1-m2*c2)/(n2-n1)；
The third step: calculation of the amount of electrolyte consumed before the cell under test reached steady state cycling:
calculating the original electrolyte quantity M of the battery to be tested according to the initial electrolyte injection quantity M and the electrolyte concentration C of the batterycMC; in the second step, when the cycle number of the battery is n1When the electrolyte consumption rate is stable, the in-situ detection device is used for detecting that the electrolyte content is m1Then the calculation loops to n1The amount of electrolyte consumed by the secondary cell is mi＝mc-m1；
The fourth step: calculating the amount of electrolyte required by the battery to be tested to reach N times of cycle life, and recording the amount as m ═ mi+mL+ v × N; wherein m is the amount of electrolyte required by the battery to be tested when the cycle life of the battery reaches N times under the cycle standard to be evaluated; m isiCycling the battery to n1Amount of electrolyte consumed in the next time, mLAnd v is the electrolyte consumption rate under the stable circulation of the battery, and N is the number of circulation times of the battery to be tested under the circulation standard to be evaluated.
2. The estimation method for determining the electrolyte content required by the lithium ion battery to reach a certain cycle life according to claim 1, wherein the method for testing the electrolyte content of the battery by the in-situ detection device comprises the following steps:
step 2.1: determination of the electrolyte content in the battery:
step 2.1.1: making a reference battery Ref Cell2 according to the model of the battery to be tested; the difference between the reference battery and the normal battery is that absolute ethyl alcohol or other organic solvents with the solidification temperature lower than the solidification temperature range of the electrolyte are injected into the reference battery, and the electrolyte is injected into the normal battery and then packaged according to the normal process;
step 2.1.2: and (5) manufacturing series batteries with different electrolyte contents. In order to quantitatively calculate the content of the electrolyte in the battery, a series of batteries with different electrolyte contents, namely Std Cell 1, Std Cell2 and Std Cell 3 … …, are manufactured according to the test principle of an external standard method;
step 2.1.3: a reference battery and batteries with different electrolyte contents are respectively tested and analyzed by an in-situ detection device for the electrolyte contents of the lithium ion battery;
step 2.1.4: and drawing a temperature difference versus temperature curve of each battery by taking the battery temperature as an abscissa and the temperature difference of each battery relative to a reference battery as an ordinate, and performing peak area integration on the temperature difference versus temperature curves of the batteries with different electrolyte contents. Drawing a scatter diagram by taking the peak area as an abscissa and the electrolyte content in the battery as an ordinate, and performing linear fitting to obtain a relational expression between the peak area s and the electrolyte content m, wherein m is k1s+a；
Step 2.2: the method for testing the concentration of the electrolyte in the electrolyte comprises the following steps:
step 2.2.1: and (4) making a reference Cell Ref Cell2 according to the model of the Cell to be tested. The difference between the reference battery and the normal battery is that absolute ethyl alcohol or other organic solvents with the solidification temperature lower than the solidification temperature range of the electrolyte are injected into the reference battery, and the electrolyte is injected into the normal battery and then packaged according to the normal process;
step 2.2.2: and (5) manufacturing series batteries with different electrolyte concentrations. In order to quantitatively calculate the electrolyte concentration of the electrolyte in the battery, a series of batteries with different electrolyte concentrations, namely Std Cell a, Std Cell b and Std Cell c … …, are manufactured according to the test principle of an external standard method;
step 2.2.3: respectively testing and analyzing a reference battery and batteries with different electrolyte concentrations by using an established in-situ detection device for the electrolyte content of the lithium ion battery to obtain onset temperatures of the batteries with different electrolyte concentrations;
step 2.2.4: drawing a scatter diagram by taking the onset temperature of the battery as an abscissa and the electrolyte concentration in the battery as an ordinate, and performing linear fitting to obtain a relational expression between the electrolyte concentration c and the onset temperature t, wherein c is k2t+b；
Step 2.3: the electrolyte content m in the battery is measured according to the steps 2.1 and 2.2eAnd electrolyte concentration ceCalculating the minimum threshold value m of the electrolyte required by the lithium ion battery of the model in normal circulationL。＝me·ce。
3. The method of claim 1, wherein n is the amount of electrolyte needed to determine the cycle life of the lithium ion battery1≥100。
4. The estimation method for determining the electrolyte content required for a lithium ion battery to reach a certain cycle life according to claim 1, wherein V is the consumption rate when the battery has reached a steady state of cycling; the battery is in a stable circulating state, namely the consumption rate of the electrolyte is basically unchanged, and the amount of the electrolyte is linearly reduced.
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