CN114112881A - Method for evaluating micro-plastic generation time of plastic product under action of multiple environmental factors - Google Patents

Method for evaluating micro-plastic generation time of plastic product under action of multiple environmental factors Download PDF

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CN114112881A
CN114112881A CN202111344782.7A CN202111344782A CN114112881A CN 114112881 A CN114112881 A CN 114112881A CN 202111344782 A CN202111344782 A CN 202111344782A CN 114112881 A CN114112881 A CN 114112881A
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张新星
崔钦科
杨昕
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Sichuan University
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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for evaluating the generation time of micro-plastics of a plastic product under the action of multiple environmental factors, which comprises the steps of accurately simulating the change of the mechanical behavior of a typical plastic product along with time under the coupling action of multiple environmental factors by using an improved Weibull model, quantitatively determining the magnitude of various acting forces applied to the plastic product in the natural environment based on finite element analysis, and accurately predicting the generation of the micro-plastics of the plastic product by using a method for matching the continuous descending mechanical property of the plastic product with the action of common natural forces. Experiments prove that the method has feasibility and effectiveness, can correlate the reduction of mechanical properties of the plastic product in the aging process with the generation of the micro-plastic, is an important reference for the generation evaluation of the micro-plastic under different actual working conditions and different types of the plastic products, and has guiding significance for the structural design of the high-performance plastic product aiming at reducing the generation of the micro-plastic and the life cycle evaluation of the plastic product under the actual working conditions.

Description

Method for evaluating micro-plastic generation time of plastic product under action of multiple environmental factors
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of a model and a method for evaluating the production time of micro-plastics, and particularly relates to a method for evaluating the production time of the micro-plastics of a plastic product under the action of multiple environmental factors.
Background
The micro plastic (plastic fragments with the size less than 5 mm) has the advantages of small particles, large specific surface area, easy carrying of environmental pollutants to form composite pollution, and long-distance migration and transmission to amplify the ecotoxicity, and is widely concerned.
The generation of the micro plastic needs to go through the processes of plastic product aging, material crushing and the like, wherein the change of the performance of the plastic product can be described through a mechanical model, but the magnitude of natural common acting force borne by the plastic in the aging process and the influence of the natural common acting force on the material crushing and the micro plastic generation are still lack of research, and the association between the aging of the plastic product and the generation of the micro plastic is urgently needed. In recent years, researchers at home and abroad monitor the condition that waste plastics generate micro plastics under different environments, and collect a series of data related to the generation of the micro plastics. However, these efforts focus primarily on the environmental concerns regarding the amount and distribution of micro-plastic contamination produced by plastic products over time, and little is still known about the intrinsic mechanism of how and when plastic products are transformed into micro-plastics, resulting in a lack of relevant theoretical guidance and technical support to curtail the production of micro-plastics from a material design perspective. Therefore, a reliable quantitative method and a reliable quantitative model are established, mechanical property changes in plastic aging are matched with mechanical damage under the action of natural force, the generation time of the micro-plastic under different working conditions is evaluated on a time scale, and a plastic product is recycled before the generation of the micro-plastic so as to reduce micro-plastic pollution flowing into the environment, so that the method has very important practical significance.
At present, no research is reported about a model and a method for evaluating the generation time of the micro-plastic of a typical plastic product under the coupling action of multiple environmental factors. The report by Song Yong Kyoung et al explains to some extent the behavior of micro-plastic production of plastic products under the action of ultraviolet aging and sand Abrasion (y.k.; Hong, s.h.; Jang, m.; Han, g.m.; Jung, s.w.; Shim, w.j., Combined Effects of UV Exposure Duration and Mechanical Abrasion micro-simulation by Polymer type. environ Sci Technol 2017,51, (8),4368-4376), but this work lacks quantitative mechanistic studies during the study, does not determine the magnitude of the force of the natural environment during the micro-plastic production, does not predict and evaluate the micro-plastic production on a time scale, and its study conditions are directed only to ultraviolet aging and do not have universality on the study method. Therefore, a model and a method for evaluating the generation time of typical plastic micro-plastics under the coupling effect of environmental factors are in urgent need to be established.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for evaluating the generation time of the micro-plastic of the plastic product under the action of multiple environmental factors aiming at the defects. The method can construct a mechanical model of the plastic product aging process, simulate the mechanical property change of the plastic product under the coupling action of multiple environmental factors, quantitatively determine the natural acting force of the micro-plastic production process, match the reduction of the mechanical property of the plastic product with the action of common natural force, and accurately predict the micro-plastic production time of the plastic product.
The method for evaluating the micro-plastic generation time of the plastic product under the action of multiple environmental factors comprises the following steps:
establishing an improved Weibull formula by combining a probability function of Weibull distribution with a Hooke law;
continuously collecting mechanical data of a typical plastic product in an aging environment, determining values of parameters in an improved Weibull formula according to the mechanical data to establish a mechanical model of the plastic product, wherein characteristic parameters are fit to a function associated with aging time to represent, and obtaining a stress-strain curve of the plastic product at any aging time after the mechanical model is established;
quantitatively measuring the magnitude of various acting forces applied to the plastic product in a natural environment based on finite element analysis to obtain the failure stress of the plastic product under the action of common natural force;
obtaining the limit stress which can be born by the plastic product at different time through the change of aging time in a mechanical model of the plastic product, and when the limit stress is continuously reduced until the limit stress is equivalent to the breaking stress of the plastic product under the action of common natural force, considering that the micro plastic can be obviously generated;
the corresponding time when the plastic product reaches the state that the self limit stress is equivalent to the failure stress under the action of natural force is the time when the plastic product is aged to generate mechanical failure and micro-plastic generates in large quantity, and the plastic product is recovered before the time is reached under the actual working condition so as to reduce the micro-plastic flowing into the environment.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) the one-parameter probability density function of the Weibull distribution is as follows:
Figure BDA0003353597810000021
where x is a random variable, λ is a characteristic parameter, and k is a shape parameter. Integrating equation (1) to obtain the following probability function:
Figure BDA0003353597810000022
equation (2) represents the failure probability distribution. The reliability probability function r (x) is related to the failure probability function f (x) in such a way that the sum of the two is 100%. Thus, the probability function r (x) is:
Figure BDA0003353597810000023
(2) combining Hooke's law with equation (3), we rewrite the Weibull equation to:
Figure BDA0003353597810000024
wherein, sigma is simulated stress; epsilon is the actual strain of the material; e is the modulus of elasticity; m is a shape parameter controlling the shape of the fitting function image, εtdCharacteristic parameters, which reflect the decay of the material failure strain with increasing aging time. An improved Weibull model can be established through the formula (4).
(3) Continuously collecting mechanical data of a typical plastic product in an aging environment, taking the aging time t of a material as an independent variable after the plastic product enters an embrittlement stage, changing the loss effect into a dependent variable, fitting a functional relation, and obtaining a characteristic parameter epsilon in a formula (4)tdAnd replacing with functional relation.
(4) And substituting the monitored other mechanical data into the formula, and determining the value of the residual undetermined parameter of the improved Weibull formula to establish a mechanical model. And (3) after establishing a mechanical model, substituting the mechanical model into values of different aging times t to obtain a stress-strain curve of the plastic product at the time t, namely the mechanical state of the material.
(5) The core condition for predicting the generation of the micro-plastic is that the material limit stress is continuously reduced until the material limit stress is equal to the failure stress of the plastic product under the action of common natural force, wherein the material limit stress can be predicted by a mechanical model established by an improved Weibull formula. By combining finite element analysis, parameters such as density, modulus, poisson's ratio and the like of the plastic product are input, and the failure stress of the plastic product under the action of common natural force (the material is broken at the stress value or more) can be determined.
(6) Substituting different aging time t values in the operation (4) to obtain the limit stress which can be borne by the plastic product from the stress-strain curve, wherein when the limit stress is continuously reduced along with the increase of t until the limit stress is matched with the breaking stress of the plastic product under the action of the common natural force in the operation (5), the micro plastic is obviously generated, and the time t is called the expected time.
(7) The evaluation model and the method are verified by a field natural force action test. The method comprises the steps of selecting plastic products with different aging times including expected time to perform a field natural force action test to simulate the process of crushing aged plastic product materials and generating micro-plastics in a natural environment, and if the micro-plastics are obviously generated after the plastic products corresponding to the expected time are acted by the natural force, and the micro-plastics are not generated in other plastic products corresponding to the different aging times which do not reach the expected time, the feasibility and effectiveness of the evaluation model and the method can be proved. At the moment, the value corresponding to the expected time t is the predicted micro-plastic generation time, and the plastic product is recycled before the time is reached under the actual working condition so as to reduce the micro-plastic flowing into the environment.
The evaluation object of the invention is at least one of polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyester, polylactic acid, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, epoxy resin, polyamide, polymethyl methacrylate and polycarbonate typical plastic products.
The multi-environmental effect of the present invention is at least one of light, temperature, humidity, salinity, mechanical force, wind force, water scouring, microbial effect factors and coupling thereof.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
(1) the invention quantitatively determines the action of common natural force in the environment on plastic products and the influence of the common natural force on material crushing and micro-plastic generation behaviors through the combination of an improved Weibull model and finite element analysis, and thereby correlates the reduction of mechanical properties of the plastic products in the aging process with the generation of the micro-plastic to evaluate the micro-plastic generation time of typical plastic products.
(2) According to the invention, the reduction of the mechanical property of the material in the production process of the micro-plastic is subjected to macroscopic modeling description, the constructed mechanical model can simulate the mechanical state of the plastic product at any time, and the generation time of the micro-plastic of a typical plastic product can be efficiently and accurately predicted by matching the mechanical property of the material with the natural force, so that the efficiency of the related research on the generation of the micro-plastic is greatly improved.
(3) The model and the method for evaluating the micro-plastic generation time of the typical plastic product, which are established by the invention, can be suitable for different actual aging environments and different types of plastic products, can be popularized, are widely applied, have higher universality, and have guiding significance for the plastic product service cycle and the micro-plastic generation evaluation.
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FIG. 1a is the change in tensile strength mechanical properties of the example α -PP during aging;
FIG. 1b is the change in mechanical properties of elongation at break of the example α -PP during aging;
FIG. 1c is a graph of the change in the modulus mechanical properties of the example α -PP during aging;
FIG. 1d is the change in tensile strength mechanical properties of the example β -PP during aging;
FIG. 1e is the change in mechanical properties of elongation at break of the example β -PP during aging;
FIG. 1f is the change in the modulus mechanical properties of the example β -PP during aging;
FIG. 2a is one of the comparisons of simulated and experimental mechanical properties of the α -PP of example with different aging times;
FIG. 2b is a graph showing the second comparison of the simulated mechanical properties and the experimental mechanical properties of the α -PP of example with different aging times;
FIG. 2c is a third comparison of the simulated and experimental mechanical properties of the α -PP of the example at different aging times;
FIG. 2d is one of the comparisons of simulated and experimental mechanical properties of the beta-PP of example with different aging times;
FIG. 2e is a graph showing the second comparison of the simulated mechanical properties and the experimental mechanical properties of the beta-PP of example with different aging times;
FIG. 2f is a third comparison of the simulated and experimental mechanical properties of the beta-PP of example at different aging times;
FIG. 3a is a graph of the micro-plastic formation of the example α -PP at 400h, 800h and predicted time of aging;
FIG. 3b shows the micro-plastic formation of example β -PP at 400h, 800h and predicted time of aging.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in detail below by way of examples, it should be noted that the following examples are only illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention, and that the skilled person in the art may make insubstantial modifications and adaptations of the present invention based on the above description.
Example 1:
and (3) taking the alpha-crystal form polypropylene (alpha-PP) film as a research object, and predicting and evaluating the generation of the alpha-PP micro plastic on the basis of the Weibull improved formula obtained in the operation (2). Continuously collecting aging conditions (ultraviolet intensity of 0.76W/m)2Room temperature, no spraying and heating) the mechanical data of the α -PP films as shown in fig. 1a to 1 c. The alpha-PP film enters an embrittlement stage after being aged for 400h, so that the mechanical data of the alpha-PP film after being aged for 400h are taken for research, and mainly comprise tensile stress, failure strain, modulus and the like. The aging time t of the material is taken as an independent variable, the loss effect is changed into a dependent variable, a functional relation is fitted, and the functional relation is found to be well matched with a linear function expression, so that an improved Weibull formula for replacing characteristic parameters with linear functions is as follows:
Figure BDA0003353597810000041
wherein t is aging time; k and b are two parameters of a linear function of the fitting time using the strain at break. Obtaining the values of k and b through the fitted linear function; since the change of the modulus of the alpha-PP film by ultraviolet irradiation is not large (FIG. 1c), the average modulus is taken as E; finally, the shape of the function image can be adjusted by different m values, and the function is more consistent with an actual stress-strain curve by taking the proper m value. The values of the parameters of the modified Weibull formula for the alpha-PP films are shown in Table 1. Calculated and simulated stress-strain curves at different aging times, which fit well with the actual data, are shown in fig. 2a to 2 c.
TABLE 1 values of parameters of the modified Weibull formula for alpha-PP films
Parameter(s) E/MPa k b m
Alpha crystal form 652 -0.01 15.421 4.6
In the embodiment, human beings trample plastic products in the agricultural field as a typical micro-plastic generation scene for research. In this case, the step force generated by human activity is the natural force in this embodiment, and the range of the vertical force to the ground caused by the step force is usually between 200 kPa and 400 kPa. In the embodiment, 380kPa of vertical force corresponding to fast walking of a human body and 250kPa of vertical force generated during normal walking are selected as upper and lower limits for studying the magnitude of natural force. The values of the finite element simulation parameters for alpha-PP are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 values of parameters for alpha-PP film finite element simulation
Material α-PP Heel of shoe Soil (W)
modulus/MPa 652 3000 3990
Poisson ratio 0.4 0.3 0.28
Density/g cm-3 0.9 1.2 1.9
Ultimate stress/MPa 40 500
Based on the mechanics failure research of finite element simulation, the output result shows that the failure stress range of the treading force to alpha-PP in the natural human activities is 1.66-2.52 MPa. And the reduction of the mechanical property is simulated by combining the improved Weibull formula, and the limit stress which can be borne by the alpha-PP per se is reduced to the corresponding stress interval within the aging time range of 1470-1500 h. After aging for the expected time period described above, at which the ultimate stress that the α -PP can withstand matches the failure stress given by the step force, the α -PP produces a significant micro-plastic (fig. 3 a).
Example 2:
the beta-form polypropylene (beta-PP) film is taken as a research object, and the generation of beta-PP micro plastic is predicted and evaluated in the same way. Continuously collecting aging conditions (ultraviolet intensity of 0.76W/m)2At room temperature, without spraying and addingHeat) mechanical data of the β -PP films, as shown in figure 1. And taking the mechanical data of the beta-PP film in the embrittlement stage for research. The aging time t of the material is taken as an independent variable, the loss effect is changed into a dependent variable, a functional relation is fitted, and the fact that the material is well matched with a primary functional expression is found. Obtaining the values of k and b through the fitted linear function; since the uv irradiation has little effect on the modulus of the β -PP film (fig. 1d to fig. 1f), let E be the average modulus; finally, the shape of the function image can be adjusted by different m values, and the function is more consistent with an actual stress-strain curve by taking the proper m value. The values of the parameters of the modified Weibull formula for the beta-PP film are shown in Table 3. Calculated and simulated stress-strain curves at different aging times, which fit well with the actual data, are shown in fig. 2d to 2 f.
TABLE 3 values of parameters of the beta-PP film modified Weibull formula
Parameter(s) E/MPa k b m
Beta crystal form 578 -0.0062 11 8.0
In the embodiment, human beings tread on plastic products in the agricultural field as a typical micro plastic generation scene for research. The vertical force 380kPa corresponding to the fast walking of the human body and the vertical force 250kPa generated during the normal walking are selected as the upper and lower limits of the research natural force. The values of the finite element simulation parameters for beta-PP are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 values of parameters for beta-PP film finite element simulation
Material β-PP Heel of shoe Soil (W)
modulus/MPa 578 3000 3990
Poisson ratio 0.35 0.3 0.28
Density/g cm-3 0.82 1.2 1.9
Ultimate stress/MPa 32 500
Based on the mechanics failure research of finite element simulation, the output result shows that the failure stress range of treading force to beta-PP in the natural human activities is 1.61-2.44 MPa. And the reduction of the mechanical property is simulated by combining the improved Weibull formula, and the limit stress which can be borne by the beta-PP per se is reduced to the corresponding stress interval within the aging time range of 1670-1700 h. After aging for the expected time mentioned above, when the limiting stress that the β -PP can withstand matches the breaking stress given by the stepping force, the β -PP also produces a significant micro-plastic (fig. 3 b).
In conclusion, the simulation result is highly consistent with the experimental result, the generation time of the micro-plastic can be accurately predicted, and the feasibility and the effectiveness of the model and the method for evaluating the generation time of the typical plastic product micro-plastic under the coupling effect of multiple environmental factors are proved. And the fact that different microstructures of the same type of plastic products can influence the generation of the micro-plastics is proved, and the method has guiding significance for the structural design of the high-performance plastic products aiming at reducing the generation of the micro-plastics and the life cycle evaluation of the plastic products under the actual working conditions.

Claims (5)

1. The method for evaluating the micro-plastic generation time of the plastic product under the action of multiple environmental factors to predict the micro-plastic generation of the plastic product under different working conditions is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
establishing an improved Weibull formula by combining a probability function of Weibull distribution with a Hooke law;
continuously collecting mechanical data of a typical plastic product in an aging environment, determining values of parameters in an improved Weibull formula according to the mechanical data to establish a mechanical model of the plastic product, wherein characteristic parameters are fit to a function associated with aging time to be expressed, and obtaining stress-strain curves of the plastic product at different aging times after the mechanical model is established;
evaluating the magnitude of various acting forces applied to the plastic product in a natural environment based on finite element analysis to obtain the failure stress of the plastic product under the action of common natural force;
obtaining the limit stress which can be born by the plastic product at different time through the change of aging time in a mechanical model of the plastic product, and when the limit stress is continuously reduced until the limit stress is equivalent to the breaking stress of the plastic product under the action of common natural force, considering that the micro plastic can be obviously generated;
the corresponding time when the plastic product reaches the state that the self limit stress is equivalent to the failure stress under the action of natural force is the time when the plastic product is aged to generate mechanical failure and micro-plastic generates in large quantity, and the plastic product is recovered before the time is reached under the actual working condition so as to reduce the micro-plastic flowing into the environment.
2. The method for evaluating the generation time of the micro plastic of the plastic product under the action of multiple environmental factors according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the core condition for predicting the generation of the micro-plastic is that the material limit stress is continuously reduced until the material limit stress is equal to the failure stress of the plastic product under the action of common natural force, wherein the material limit stress can be predicted by a mechanical model established by an improved Weibull formula.
3. The method for evaluating the generation time of the micro plastic of the plastic product under the action of multiple environmental factors according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and (3) carrying out quantitative determination on the natural force action borne by the plastic product under different working conditions by using finite element analysis.
4. The method for evaluating the generation time of the micro plastic of the plastic product under the action of multiple environmental factors according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the evaluation object is at least one of polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyester, polylactic acid, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, epoxy resin, polyamide, polymethyl methacrylate and polycarbonate typical plastic products.
5. The method for evaluating the generation time of the micro plastic of the plastic product under the action of multiple environmental factors according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the multi-environment effect is at least one of light, temperature, humidity, salinity, mechanical force, wind force, water scouring, microbial effect factors and coupling effect thereof.
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