CN114077109A - Shutter type light modulation device - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a shutter type dimming device which comprises a first substrate, a dimming layer and a second substrate which are sequentially arranged, wherein a first conducting layer is arranged on one side of the first substrate close to the dimming layer, a second conducting layer is arranged on one side of the second substrate close to the dimming layer, the first conducting layer comprises a plurality of electrode areas which are insulated with each other, the second conducting layer is electrically connected with at least one of the electrode areas, and the second conducting layer is electrically connected with an external driving circuit through the first conducting layer. According to the louver type dimming device, the plurality of electrode areas are arranged on the same substrate, so that the production process is simplified, and the product yield is improved.

Description

Shutter type light modulation device

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of liquid crystal application, in particular to a shutter type dimming device.

Background

At present, the most common liquid crystal dimming film in a liquid crystal dimming device is a liquid crystal dimming film which is mainly composed of a transparent conductive substrate and a liquid crystal layer, the arrangement state of liquid crystal molecules is controlled in an external electric field mode, the transition of the macroscopic state of light transmission and light scattering is realized, and the functions of privacy function, office partition and the like are achieved.

Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a dimming glass device in the prior art. As shown in fig. 1, the related art dimming glass device 10 includes a first substrate 11 and a second substrate 12 which are oppositely disposed, a first conductive layer 13 is disposed on a side of the first substrate 11 close to the second substrate 12, a second conductive layer 14 is disposed on a side of the second substrate 12 close to the first substrate 11, and a dimming material 15 is sealed between the first substrate 11 and the second substrate 12. The first substrate 11 and the second substrate 12 are typically made of glass substrates, the first conductive layer 13 and the second conductive layer 14 are typically made of indium tin oxide films, and the light modulation material 15 may be bistable liquid crystal, suspended particle device, guest-host liquid crystal, or the like.

In the conventional light control glass device, a constant voltage difference needs to be formed between both sides of the light control material 15, and therefore, a constant voltage is generally applied to the first conductive layer 13 and the second conductive layer 14. As shown in fig. 1, the first substrate 11 and the second substrate 12 are horizontally displaced, so that an electrode region a is exposed on the side of the first electrode layer 13 close to the second substrate 12, and an electrode region b is exposed on the side of the second electrode 14 close to the first substrate 11, the electrode regions a and b have the same width, and the driving connection line 17 is drawn out by means of conductive silver paste, conductive copper foil, or the like.

The problems with the prior art dimmer 10 are: because first base plate 11 staggers at the horizontal direction with second base plate 12 and sets up the electrode area a of reserving, b on two different base plates, drive connecting wire 17 and connect respectively on two different base plates promptly, need overturn whole light modulation device so that equipment or personnel operate at conductive silver thick liquid coating or scribble the protection glue in-process, increased the processing procedure degree of difficulty and equipment input, also reduced production efficiency. In addition, since the dimming glass device is frequently applied to curtain walls, partitions and other occasions, it is often necessary to perform deep processing on glass, such as making the dimming glass device into laminated glass, fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a double-sided laminated dimming glass device in the prior art, and the tempered glass 19 is respectively bonded to the outer sides of the first substrate 11 and the second substrate 12 through the adhesive layer 18. Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a single-sided laminated dimming glass device in the prior art, in which a tempered glass 19 is bonded to one outer side of a first substrate or a second substrate through a glue layer 18. As shown in fig. 2 and 3, no matter the light control glass device in the prior art is made into a double-sided adhesive structure (as shown in fig. 2) or a single-sided adhesive structure (as shown in fig. 3), the second substrate 12 in the area b is in a suspended state, so that the glass is easily broken during the manufacturing process, and the production yield is reduced.

Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a structure in which odd and even electrodes of a louver type light modulator device in the prior art are wired by using a jumper wire, as shown in fig. 4, in the prior art, for a louver type product, a region b forms a common electrode and is externally connected with a common electrode connection line 14C, while odd/even electrodes are separately connected within a region a, a plurality of odd electrodes are led out through an odd electrode connection line 13D, and a plurality of even electrodes are led out through an even electrode connection line 13N, when the odd electrode connection line 13D and the even electrode connection line 13N are respectively led out, the jumper connection needs to be performed at cross-region positions of the odd electrodes and the even electrodes by using an insulating layer 16, which is tedious in process and affects production yield.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a shutter type dimming device aiming at the technical problems in the prior art, wherein a plurality of electrode areas are arranged on the same substrate, so that the production process is simplified, and the product yield is improved.

The invention adopts the following technical scheme:

the shutter type dimming device comprises a first substrate, a dimming layer and a second substrate which are sequentially arranged, wherein a first conducting layer is arranged on one side, close to the dimming layer, of the first substrate, a second conducting layer is arranged on one side, close to the dimming layer, of the second substrate, the first conducting layer comprises a plurality of electrode areas which are mutually insulated, the second conducting layer is electrically connected with at least one of the electrode areas, and the second conducting layer is electrically connected with an external driving circuit through the first conducting layer.

Preferably, the electrode regions include a plurality of odd electrode regions and a plurality of even electrode regions that are staggered with respect to each other.

Preferably, the electrode region further includes a common electrode region electrically connected to the second conductive layer.

Preferably, the plurality of odd electrode regions are electrically connected, and the plurality of even electrode regions are electrically connected.

Preferably, the louver type dimming device further comprises an odd lead and an even lead, the plurality of odd electrode regions are electrically connected through the odd lead, and the plurality of even electrode regions are electrically connected through the even lead.

Preferably, the odd and even leads are located at opposite sides of the electrode region, respectively.

Preferably, the plurality of odd electrode regions are electrically connected to an external driving circuit through a plurality of independent leads, and the plurality of even electrode regions are electrically connected to the external driving circuit through a plurality of independent leads.

Preferably, the second conductive layer is electrically connected with at least one of the electrode regions through conductive gold balls or silver paste.

Preferably, the dimming layer is a liquid crystal layer.

Preferably, the liquid crystal display device further comprises a first alignment layer positioned on one side of the first conducting layer close to the liquid crystal layer and a second alignment layer positioned on one side of the second conducting layer close to the liquid crystal layer.

Preferably, the liquid crystal display device further comprises a sealant located between the first substrate and the second substrate and a plurality of spacers or support structures for limiting the thickness of the liquid crystal layer.

According to the louver type dimming device, the plurality of electrode areas are arranged on the same substrate, so that the production process is simplified, and the product yield is improved.

Drawings

The invention may be better understood by reference to the following description of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a prior art privacy glass unit;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a dual-sided laminated light control glass device of the prior art;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a single-sided laminated switchable glass device of the prior art;

fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a wiring structure of odd and even electrodes in a venetian blind type dimmer device according to the prior art in a jumper manner;

fig. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional structure diagram of a louver type dimming device according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 6 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the louver type light modulation device according to the first embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of odd electrode area dimming and driving of the louver type dimming device according to the first embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of even electrode area dimming and driving of the louver type dimming device according to the first embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of common dimming and driving of the odd electrode region and the even electrode region of the louver type dimming device according to the first embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of top-down line-by-line scanning driving of a louver type dimming device according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of the bottom-up progressive scanning driving of the louver type dimming device according to the second embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 12 is a schematic diagram of driving the louver type dimming device according to the second embodiment of the present invention at arbitrary intervals to select scanning. The product yield is high.

Detailed Description

In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention, however, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. The illustrated exemplary embodiments of the invention are provided for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting of the invention. Therefore, it is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.

The shutter mode dimming device according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

The first embodiment:

fig. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional structure diagram of a louver type dimming device according to a first embodiment of the present invention, fig. 6 is a schematic overall structure diagram of the louver type dimming device according to the first embodiment of the present invention, and referring to fig. 5 and 6, the louver type dimming device 20 according to the present invention includes a first substrate 21, a dimming layer 25, and a second substrate 22, which are sequentially disposed, a first conductive layer 23 is disposed on a side of the first substrate 21 close to the dimming layer 25, a second conductive layer 24 is disposed on a side of the second substrate 22 close to the dimming layer 25, the first conductive layer 23 includes a plurality of electrode regions insulated from each other, the second conductive layer 24 is electrically connected to at least one of the electrode regions, and the second conductive layer 24 is electrically connected to an external driving circuit (not shown) through the first conductive layer 23.

As shown in fig. 6, in the present embodiment, the first conductive layer 23 includes three kinds of electrode regions insulated from each other: a plurality of odd electrode regions 23D, a plurality of even electrode regions 23N, and a common electrode region 23C, the odd electrode regions 23D and the even electrode regions 23N are substantially parallel and are arranged in a staggered manner to form a louver structure, in this embodiment, the common electrode region 23C is located at one side end of the odd electrode regions 23D and the even electrode regions 23N arranged in a staggered manner, but the disclosure is not limited thereto, and the common electrode region 23C may also be located at any other position without specific limitation. In the present embodiment, as shown in fig. 6, the second conductive layer 24 is electrically connected to the common electrode region 23C in the first conductive layer through conductive gold balls or silver paste located between the first substrate 21 and the second substrate 22 and distributed at positions corresponding to the positions of the common electrode region 23C, and the odd electrode regions 23D, the even electrode regions 23N and the common electrode regions 23C are respectively electrically connected to an external driving circuit (not shown).

Preferably, in the present embodiment, the odd electrode regions are electrically connected, and the even electrode regions are electrically connected. In this embodiment, as shown in fig. 7 and 8, the louver type light modulating device further includes an odd lead 231 and an even lead 232, the odd electrode regions 23D are electrically connected by the odd lead 231, the even electrode regions 23N are electrically connected by the even lead 232, the odd lead 231 and the even lead 232 are respectively located at two opposite sides of the electrode regions, and preferably, the extending directions of the odd lead 231 and the even lead 232 are perpendicular to the extending directions of the odd electrode regions 23D and the even electrode regions 23N. As shown in fig. 6 and 7, the dummy region 27 is provided on the side of the odd-numbered electrode region 23D close to the even-numbered lead 232, the dummy region 27 is similarly provided on the side of the even-numbered electrode region 23N close to the odd-numbered lead 231, and c and D are the widths of the dummy regions, and as shown in fig. 6, the dummy region 27 having no first conductive layer is provided on the side of the odd-numbered electrode region 23D close to the even-numbered lead 232 (the right side of the odd-numbered electrode region 23D) in the region having the width c, and the dummy region 27 having no first conductive layer is provided on the side of the even-numbered electrode region 23N close to the odd-numbered lead 231 (the left side of the even-numbered electrode region 23N) in the region having the width D, that is, the first conductive layer is not provided on the even-numbered electrode region 23D in the region having the width c, and the first conductive layer is not provided on the odd-numbered electrode region 23N in the region having the width D. The vacant areas serve as areas for the odd lead wires 231 and the even lead wires 232 to be arranged and routed, the odd lead wires 231 are electrically connected with all the odd electrode areas 23D, the even lead wires 232 are electrically connected with all the even electrode areas 23N, a jumper wire connection mode in the prior art is not needed, and the method is simple in process and high in reliability.

In this embodiment, the second conductive layer 24 is disposed in a whole layer, as shown in fig. 6, the odd electrode area 23D, the even electrode area 23N and the common electrode area 23C are disposed on the first substrate 21, the second conductive layer 24 is disposed on the second substrate 22 in a whole layer, preferably, the first conductive layer 23 and the second conductive layer 24 are both transparent conductive layers, after the dimming layer is sandwiched between one side of the first substrate 21 on which the first conductive layer 23 is disposed and one side of the second substrate 22 on which the second conductive layer 24 is disposed, the common electrode area 23C is electrically connected to the second conductive layer 24 through a conductive gold ball or silver paste disposed at the position, and a common electrode lead (not shown) can also be led out from the first substrate 21, so that the odd lead 231, the even lead 232 and the common electrode lead are all led out from the first substrate 21 and are respectively electrically connected to an external driving circuit, thereby avoiding repeated turning of the louver type dimming device during electrode lead fabrication and protective glue coating The action of (2) simplifies the manufacturing process, reduces the equipment investment, and simultaneously avoids the problem that the fragments are easy to be generated in the deep processing.

Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of odd electrode area dimming and driving of the louver type dimming device according to the first embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 7, an external driving circuit is electrically connected to the odd electrodes 231, and a driving applied to the odd electrode areas 23D is, for example, a square wave as shown in the right side of fig. 7, wherein the common electrode area 23C maintains a constant potential, at this time, a certain voltage difference is present between two sides of the dimming layer 25 located at the odd electrode areas 23D, and the dimming material in the dimming layer 25 is influenced by the electric field to change its optical parameter, so that the dimming device in the area changes from a transmission state to a fog state or from the fog state to the transmission state, and the louver type dimming device plays a role in local dimming of the odd electrode areas. Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of even electrode area dimming and driving of a louvered dimming device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; as shown in fig. 8, the external driving circuit is electrically connected to the even electrodes 232, and the driving applied to the even electrode regions 23N is, for example, a square wave as shown in the right side of fig. 8, wherein the common electrode region 23C keeps the electric potential unchanged, at this time, a certain voltage difference exists between two sides of the dimming layer 25 located at the even electrode regions 23N, the dimming material in the dimming layer 25 is affected by the electric field to change the optical parameter thereof, so that the dimming device in the region changes from the transmissive state to the foggy state or from the foggy state to the transmissive state, and the louver type dimming device plays a role in local dimming of the even electrode regions.

Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the common dimming and driving of the odd electrode region and the even electrode region of the louver type dimming device according to the first embodiment of the invention, as shown in fig. 9, an external driving circuit is electrically connected to the odd electrode 231 and the even electrode 232, respectively, and a driving applied to the odd electrode region 23D or the even electrode region 23N is, for example, a square wave as shown in the right side of fig. 9, wherein the common electrode region 23C is kept at a constant potential, at this time, a certain voltage difference is provided at two sides of the dimming layer 25 at the odd electrode region 23D or the even electrode region 23N, the dimming material in the dimming layer 25 is influenced by the electric field to change its optical parameters, so that the dimming device in the region is changed from a transmissive state to a foggy state or from a foggy state to a transmissive state, at this time, the louver type dimming device can implement the local dimming of the single odd electrode region or the local dimming of the even electrode region, or the entire dimming is realized at the same time, so that the dimming device is in the integral fog state or the transparent state, but the invention is not limited thereto, and the odd electrode region 23D and the even electrode region 23N can also be driven in a time sequence manner, so that the integral louver type dimming device is in the dynamic transformation effect of the transparent state or the fog state, and can be flexibly adjusted according to the actual driving manner, and further description is omitted.

In the present invention, the light modulation layer 25 is preferably a liquid crystal layer, such as a bistable liquid crystal layer, but not limited thereto, and the light modulation layer may also be a suspended particle layer, a guest-host liquid crystal layer, etc., as long as the light modulation layer is made of a material capable of changing optical transmittance under the action of an electric field, and the description thereof is omitted.

In the present invention, the louver type dimming device further includes a first alignment layer (not shown) on the side of the first conductive layer 23 close to the liquid crystal layer and a second alignment layer (not shown) on the side of the second conductive layer 24 close to the liquid crystal layer, where the first alignment layer and the second alignment layer provide an initial alignment angle for the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal layer to achieve a fast response of the liquid crystal molecules or the suspended particles along a predetermined direction after driving.

In the present invention, it is preferable that a sealant (not shown) is further included between the first substrate 21 and the second substrate 22, and the sealant is used for bonding and fixing the first substrate 21 and the second substrate 22, and forms a closed space together with the first substrate 21 and the second substrate 22 to accommodate a liquid crystal layer therebetween. The sealant can be a heat-curable sealant (such as common epoxy resin) or a light-curable sealant (such as common UV sealant), or a UV heating hybrid sealant. In the embodiment of the invention, the frame glue is made of UV curing glue K-3357 produced by Kafft company, for example.

In the present invention, it is preferable that a plurality of spacers or support structures for defining a thickness of the liquid crystal layer are further included between the first substrate 21 and the second substrate 22. For example, spacers or support structures are located between the first substrate 21 and the second substrate 22 to define the thickness of the liquid crystal layer, and the spacers or support structures may be distributed anywhere between the first substrate 21 and the second substrate 22, including within the sealant. The spacer or support structure material includes resins, glass fibers, and inorganic materials such as polystyrene, silica, and the like. The spacers or support structures may be spherical, rod-like, or otherwise shaped. The dimensions of the spacers or support structures are dependent on the thickness of the liquid crystal layer. In a preferred embodiment, the uniformity of the thickness of the liquid crystal layer can be controlled by means of a device with a stitching function.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the first substrate 21 and the second substrate 22 are selected from one or more transparent polymer materials such as glass, PET, PEN, PC, PP, PMMA, PBT, PVC, PI, cellulose, and the like, and the first substrate 21 and the second substrate 22 are used for supporting the respective film layers thereon and forming a flat external protection structure of the liquid crystal dimmer device.

In the present invention, the first conductive layer 23 may further only include an odd electrode region 23D and an even electrode region 23N, one of the odd electrode region 23D and the even electrode region 23N is electrically connected to the second conductive layer 23 through a conductive gold ball or silver paste, the second conductive layer 24 is, for example, also disposed in a whole layer, the odd electrode region 23D and the even electrode region 23N are respectively driven, and local dimming in a louver manner can be similarly achieved, but only the odd electrode region 23D or the even electrode region 23N can be adjusted, which is not described again.

Second embodiment:

in this embodiment, the odd electrode areas are electrically connected to the external driving circuit through the independent leads, the even electrode areas are electrically connected to the external driving circuit through the independent leads, and the independent electrode areas are electrically connected to the external driving circuit through the independent leads, so that the driving flexibility is increased, and multiple timing driving modes can be implemented, so that the louver type dimming device has multiple driving modes, which is illustrated in fig. 10 to 12 in this embodiment.

Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of top-down progressive scanning driving of a louver type dimming device according to a second embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 10, all odd electrode regions 23D formed on the first conductive layer 23 on the first substrate 21 are independently connected to all even electrode regions 23N, each odd electrode region 23D and each even electrode region 23N have independent leads, as shown in fig. 10, all odd electrode regions, such as 23D1, 23D2 … … 23Dn +1, and all even electrode regions 23N1, 23N2 … … 23Nn +1 have leads that are independent from each other, and the independent leads are connected to an external driving circuit. When the line-by-line scanning is performed in a certain sequence under the control of the driving circuit, line-by-line switching from one end to the other end can be sequentially realized, for example, the effect of forming a fog state line by line from top to bottom as shown in fig. 10, that is, the effect similar to that of a person closing a curtain slowly, and the partial shading is gradually performed from top to bottom to complete shading.

Fig. 11 is a schematic view of a bottom-up line-by-line scanning driving of a louver type dimming device according to a second embodiment of the present invention, where the structure in fig. 11 is the same as that in fig. 10, and as shown in fig. 11, when the scanning direction is turned, an effect of forming a transparent state line by line from bottom to top can be achieved, that is, an effect similar to that of a person slowly pulling a window curtain open, and the window type dimming device is slowly partially transparent from bottom to top to be completely transparent.

Fig. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating the driving of the second embodiment of the louver type dimming device according to the present invention, in which one or more electrode regions can be driven simultaneously at a time in one or more rows because all the electrode leads are independent of each other, as shown in fig. 12. As shown in fig. 12 (left), every third row drives one even electrode region 23D to form a fog state (area ratio of fog state/transparent state is about 1/3), every third row drives two even electrode regions 23D or odd electrode regions 23N to form a fog state (area ratio of fog state/transparent state is about 2/2) in fig. 12 (middle), every third row drives three even electrode regions 23D or odd electrode regions 23N to form a fog state (area ratio of fog state/transparent state is about 3/1) in fig. 12 (right), and the number of electrodes forming the fog state and the transparent state and the interval between the electrodes can be adjusted, so as to adjust the intensity of light entering the room.

The present invention is not limited thereto, and the dimming of each region may be arbitrarily controlled by using other timing control methods according to the dimming or aesthetic requirements. The electrode area is not limited to the strip-shaped pattern, and may be set to be in a plurality of pattern forms such as a graphic pattern, a text pattern, and the like, or various combinations thereof according to actual needs, so as to form a plurality of dimming areas of different patterns or texts, or combinations thereof, and the driving circuit may control any conversion of the transmission state and the fog state of each area according to needs, and details are not repeated.

The shutter type dimming device can be used for locally carrying out dimming control according to needs, so that the part has two stable states of a transmission state and a fog state, only one pulse voltage needs to be applied during state switching, and the shutter type dimming device is energy-saving and environment-friendly. In addition, the plurality of electrode areas are arranged on the same substrate, so that the production process is simplified, the product yield is improved, the repeated overturning of the dimming device during electrode lead manufacturing and protective glue coating is avoided, the manufacturing process is simplified, and the equipment investment is reduced. Meanwhile, the necessary jumper process of the odd-even electrodes of the traditional shutter type dimming device when signal voltage is applied in series is omitted, the production process is simplified, and the problem that the dimming device is easy to break during deep processing is effectively solved.

The shutter type dimming device has the fog state and the penetrating state which are stable in zero electric field, and does not need to be continuously supplied with power to maintain a certain state, so that the power consumption is low, the local area control of the penetrating state or the fog state can be realized according to the requirement, and the application field is wide.

The technical principle of the present invention is described above in connection with specific embodiments. The description is made for the purpose of illustrating the principles of the invention and should not be construed in any way as limiting the scope of the invention. Based on the explanations herein, those skilled in the art will be able to conceive of other embodiments of the present invention without inventive effort, which would fall within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. The shutter type dimming device is characterized by comprising a first substrate, a dimming layer and a second substrate which are sequentially arranged, wherein a first conducting layer is arranged on one side, close to the dimming layer, of the first substrate, a second conducting layer is arranged on one side, close to the dimming layer, of the second substrate, the first conducting layer comprises a plurality of electrode areas which are insulated with each other, the second conducting layer is electrically connected with at least one of the electrode areas, and the second conducting layer is electrically connected with an external driving circuit through the first conducting layer.

2. The shuttered dimming device of claim 1, wherein the electrode regions comprise a plurality of odd electrode regions and a plurality of even electrode regions that are interdigitated with one another.

3. The shuttered dimming device of claim 2, wherein the electrode regions further comprise a common electrode region, the common electrode region being electrically connected to the second conductive layer.

4. The shuttered dimming device of claim 2, wherein the plurality of odd electrode regions are electrically connected and the plurality of even electrode regions are electrically connected.

5. The shuttered dimming device of claim 4, further comprising odd leads and even leads, wherein the plurality of odd electrode regions are electrically connected by the odd leads, and wherein the plurality of even electrode regions are electrically connected by the even leads.

6. The shuttered dimming device of claim 5, wherein the odd lead and the even lead are located on opposite sides of the electrode area.

7. The shuttered dimming device of claim 2, wherein the plurality of odd electrode regions are electrically connected to an external driving circuit via a plurality of independent leads, and the plurality of even electrode regions are electrically connected to the external driving circuit via a plurality of independent leads.

8. The shuttered dimming device of claim 1, wherein the second conductive layer is electrically connected to at least one of the electrode regions by a conductive gold or silver paste.

9. The shuttered dimming device of claim 1, wherein the dimming layer is a liquid crystal layer.

10. The shuttered dimming device of claim 9, further comprising a first alignment layer on a side of the first conductive layer adjacent to the liquid crystal layer and a second alignment layer on a side of the second conductive layer adjacent to the liquid crystal layer.

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