CN114136482B - Ultrasonic and temperature coupled rolling bearing outer ring raceway surface temperature measuring method - Google Patents
Ultrasonic and temperature coupled rolling bearing outer ring raceway surface temperature measuring method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种超声和温度耦合的滚动轴承外圈滚道表面温度测量方法，通过超声传感器测量计算超声信号在某一工况下滚动轴承外圈内部传递的平均速度，结合滚动轴承外圈材料中声传递速度与温度的线性关系，得到滚动轴承外圈内部在该工况下的平均温度；同时通过温度传感器得到滚动轴承外圈表面的温度，最终得到该工况下轴承外圈滚道的温度；本发明实现了滚动轴承外圈滚道表面温度的测量。
A method for measuring the surface temperature of the outer ring raceway of a rolling bearing with ultrasonic and temperature coupling. The ultrasonic sensor is used to measure and calculate the average speed of the ultrasonic signal transmitted inside the outer ring of the rolling bearing under a certain working condition. The average temperature inside the outer ring of the rolling bearing under this working condition is obtained; at the same time, the temperature of the surface of the outer ring of the rolling bearing is obtained through the temperature sensor, and finally the temperature of the raceway of the outer ring of the bearing under this working condition is obtained; Measurement of ring raceway surface temperature.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于无损探伤技术领域，具体涉及一种超声和温度耦合的滚动轴承外圈滚道表面温度测量方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of non-destructive flaw detection, and in particular relates to a method for measuring the surface temperature of the raceway of the outer ring of a rolling bearing with ultrasonic and temperature coupling.
背景技术Background technique
滚动轴承由于具有摩擦阻力小，机械效率高，精度高等优点，被广泛应用于各种旋转机械中。滚动轴承本身的工作性能在极大程度上影响了旋转机械整机的运行状态，当滚动轴承内部运行状态较差时，甚至会导致整机的失效或损坏。轴承内部的运行状态会直接反应在轴承外圈滚道的温度上，其包含了滚动体与滚道的接触状态、润滑等多种因素的综合影响，因此，对滚动轴承的外圈滚道表面温度进行测量，对了解滚动轴承的运行状态有极为重要的帮助。Rolling bearings are widely used in various rotating machinery due to their advantages of low frictional resistance, high mechanical efficiency and high precision. The working performance of the rolling bearing itself greatly affects the running state of the whole rotating machine. When the internal running state of the rolling bearing is poor, it may even lead to failure or damage of the whole machine. The internal operating state of the bearing will directly reflect the temperature of the raceway of the outer ring of the bearing, which includes the comprehensive influence of various factors such as the contact state between the rolling body and the raceway, lubrication, etc. Therefore, the surface temperature of the outer ring raceway of the rolling bearing Measurement is extremely helpful to understand the running state of rolling bearings.
目前的温度测量手段，若单独采用温度传感器进行测量，则仅能测到滚动轴承外圈的表面温度，而采用在滚动轴承内部安装传感器的方式进行测量，则会破坏滚动轴承的结构，测量结果缺乏精确度的同时也无法应用于工程实际。仅采用温度测量手段无法在对滚动轴承无损的情况下测量其外圈滚道的温度，超声测量手段可以在无损状态下对滚动轴承进行测量，但其结果与温度并无直接关系。The current temperature measurement method, if the temperature sensor is used alone for measurement, can only measure the surface temperature of the outer ring of the rolling bearing, and the method of installing a sensor inside the rolling bearing will destroy the structure of the rolling bearing, and the measurement results lack accuracy. At the same time, it cannot be applied to engineering practice. It is impossible to measure the temperature of the outer ring raceway of the rolling bearing without damage to the rolling bearing only by means of temperature measurement. The ultrasonic measurement method can measure the rolling bearing without damage, but the result has no direct relationship with the temperature.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为克服上述现有技术的缺点，本发明的目的在于提供一种超声和温度耦合的滚动轴承外圈滚道表面温度测量方法，实现了滚动轴承外圈滚道表面温度的测量。In order to overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings of the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for measuring the surface temperature of the raceway of the outer ring of a rolling bearing by coupling ultrasonic and temperature, which realizes the measurement of the surface temperature of the raceway of the outer ring of the rolling bearing.
为了达到上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案为：In order to achieve the above object, the technical scheme that the present invention takes is:
一种超声和温度耦合的滚动轴承外圈滚道表面温度测量方法，通过超声传感器测量计算超声信号在某一工况下滚动轴承外圈内部传递的平均速度，结合滚动轴承外圈材料中声传递速度与温度的线性关系，得到滚动轴承外圈内部在该工况下的平均温度；同时通过温度传感器得到滚动轴承外圈表面的温度，最终得到该工况下轴承外圈滚道的温度。An ultrasonic and temperature-coupled method for measuring the surface temperature of the rolling bearing outer ring raceway. The ultrasonic sensor is used to measure and calculate the average velocity of the ultrasonic signal transmitted inside the rolling bearing outer ring under a certain working condition, combined with the sound transmission speed and temperature in the material of the rolling bearing outer ring The linear relationship of the rolling bearing outer ring under this working condition is obtained by obtaining the average temperature inside the rolling bearing outer ring; at the same time, the temperature of the rolling bearing outer ring surface is obtained through the temperature sensor, and finally the temperature of the bearing outer ring raceway under this working condition is obtained.
一种超声和温度耦合的滚动轴承外圈滚道表面温度测量方法，包括以下步骤：A method for measuring the surface temperature of an outer ring raceway of a rolling bearing by coupling ultrasonic and temperature, comprising the following steps:
1)超声传感器和温度传感器的选择及放置：1) Selection and placement of ultrasonic sensors and temperature sensors:
超声传感器选择直传感器，超声传感器尺寸与滚动轴承外圈尺寸相关，超声传感器接触面直径小于滚动轴承外圈宽度；The ultrasonic sensor is a straight sensor, the size of the ultrasonic sensor is related to the size of the outer ring of the rolling bearing, and the diameter of the contact surface of the ultrasonic sensor is smaller than the width of the outer ring of the rolling bearing;
超声传感器选择耐高温传感器，超声传感器的耐温极限应达200℃以上；The ultrasonic sensor should be a high temperature resistant sensor, and the temperature resistance limit of the ultrasonic sensor should be above 200°C;
温度传感器根据超声传感器选择，尺寸与超声传感器尺寸接近；The temperature sensor is selected according to the ultrasonic sensor, and its size is close to that of the ultrasonic sensor;
超声传感器通过耐高温耦合剂与滚动轴承外圈接触，温度传感器贴合在轴承外圈表面上，位置在超声传感器侧方；The ultrasonic sensor is in contact with the outer ring of the rolling bearing through a high-temperature resistant couplant, and the temperature sensor is attached to the surface of the outer ring of the bearing, and the position is on the side of the ultrasonic sensor;
2)超声反射回波信号的采集及超声传播时间的获得：2) Acquisition of ultrasonic reflected echo signals and acquisition of ultrasonic propagation time:
超声信号到达滚动轴承外圈滚道表面后发生多次反射，超声传感器对其反射回波进行接收，发射波及若干次反射回波显示在示波器上；利用示波器显示并存储反射回波，并对反射回波进行数据处理，截取前四次反射回波的信号片段，选取各反射回波中对应的峰值，以前两次反射回波为例，第一次反射回波峰值的时间横坐标与第二次反射回波相对应峰值的时间横坐标之差t,即声波在超声传感器—滚动轴承外圈—超声传感器过程中的传递时间，声波从滚动轴承外圈表面到外圈滚道表面的传播时间t0＝t/2；After the ultrasonic signal reaches the raceway surface of the outer ring of the rolling bearing, multiple reflections occur, and the ultrasonic sensor receives the reflected echo, and the transmitted wave and several reflected echoes are displayed on the oscilloscope; the oscilloscope is used to display and store the reflected echo, and the reflected echo Wave for data processing, intercept the signal segment of the first four reflected echoes, select the corresponding peak value in each reflected echo, take the first two reflected echoes as an example, the time abscissa of the first reflected echo peak value is the same as that of the second reflected echo The difference t of the abscissa of the time corresponding to the peak value of the reflected echo is the transmission time of the sound wave in the process of ultrasonic sensor-rolling bearing outer ring-ultrasonic sensor, and the propagation time of sound wave from the surface of the outer ring of the rolling bearing to the surface of the outer ring raceway t 0 = t/2;
示波器的采样频率最低需达到1GHz以上；The minimum sampling frequency of the oscilloscope must be above 1GHz;
3)滚动轴承外圈表面及平均温度的获得：3) Obtaining the surface and average temperature of the rolling bearing outer ring:
通过温度传感器得到滚动轴承外圈表面的温度；Obtain the temperature of the outer ring surface of the rolling bearing through the temperature sensor;
依据声波从滚动轴承外圈表面到外圈滚道表面的传播时间t0，根据被测滚动轴承型号得到滚动轴承外圈厚度L,计算声波在滚动轴承外圈内部的传播速度：According to the propagation time t 0 of the sound wave from the surface of the outer ring of the rolling bearing to the raceway surface of the outer ring, the thickness L of the outer ring of the rolling bearing is obtained according to the model of the rolling bearing to be tested, and the propagation speed of the sound wave inside the outer ring of the rolling bearing is calculated:
v＝L/t0 v=L/t 0
滚动轴承外圈为各向同性轴承钢材料，波速表示为介质温度的函数：The outer ring of the rolling bearing is made of isotropic bearing steel material, and the wave velocity is expressed as a function of the medium temperature:
v(T)＝aT+bv(T)=aT+b
其中a、b为波速公式中的系数；滚动轴承外圈滚道到外表面的温度延厚度方向认为是线性分布，因此，通过上述公式即得到滚动轴承内部的平均温度T0；Among them, a and b are the coefficients in the wave velocity formula; the temperature from the outer ring raceway of the rolling bearing to the outer surface is considered to be linearly distributed along the thickness direction, so the average temperature T 0 inside the rolling bearing can be obtained through the above formula;
4)滚动轴承外圈滚道表面温度的计算：4) Calculation of surface temperature of rolling bearing outer ring raceway:
利用温度传感器得到滚动轴承外圈的表面温度T1,结合计算得到的滚动轴承外圈内部平均温度T0，得到滚动轴承外圈滚道的温度T；Using the temperature sensor to obtain the surface temperature T 1 of the outer ring of the rolling bearing, combined with the calculated average temperature T 0 inside the outer ring of the rolling bearing, the temperature T of the raceway of the outer ring of the rolling bearing is obtained;
所述的步骤2)中利用信号峰值进行声时计算，为保证声时计算的准确性，采用信号中的多个峰值分别计算，并进行数据平均化处理。In the step 2), the peak value of the signal is used to calculate the sound time. In order to ensure the accuracy of the sound time calculation, multiple peak values in the signal are used to calculate separately, and the data is averaged.
所述的步骤2)中使用了2.5GHz及以上采样频率的示波器，确保声时的计算精度足够高，使声时随声速的变化更敏感。In the step 2), an oscilloscope with a sampling frequency of 2.5 GHz or above is used to ensure that the calculation accuracy of the sound time is high enough, so that the sound time is more sensitive to the change of the sound speed.
本发明的有益效果为：The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
本发明为多工况下滚动轴承外圈滚道表面温度的测量提供了试验方法，具备了以下特点：第一，本发明中针对被测滚动轴承结构及工况参数的不同，给出了使用超声传感器及温度传感器的要求；第二，本发明中超声传感器采用耐高温耦合剂与滚动轴承外圈接触，测量计算可得到滚动轴承外圈内部的平均温度；第三，本发明中声时的测量计算为超高采样频率的示波器与利用峰值的声时测量方法相结合完成，示波器的极高采样频率为信号的时间坐标提供了足够的精度，利用峰值的声时测量方法提供了快速有效的声时计算方式，两者相结合则可完成声时的快速准确测量；第四，本发明结合超声测量手段及温度测量手段，综合得到滚动轴承外圈滚道表面温度的计算分析方法。The invention provides a test method for measuring the surface temperature of the rolling bearing outer ring raceway under multiple working conditions, and has the following characteristics: First, according to the difference in the structure and working condition parameters of the rolling bearing to be tested, the method of using an ultrasonic sensor is provided. and temperature sensor requirements; second, in the present invention, the ultrasonic sensor adopts a high-temperature-resistant couplant to contact the outer ring of the rolling bearing, and the measurement calculation can obtain the average temperature inside the outer ring of the rolling bearing; the third, the measurement calculation of the acoustic time in the present invention is super The oscilloscope with a high sampling frequency is combined with the time-of-sound measurement method using the peak value. The extremely high sampling frequency of the oscilloscope provides sufficient accuracy for the time coordinate of the signal, and the time-of-sound measurement method using the peak value provides a fast and effective calculation method for the time of sound , the combination of the two can complete the rapid and accurate measurement of the sound time; fourth, the present invention combines the ultrasonic measurement means and the temperature measurement means to obtain a comprehensive calculation and analysis method for the surface temperature of the raceway of the outer ring of the rolling bearing.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明超声传感器及温度传感器的位置示意图。Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the position of the ultrasonic sensor and the temperature sensor of the present invention.
图2是本发明超声信号示意图。Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of ultrasonic signals in the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明做详细说明。The present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
一种超声和温度耦合的滚动轴承外圈滚道表面温度测量方法，包括以下步骤：A method for measuring the surface temperature of an outer ring raceway of a rolling bearing by coupling ultrasonic and temperature, comprising the following steps:
1)超声传感器和温度传感器的选择及放置：1) Selection and placement of ultrasonic sensors and temperature sensors:
超声传感器选择直传感器，超声传感器尺寸与滚动轴承外圈尺寸相关，超声传感器接触面直径小于滚动轴承外圈宽度；The ultrasonic sensor is a straight sensor, the size of the ultrasonic sensor is related to the size of the outer ring of the rolling bearing, and the diameter of the contact surface of the ultrasonic sensor is smaller than the width of the outer ring of the rolling bearing;
超声传感器频率与所测滚动轴承尺寸相关，滚动轴承外圈厚度不大于10mm，宽度不大于20mm时，可选择5MHz或10MHz发射频率，接触面直径为3～12mm的传感器；滚动轴承外圈厚度大于10mm时，为获得明显的超声信号反射回波，同时利于超声传感器的放置，应选择5MHz及以下发射频率，接触面直径不大于20mm的传感器；The frequency of the ultrasonic sensor is related to the size of the rolling bearing to be measured. When the thickness of the outer ring of the rolling bearing is not greater than 10mm and the width is not greater than 20mm, a sensor with a transmission frequency of 5MHz or 10MHz can be selected and the diameter of the contact surface is 3-12mm; when the thickness of the outer ring of the rolling bearing is greater than 10mm, In order to obtain obvious reflected echoes of ultrasonic signals and at the same time facilitate the placement of ultrasonic sensors, a sensor with a transmission frequency of 5MHz and below and a contact surface diameter not greater than 20mm should be selected;
超声传感器选择耐高温传感器，以满足在不同转速、不同运行时间情况的滚动轴承外圈温度测量；为保证在滚动轴承发热量极大(运行时间超长、工作转速极快等相对极端条件)情况下完成外圈内部平均温度测量，超声传感器的耐温极限应达200℃以上；The ultrasonic sensor selects a high temperature sensor to meet the temperature measurement of the outer ring of the rolling bearing at different speeds and different running times; in order to ensure that the rolling bearing generates a lot of heat (the running time is too long, the working speed is extremely fast and other relatively extreme conditions). The average temperature inside the outer ring is measured, and the temperature resistance limit of the ultrasonic sensor should be above 200°C;
温度传感器根据超声传感器选择，尺寸与超声传感器尺寸接近；The temperature sensor is selected according to the ultrasonic sensor, and its size is close to that of the ultrasonic sensor;
如图1所示，超声传感器2通过耐高温耦合剂与滚动轴承外圈1接触，温度传感器3贴合在滚动轴承外圈1外表面上，位置在超声传感器2侧方；As shown in Figure 1, the
2)超声反射回波信号的采集及超声传播时间的获得：2) Acquisition of ultrasonic reflected echo signals and acquisition of ultrasonic propagation time:
超声传播到达滚动轴承外圈滚道表面后发生多次反射，传感器对其反射回波进行接收，发射回波及若干次反射回波显示在示波器上；After the ultrasonic propagation reaches the raceway surface of the outer ring of the rolling bearing, multiple reflections occur, and the sensor receives the reflected echo, and the transmitted echo and several reflected echoes are displayed on the oscilloscope;
利用示波器显示并存储反射回波，并对反射回波进行数据处理，截取前四次明显反射回波的信号片段，选取各反射回波中对应的峰值，以第一次和第二次反射波为例，第一次反射回波峰值的时间横坐标与第二次反射回波相对应峰值的时间横坐标之差t,即声波在超声传感器—滚动轴承外圈—超声传感器过程中的传递时间，声波从滚动轴承外圈表面到外圈滚道表面的传播时间t0＝t/2；Use the oscilloscope to display and store the reflected echoes, and perform data processing on the reflected echoes, intercept the signal segments of the first four obvious reflected echoes, select the corresponding peak values in each reflected echo, and use the first and second reflected waves For example, the difference t between the time abscissa of the peak value of the first reflection echo and the time abscissa of the corresponding peak value of the second reflection echo is the transmission time of the sound wave in the process of the ultrasonic sensor-rolling bearing outer ring-ultrasonic sensor, The
本实施例超声波的反射回波如图2所示，其各个反射波除幅值不同，信号形状类似，以各反射回波中的最大波峰为基准，根据其时间坐标可计算第一次反射回波与第二次，第三次…第n+1次的反射回波的时间差t1，t2…tn，则超声信号在滚动轴承外圈内部的传递时间t为The reflected echoes of the ultrasonic waves in this embodiment are shown in Figure 2. The amplitudes of the reflected waves are different, and the signal shapes are similar. The first reflected echo can be calculated based on the maximum peak in each reflected echo according to its time coordinates. The time difference t 1 , t 2 .
利用信号峰值进行声时计算，为保证声时计算的准确性，采用信号中的多个峰值分别计算，并进行数据平均化处理，提高计算精度，降低计算误差；Use the peak value of the signal to calculate the sound time. In order to ensure the accuracy of the sound time calculation, multiple peaks in the signal are used to calculate separately, and the data is averaged to improve the calculation accuracy and reduce the calculation error;
声波在滚动轴承外圈内传播时，传播速度达到几千米/秒，为保证声时数据的精确性，示波器的采样频率最低需达到1GHz以上；本实施例使用了2.5GHz及以上采样频率的示波器，确保声时的计算精度足够高，使声时随声速的变化更敏感；When the sound wave propagates in the outer ring of the rolling bearing, the propagation speed reaches several kilometers per second. In order to ensure the accuracy of the sound time data, the minimum sampling frequency of the oscilloscope must be above 1GHz; this embodiment uses an oscilloscope with a sampling frequency of 2.5GHz and above , to ensure that the calculation accuracy of the sound time is high enough to make the sound time more sensitive to the change of the sound velocity;
3)滚动轴承外圈表面及平均温度的获得：3) Obtaining the surface and average temperature of the rolling bearing outer ring:
通过温度传感器得到滚动轴承外圈表面的温度；Obtain the temperature of the outer ring surface of the rolling bearing through the temperature sensor;
依据声波从滚动轴承外圈表面到外圈滚道表面的传播时间t0，根据被测滚动轴承型号得到滚动轴承外圈厚度L,由此计算得知声波在滚动轴承外圈内部的传播速度：According to the propagation time t 0 of the sound wave from the surface of the outer ring of the rolling bearing to the raceway surface of the outer ring, the thickness L of the outer ring of the rolling bearing is obtained according to the type of the tested rolling bearing, and the propagation speed of the sound wave inside the outer ring of the rolling bearing is calculated from this:
v＝L/t0 v=L/t 0
滚动轴承外圈为各向同性轴承钢材料，在此类型介质中，波速可以表示为介质温度的函数：The outer ring of the rolling bearing is made of isotropic bearing steel. In this type of medium, the wave velocity can be expressed as a function of the medium temperature:
v(T)＝aT+bv(T)=aT+b
其中a、b为波速公式中的系数；由于滚动轴承外圈的结构特性，滚动轴承外圈的厚度与其直径相比非常小，延厚度方向上的温度梯度不明显，其内部温度分布可认为是线性分布，因此，通过上述公式即得到滚动轴承内部的平均温度T0；where a and b are the coefficients in the wave velocity formula; due to the structural characteristics of the outer ring of the rolling bearing, the thickness of the outer ring of the rolling bearing is very small compared with its diameter, the temperature gradient along the thickness direction is not obvious, and the internal temperature distribution can be considered as a linear distribution , therefore, the average temperature T 0 inside the rolling bearing can be obtained by the above formula;
4)滚动轴承外圈滚道表面温度的计算：4) Calculation of surface temperature of rolling bearing outer ring raceway:
利用温度传感器得到滚动轴承外圈的表面温度T1,结合上述计算得到的滚动轴承外圈内部平均温度T0，可得到轴承外圈滚道的温度T。Using the temperature sensor to obtain the surface temperature T 1 of the outer ring of the rolling bearing, combined with the average temperature T 0 inside the outer ring of the rolling bearing calculated above, the temperature T of the raceway of the outer ring of the bearing can be obtained.
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