CN114131789A - 混合塑料复合分选方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种混合塑料复合分选方法,S1、将除杂后的混合塑料进行静电分选,分离出PP塑料;S2、将剩余的静电分选处理后的ABS和PS混合塑料放芬顿试剂中进行湿润处理,并放置在微波条件下辐射后,再将混合塑料捞出;S3、将处理后的混合塑料进行浮选,分离上浮物ABS塑料、下沉物PS塑料。本发明的优势在于:通过对混合塑料进行砂洗联合筛分预处理,去除了泡棉及有机油等杂物,相比当前主流水洗工艺,可节约用水量90‑95%;利用静电分选、微波辐照联合芬顿试剂改善了混合塑料的亲疏水性和物理吸附能力,实现PP、ABS、PS的高效分离,相对传统浮选工艺,减少浮选药剂、浮选用水量以及污水排放量。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于固体废弃物回收处理领域,尤其涉及一种混合塑料复合分选方法。
背景技术
废旧家电的无害化回收过程是将预处理后的箱体通过破碎、磁选、风选、涡电流分选等工艺将铁、铜、铝、塑料以及泡棉等物料分开。由于分选工艺的局限性,分选出来的塑料中含有部分泡棉、金属等物质,且塑料表面也粘有带有未清理干净的泡棉,故将分选的塑料也称混合塑料。
家电混合塑料的材质主要包括:丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)、聚苯乙烯(PS)和聚丙烯(PP)等,且混有部分泡棉,因未进行完整有效的分选,塑料无法直接进行再生利用,往往需要人工进行挑选,分选难度急剧增加。
针对塑料的分选,由于混合塑料中PS和ABS具有相似密度范围及荷电性质,使用常规的方式无法有效对其进行分选。现有的分选方法分选效果不彻底,或者分选时处理条件对水或电等资源浪费较多,不利于环保和降低处理成本。故研究高效和节约处理成本的混合塑料分选方法,是提升塑料再生的关键之举。
发明内容
针对现有技术中混合塑料混杂泡棉、且分选不彻底、分选时处理条件对水或电等资源浪费较多,不利于环保和降低处理成本的问题,本发明提供一种混合塑料复合分选方法。
本发明的技术方案如下:一种混合塑料复合分选方法,包括如下步骤:
S1、将除杂后的混合塑料进行静电分选,分离出PP塑料;
S2、将剩余的静电分选处理后的ABS和PS混合塑料放芬顿试剂中进行湿润处理,并放置在微波条件下辐射后,再将混合塑料捞出;
S3、对处理后的混合塑料进行浮选,分离上浮物ABS塑料、下沉物PS塑料。
进一步地,步骤S1中的除杂过程包括如下步骤:
S01、将冰箱拆解得到的混合塑料通过磁选、比重分选去除金属;
S02、将去除金属后的混合塑料破碎成塑料颗粒;
S03、将塑料颗粒通过砂洗、筛分、水洗工艺,去除泡棉和有机油。
进一步地,步骤S02中混合塑料破碎至粒径为4-12mm的塑料颗粒。
进一步地,步骤S03中砂洗工艺为:将塑料破碎颗粒放置卧式搅拌机中与砂子混合搅拌15-30min;混合塑料与砂子比例为1∶10-30。
优选地,砂子采用粒径小于3mm的普通河沙,砂子含水量达到10-30%。
进一步地,步骤S03中筛分工艺为:砂洗后的物料进入两级振动筛分机;过筛网的下层物料为砂子和泡棉粉末、上层物料为混合塑料和部分大颗粒泡棉;上下层物料分别进入不同的风选系统,将砂子与泡棉粉末、混合塑料与大颗粒泡棉进行区分。
进一步地,步骤S2中混合塑料占芬顿试剂重量的比例为10-30%,芬顿试剂中H2O2浓度0.1-0.3mol/L,H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比45-50∶1,pH值3-5;湿润处理时间为3-10min。
进一步地,步骤S2中微波辐射时间3-10min,微波功率为300-1500W。
进一步地,步骤S3中浮选工艺,填加的起泡剂浓度为15-45mg/L,搅拌速率为1200-2000rpm,浮选时间4-8min。
优选地,起泡剂为松醇油、松油、甲基异丁基甲醇、甲基戊醇、烷基苯磺酸钠、聚乙二醇醚中的一种或多种混合物。
本发明的优势在于:通过多种分选方法互相作用,从而达到各种物料的有效分选和成本节约。对混合塑料进行砂洗联合筛分预处理,去除了泡棉及有机油等杂物,提高了后端塑料分选的效率和精准度,相比当前主流水洗工艺,可节约用水量90-95%;利用静电分选、微波辐照联合芬顿试剂改善了混合塑料的亲疏水性和物理吸附能力,实现PP、ABS、PS的高效分离,相对传统浮选工艺,减少浮选药剂、浮选用水量以及污水排放量。
本发明以提升实际使用效果、解决现实分选难题为出发点,根据各种塑料不同的属性,采用特定的方法对每种塑料进行分选,可操作性强,实用性好,可广泛应用于实践中。
附图说明
图1为本发明的工艺流程图。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其它实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
以废旧冰箱混合塑料为例,一般废旧冰箱混合塑料表面或周围都沾有聚氨酯发泡材料(泡棉),同时由于发泡剂、制冷剂等作用,报废的混合塑料表面也存在一定的有机油类成分,给冰箱混合塑料的分选造成了诸多难题,同时对废旧冰箱中PP、ABS、PS塑料进行高效分离手段有限。
本发明采用复合分选方法,用以提高冰箱混合塑料分选难题,主要的发明点在于:
1、优化冰箱混合塑料预处理工艺,改善传统水洗工艺,采用砂洗、筛分、水洗等多联合处理工艺,高效去除混合塑料中的泡棉和粉末等杂质,为后端提升塑料分选精度和纯度奠定基础。
2、采用基于静电分选和浮选的复合分选技术,对混合塑料中各类材质塑料进行专项分选,提升分选精度和纯度。
3、针对浮选工艺,采用微波联合润湿剂预处理方法,改善部分塑料的亲疏水特性及空气动力学吸附能力,提升物料浮选的回收率及纯度。
本发明的具体步骤如下:
1、冰箱混合塑料除杂预处理
(1)将冰箱拆解得到的混合塑料破塑料通过磁选、比重分选等去除铁、铜、铝等金属;避免后续破碎过程中金属对破碎机造成伤害和影响末端塑料品质。
(2)将去除金属后的混合塑料通过破碎机破碎至粒径为4-12mm塑料颗粒;上述破碎机可选用单轴破碎机、双轴破碎机、立式破碎机等。
采用破碎工艺对除去金属后的塑料进行破碎分段,这样做的目的主要有两个:一是通过塑料破碎过程,打碎或者打掉粘在塑料上的泡棉;二是统一塑料的粒径范围,有助于后续的分选过程。
(3)将混合塑料破碎颗粒依次通过砂洗、筛分、水洗等工艺,去除沾在或混在混合塑料中的泡棉和有机油。
上述砂洗过程为将塑料破碎颗粒放置放有砂子的卧式搅拌机中搅拌15-30min,以致让砂与塑料进行充分摩擦,从而将粘在塑料上的泡棉进行去除;卧式搅拌机内带有2-8条绞龙;搅拌机内塑料与砂的塑砂比例为1∶10-30;砂洗过程采用粒径小于3mm的普通河沙。采用砂洗对塑料进行除杂清洗,主要是将粒径相对统一的混合塑料与砂子进行充分搅拌摩擦,通过摩擦作用,将破碎后的塑料中沾有的泡棉和有机油类进行去除,为了保证砂洗的效果以及砂洗过程中的环保问题,一般会保证砂洗时的砂子含水量达到10-30%。
进行充分搅拌后的物料进入两级振动筛分机;筛分机内筛网3mm,过筛网的下层物料为砂子和泡棉粉末;上层物料为塑料和部分大颗粒泡棉;上下层物料分别进入不同的风选系统,即可将砂与粉末、塑料与泡棉颗粒进行区分。
分离开的塑料再经水洗,去除粉尘、泡沫粉末等杂质;除杂后的颗粒进行脱水机脱水后自然晾干备用。除杂预处理过程相比当前主流水洗工艺,利用砂洗和水洗的复合联合方法对标的塑料进行充分清洗,从而达到既环保,又能满足后端静电分选要求的洁净目标,可节约用水量90-95%。
2、塑料分选工艺
(1)将上述除杂且清洗干净的混合塑料进行静电分选,将PP塑料进行分离;
由于PP塑料的密度范围为0.85~0.91g/cm3,低于PS和ABS塑料,故采用静电分选工艺将混合塑料中的PP进行分离,PP的分离纯度可以达到>98%。
(2)将剩余的ABS和PS混合塑料以一定比例放在配置好的芬顿试剂容器中进行湿润处理3-10min,随后将该带有润湿剂(芬顿试剂)及塑料的容器放置在微波条件下辐射3-10min;随后将微波处理后的塑料进行捞出。
上述芬顿试剂:使用0.1mol/L的稀硫酸和0.1mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液调节溶液的初始pH,加入一定量的硫酸亚铁和一定量30%的过氧化氢溶液,使用磁力搅拌器搅拌均匀备用,促使H2O2浓度0.1-0.3mol/L,H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比45-50∶1,pH值3-5;上述润湿处理过程中固液占比为10-30%(塑料占润湿剂重量的比例);上述微波功率为300-1500W。
(3)将上述微波联合润湿剂处理后的塑料放置在浮选槽内进行浮选;其中搅拌速率为1200-2000rpm,起泡剂浓度为15-45mg/L,浮选时间4-8min,可获得浮选上浮物ABS塑料,下沉物PS塑料,即可将ABS和PS进行分离。其中,ABS的分选回收率为94.45%,纯度为92.83%;PS的回收率为97.75%,纯度为94.2%。
上述起泡剂为松醇油、松油、甲基异丁基甲醇、甲基戊醇、烷基苯磺酸钠、聚乙二醇醚中的一种或多种混合物。
上述浮选过程中添加起泡剂的作用:起泡剂可优化体系的气相环境,一方面起泡剂能够提高浮选体系内气泡的质量,使原来不稳定的气泡变为均匀稳定的气泡;另一方面,起泡剂的加入会减少气泡与塑料颗粒之间的碰撞与反弹,使气泡上升速度变得稳定,增强气泡与塑料颗粒之间的黏附。
上述静电分选+微波联合芬顿试剂处理的过程中:PS的接触角减小,ABS的接触角几乎没有改变,表明PS表面发生了选择性润湿,亲疏水性发生了变化;芬顿试剂产生的·OH自由基可通过氧化作用使PS表面亲疏水性发生变化。ABS塑料表面在此条件下不能被·OH自由基氧化而发生变化。
采用静电分选工艺先对PP料进行分离,是因为PP塑料的密度虽然低于PS和ABS,但如果仅采用浮选的方式对其进行分离,不仅容易造成用水量的大量增加,浮水料输出和回收时成本也显著增加;并且实际浮选过程中,ABS、PS由于表面的疏水性使得ABS、PS在浮选过程中不易下沉,易于和PP混杂,造成PP分选效果差,分离度不高的问题,也影响后续ABS、PS的润湿处理难度和后续分离效果;即使在这里使用浮选药剂,但在技术效果不能更优的情况下,反而废水排放成本会增加,而且浮选试剂的使用对于后续PS、ABS的芬顿试剂处理影响较大。
所以本发明采用静电分选工艺,先将荷电性质比较明显的PP材料进行分选,再通过微波联合方法改善PS、ABS接触角进行浮选分离,进而大量减少了废水排放和浮选药剂的使用,降低了末端污染治理设施的投入与运营成本,并能更好的达到混合塑料分选的目标。
为进一步说明本发明的技术原理和效果,对静电分选后的ABS塑料和PS塑料进行芬顿试剂处理前后的接触角实验。
对于ABS塑料,经过静电分选+芬顿试剂处理前后水滴在塑料表面聚集成珠状,尺寸几乎没有发生变化,接触角保持在92°左右,这说明了芬顿试剂处理没有改变ABS样品表面的疏水性,预处理后仍能保持较高的上浮率。
对于PS塑料,静电分选+芬顿试剂处理前后,塑料表面水滴的形态出现了明显的变化,表面水滴变得扁平,接触角由82.78°降至60.34°,这说明经过芬顿试剂处理后PS样品表面的亲疏水性发生了改变,润湿程度显著提高,使得PS表面不容易黏附气泡上浮,浮选回收率下降,最终在浮选过程中成为下沉产物。
上述静电分选+芬顿试剂处理前后各塑料样品的主要官能团均未发生变化,没有改变塑料样品的分子结构,故静电分选+芬顿试剂处理不会对分离后的塑料样品的质量产生影响。
上述接触角是指在气、液、固三相交点处所作的气-液界面的切线与固-液交界线之间的夹角θ。在塑料浮选中,接触角是评价塑料表面润湿程度和亲疏水性变化的重要指标。
以上所述仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制,虽然本发明已以较佳实施例揭露如上,然而并非用以限定本发明,任何熟悉本专利的技术人员在不脱离本发明技术方案范围内,当可利用上述提示的技术内容作出些许更动或修饰为等同变化的等效实施例,但凡是未脱离本发明技术方案的内容,依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、等同变化与修饰,均仍属于本发明方案的范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种混合塑料复合分选方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1、将除杂后的混合塑料进行静电分选,分离出PP塑料;
S2、将剩余的静电分选处理后的ABS和PS混合塑料放芬顿试剂中进行湿润处理,并放置在微波条件下辐射后,再将混合塑料捞出;
S3、对处理后的混合塑料进行浮选,分离上浮物ABS塑料、下沉物PS塑料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合塑料复合分选方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中的除杂过程包括如下步骤:
S01、将冰箱拆解得到的混合塑料通过磁选、比重分选去除金属;
S02、将去除金属后的混合塑料破碎成塑料颗粒;
S03、将塑料颗粒通过砂洗、筛分、水洗工艺,去除泡棉和有机油。
3.根据权利要求2所述的混合塑料复合分选方法,其特征在于:步骤S02中混合塑料破碎至粒径为4-12mm的塑料颗粒。
4.根据权利要求2所述的混合塑料复合分选方法,其特征在于,步骤S03中砂洗工艺为:将塑料破碎颗粒放置卧式搅拌机中与砂子混合搅拌15-30min;混合塑料与砂子比例为1:10-30。
5.根据权利要求4所述的混合塑料复合分选方法,其特征在于,砂子采用粒径小于3mm的普通河沙,砂子含水量达到10-30%。
6.根据权利要求2所述的混合塑料复合分选方法,其特征在于,步骤S03中筛分工艺为:砂洗后的物料进入两级振动筛分机,过筛网的下层物料为砂子和泡棉粉末、上层物料为混合塑料和部分大颗粒泡棉;上下层物料分别进入不同的风选系统,将砂子与泡棉粉末、混合塑料与大颗粒泡棉进行区分。
7.根据权利要求1至6任一所述的混合塑料复合分选方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中混合塑料占芬顿试剂重量的比例为10-30%,芬顿试剂中H2O2浓度0.1-0.3mol/L,H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比45-50:1,pH值3-5;湿润处理时间为3-10min。
8.根据权利要求7所述的混合塑料复合分选方法,其特征在于,步骤S2中微波辐射时间3-10min,微波功率为300-1500W。
9.根据权利要求1至6任一所述的混合塑料复合分选方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中浮选工艺,填加的起泡剂浓度为15-45mg/L,搅拌速率为1200-2000rpm,浮选时间4-8min。
10.根据权利要求9所述的混合塑料复合分选方法,其特征在于,起泡剂为松醇油、松油、甲基异丁基甲醇、甲基戊醇、烷基苯磺酸钠、聚乙二醇醚中的一种或多种混合物。
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