CN114081006A - 一种盐田虾养殖病害综合防控方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种盐田虾养殖病害综合防控方法,包括如下步骤:池塘修整、抗逆品种选择、虾苗标粗盐化、全程投喂丰年虫、水质调控、水质检测、生物防控、物理防控、防应激,本发明病害防控为生物防控和物理防控结合,提高虾的成活率,从而大大提高亩产以及总产量。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于海水养殖领域,具体涉及一种盐田虾养殖病害综合防控方法。
背景技术
我国是南美白对虾养殖大国,1999年开始成为我国对虾养殖的一个重要品种,在南方三省迅速发展,至今已成为全国普遍推广、产量占首位的养虾品种;在生产高速发展的同时,出现了种苗质量参差不齐、携带病毒和生长缓慢等严重问题,直接威胁我国南美白对虾养殖产业的可持续发展;从2017年以来,南方海南、广东、广西、浙江、江苏等几省的养殖成功率急剧降低,而北方以山东、河北、天津等几省市的盐田特殊生态系统养殖无论养殖面积、产量、成功率以及产品的品质都在崛起;盐田特殊生态系统的养殖模式,对提高南美白对虾在盐田特殊生态系统的养殖面积和产量有重要作用。现在盐田养殖中很多虾因病害导致死亡,病害综防控是盐田养殖中的一大难题。
目前对虾在病害爆发阶段尚未有有效的治疗措施,因此只能在养殖过程中采取预防控制。但是,单一的防控往往效果不佳。
发明内容
为解决上述问题,本发明提出了一种盐田虾养殖病害综合防控方法,包括如下步骤:
1.大改小、浅改深:海水盐田初级蒸发池多数都在1000~5000亩,水位50~60cm。水体大,不利于人为调控;,水体浅,不利于对虾躲避恶劣天气和敌害。改造成单个100~500亩,水位120~150cm。四个边坡10~20米外设置环沟,环沟的宽度20~30米,深度40~60cm。
2.池塘修整:非生产季节,水排干,每亩使用生石灰50~200公斤,低洼处适当多用,用机械翻耕20~30cm,晾晒30天以上。
3.抗高盐度品种选择:选择侧重抗高盐度性状选育的优良品种。侧重生长速度的品种增加盐田虾养殖模式的病害防控难度。
4.虾苗标粗盐化:正常培育的P5仔虾生活的盐度从25‰逐渐提高到40‰~65‰以适应盐田的养殖环境,稳定3天后,2天换一次水,每次提高4~5‰,用来提高盐度的卤水的浓度先用准备好的100~150‰和正常海水混合到比原池盐度高15~20‰,再加入原池进行盐度升高,调节到40‰后,每天换水两次,每次升高盐度2.5‰~3.5‰,到65‰为止。
5.一对一标粗盐化:上述4过程,有条件的池塘可以按照100~200:1的比例建设小池塘,盖塑料大棚,用来保温,盐度可以匹配相同,虾苗可以省略运输环节,标粗规格可以适当加大,增加虾苗对外界的抵抗力。
6.全程投喂丰年虫:丰年虫蛋白质含量高,粗蛋白含量50-60%,氨基酸含量21-29%,丰年虫氨基酸组成与虾体氨基酸组成相近,十分有利于对虾体重增长,摄食卤虫对虾生长速度快。在65‰~95‰中培养的丰年虫,收获后,投喂不同盐度的盐田虾。放苗当天开始投喂丰年虫,丰年虫提前在二级卤水池(盐度65‰~95‰)孵化,每亩1~1.5公斤,分两次,每天增加5~10%。如果水质透明度大于60cm,丰年虫投喂量减少到一半;如果水质透明度大于80cm,丰年虫停止投喂,加大换水量,补充乳酸菌发酵的矛尾虾虎鱼(C.stigmatias)搅碎的鱼糜。
7.水质调控:芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌发酵的麦麸配合使用调控水质,每半个月使用一次芽孢杆菌和两次乳酸菌发酵的麦麸。每个周期第1天使用芽孢杆菌,第6天是乳酸菌,第11天乳酸菌。
8.水质检测:常规的水质指标DO、Ph、透明度每天早晚各一次,盐度、氨氮、亚硝酸盐每天一次;弧菌每三天一次。处理弧菌方法:减少饲料(内服乳酸菌),加大丰年虫的量;加大换水量。
9.生物防控:在放苗15~20天,对虾生长5cm左右,每亩放养经过驯化,和目标池塘盐度一致的4~5cm矛尾虾虎鱼(C.stigmatias),鱼虾比例500~1000:1.在养殖池塘周边盐碱地可以种植芦苇,吸引一些鸟类产卵,增加栖息地,鸟类可以及时清理飘在水面上的病虾、弱虾,也是病害生物防控的有效手段之一。
10物理防控:在对虾生长到7~8cm左右,利用病虾、弱虾沿着池边以及贴着水面活动的特性,每40~50亩放置一个经过虾类引导网,从边坡起,水下30~50cm到水面上5~10cm拉一道30~50米60目网,在远离边坡的一端,设置虾类引导网,将病虾、弱虾诱入彀中,每2~3天清理一次,从而避免病虾、弱虾被健康虾蚕食,切断传染源。
11.防应激:天气突变使对虾产生应激,应激是对虾病害发生的重要因素,天气突变前后(寒流、大风、高温等),每亩地使用30克Vc原粉全池泼洒。
本发明与现有技术相比较,具有以下优点:
1、本发明由海水盐田初级蒸发池改造成单个养殖池,扩大养殖面积。
2、利用发酵矛尾虾虎鱼鱼糜、麦麸肥水,整个过程为有机肥水。
3、标粗虾苗,前期标准化育苗,后期进行盐化标粗,其能够提高虾的成活率,从而大大提高亩产以及总产量。
4、全程丰年虫喂养,给虾苗提供优质的基础饵料,不仅降低饲料系数,减少对水体污染,而且能够增加虾苗的成活率、加快生长速度。
5、病害防控为生物防控和物理防控结合:物理防控是利用病虾、弱虾沿着池边以及贴着水面活动的特性,设置虾类引导网淘汰病虾;生物防控是利用矛尾虾虎鱼和种植芦苇,吸引鸟类及时清理飘在水面上的病虾、弱虾。
本发明从品种选择、苗种检测、养殖中的池塘修整、虾苗的标粗盐化、营养强化、生物防控、物理防控等综合的防控措施,起到了良好的效果。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种盐田虾养殖病害综合防控方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)大改小、浅改深:将原来1000~5000亩、水位60~70cm的海水盐田蒸发池改造成单个养殖池;养殖池为单个100~500亩、水位120~150cm,四个边坡10~20米外设置环沟,环沟的宽度20~30m,深度40~60cm,每个养殖池设置独立排水系统。
(2)池塘修整:非生产季节,水排干,每亩使用生石灰50~200公斤,用机械翻耕20~30cm,晾晒30天以上;
(3)抗高盐度品种选择:选择侧重抗高盐度性状选育的优良品种;侧重生长速度的品种增加盐田虾养殖模式的病害防控难度;
(4)虾苗标粗盐化:虾苗标粗盐化:检测合格P5仔虾生活的盐度从25‰逐渐提高到40‰~65‰以适应盐田的养殖环境;
(5)一对一标粗盐化:池塘按照100~200:1的比例建设小池塘,盖塑料大棚,盐度匹配相同,标粗规格适当加大,增加虾苗对外界的抵抗力;
(6)全程投喂丰年虫:在65‰~95‰中培养的丰年虫,收获后,投喂不同盐度的盐田虾;放苗当天开始投喂丰年虫,每亩1~1.5公斤,分两次,每天增加5~10%;如果水质透明度大于60cm,丰年虫投喂量减少到一半;如果水质透明度大于80cm,丰年虫停止投喂,加大换水量,补充乳酸菌发酵的矛尾虾虎鱼搅碎的鱼糜。
(7)水质调控:芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌发酵的麦麸配合使用调控水质,每半个月使用一次芽孢杆菌和两次乳酸菌发酵的麦麸;每个周期第1天使用芽孢杆菌,第6天是乳酸菌,第11天乳酸菌。
(8)水质检测:常规的水质指标DO、Ph、透明度每天早晚各一次,盐度、氨氮、亚硝酸盐每天一次;弧菌每三天一次;
(9)生物防控:每亩放苗1.2~1.5万,在放苗15~20天,对虾生长5cm左右,每亩放养和目标池塘盐度一致的4~5cm矛尾虾虎鱼,鱼虾比例500~1000:1;在养殖池塘周边盐碱地种植芦苇,吸引鸟类产卵,增加栖息地,鸟类及时清理飘在水面上的病虾、弱虾;
(10)物理防控:在对虾生长到7~8cm左右,利用病虾、弱虾沿着池边以及贴着水面活动的特性,每40~50亩放置一个虾类引导网;从边坡起,水下30~50cm到水面上5~10cm拉一道30~50米60目网,在远离边坡的一端,设置虾类引导网,将病虾、弱虾诱入彀中,每2~3天清理一次,避免病虾、弱虾被健康虾蚕食,切断传染源;
(11)防应激:天气突变使对虾产生应激,天气突变前后,每亩地使用30克Vc原粉全池泼洒。
上述实施例,仅是本发明的较佳实施方式,故凡依本发明专利申请范围所述的构造、特征及原理所做的等效变化或修饰,均包括于本发明专利申请范围内。
Claims (3)
1.一种盐田虾养殖病害综合防控方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)大改小、浅改深:将原来1000~5000亩、水位60~70cm的海水盐田蒸发池改造成单个养殖池;
(2)池塘修整:非生产季节,水排干,每亩使用生石灰50~200公斤,用机械翻耕20~30cm,晾晒30天以上;
(3)抗高盐度品种选择:选择侧重抗高盐度性状选育的优良品种;侧重生长速度的品种增加盐田虾养殖模式的病害防控难度;
(4)虾苗标粗盐化:虾苗标粗盐化:检测合格P5仔虾生活的盐度从25‰逐渐提高到40‰~65‰以适应盐田的养殖环境;
(5)一对一标粗盐化:池塘按照100~200:1的比例建设小池塘,盖塑料大棚,盐度匹配相同,标粗规格适当加大,增加虾苗对外界的抵抗力;
(6)全程投喂丰年虫:在65‰~95‰中培养的丰年虫,收获后,投喂不同盐度的盐田虾;
(7)水质调控:芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌发酵的麦麸配合使用调控水质,每半个月使用一次芽孢杆菌和两次乳酸菌发酵的麦麸;每个周期第1天使用芽孢杆菌,第6天是乳酸菌,第11天乳酸菌;
(8)水质检测:常规的水质指标DO、Ph、透明度每天早晚各一次,盐度、氨氮、亚硝酸盐每天一次;弧菌每三天一次;
(9)生物防控:每亩放苗1.2~1.5万,在放苗15~20天,对虾生长5cm左右,每亩放养和目标池塘盐度一致的4~5cm矛尾虾虎鱼,鱼虾比例500~1000:1;在养殖池塘周边盐碱地种植芦苇,吸引鸟类产卵,增加栖息地,鸟类及时清理飘在水面上的病虾、弱虾;
(10)物理防控:在对虾生长到7~8cm左右,利用病虾、弱虾沿着池边以及贴着水面活动的特性,每40~50亩放置一个虾类引导网;从边坡起,水下30~50cm到水面上5~10cm拉一道30~50米60目网,在远离边坡的一端,设置虾类引导网,将病虾、弱虾诱入彀中,每2~3天清理一次,避免病虾、弱虾被健康虾蚕食,切断传染源;
(11)防应激:天气突变使对虾产生应激,天气突变前后,每亩地使用30克Vc原粉全池泼洒。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种盐田虾养殖病害综合防控方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)的养殖池为单个100~500亩、水位120~150cm,四个边坡10~20米外设置环沟,环沟的宽度20~30m,深度40~60cm,每个养殖池设置独立排水系统。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种盐田虾养殖病害综合防控方法,其特征在于,步骤(6)全程投喂丰年虫:放苗当天开始投喂丰年虫,每亩1~1.5公斤,分两次,每天增加5~10%;如果水质透明度大于60cm,丰年虫投喂量减少到一半;如果水质透明度大于80cm,丰年虫停止投喂,加大换水量,补充乳酸菌发酵的矛尾虾虎鱼搅碎的鱼糜。
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